Experimental data of heat transfer nanofluids for trigeneration systems: viscosity at below-ambient temperatures.

The present work exhibits the dynamic viscosity profile data of three distinct nanofluids, at a constant shear stress, and within a range of temperatures that include below-ambient conditions (from -10 to 20 °C). The nanofluids were as follows. Nanofluid I: 30% ethylene glycol and 70% distilled water (v/v), with graphene (0.32% in mass); Nanofluid II: 30% engine coolant NBR 13705; ASTM D-3306; ASTM D-4985) and 70% distilled water (v/v), with graphene (0.2% in mass); and Nanofluid III: 30% engine coolant and 70% distilled water (v/v), with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) (0.2% in mass). The present work was motivated by the scarcity of experimental data on the temperature dependence of viscosity for graphene, MWCNT, and their hybrid nanofluids, at below-ambient temperatures.

Productivity of CNPq Researchers from Different Fields in Biomedical Sciences: The Need for Objective Bibliometric Parameters-A Report from Brazil.

In Brazil, the CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) provides grants, funds and fellowships to productive scientists to support their investigations. They are ranked and categorized into four hierarchical levels ranging from PQ 1A (the highest) to PQ 1D (the lowest). Few studies, however, report and analyse scientific productivity in different sub-fields of Biomedical Sciences (BS), e.g., Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biophysics and Physiology. In fact, systematic comparisons of productivity among the PQ 1 categories within the above sub-fields are lacking in the literature. Here, the scientific productivity of 323 investigators receiving PQ 1 fellowships (A to D levels) in these sub-fields of BS was investigated. The Scopus database was used to compile the total number of articles, citations, h-index values and authorship positions (first-, co- or last-listed author) in the most cited papers by researchers granted CNPq fellowships. We found that researchers from Pharmacology had the best performance for all of the parameters analysed, followed by those in Biochemistry. There was great variability in scientific productivity within the PQ 1A level in all of the sub-fields of BS, but not within the other levels (1B, 1C and 1D). Analysis of the most cited papers of PQ 1(A-D) researchers in Pharmacology revealed that the citations of researchers in the 1C and 1D levels were associated with publications with their senior supervisors, whereas those in the 1B level were less connected with their supervisors in comparison to those in 1A. Taken together, these findings suggest that the scientific performance of PQ 1A researchers in BS is not homogenous. In our opinion, parameters such as the most cited papers without the involvement of Ph.D. and/or post-doctoral supervisors should be used to make decisions regarding any given researcher's fellowship award level.

Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy studies of novel leads belonging to the benzofuran class inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Polyketide Synthase 13.

In this work, the binding mechanism of new Polyketide Synthase 13 (Pks13) inhibitors has been studied through molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations. The drug Tam1 and its analogs, belonging to the benzofuran class, were submitted to 100 ns simulations, and according to the results obtained for root mean square deviation, all the simulations converged from approximately 30 ns. For the analysis of backbone flotation, the root mean square fluctuations were plotted for the Cα atoms; analysis revealed that the greatest fluctuation occurred in the residues that are part of the protein lid domain. The binding free energy value (ΔGbind) obtained for the Tam16 lead molecule was of -51.43 kcal/mol. When comparing this result with the ΔGbind values for the remaining analogs, the drug Tam16 was found to be the highest ranked: this result is in agreement with the experimental results obtained by Aggarwal and collaborators, where it was verified that the IC50 for Tam16 is the smallest necessary to inhibit the Pks13 (IC50 = 0.19 µM). The energy decomposition analysis suggested that the residues which most interact with inhibitors are: Ser1636, Tyr1637, Asn1640, Ala1667, Phe1670, and Tyr1674, from which the greatest energy contribution to Phe1670 was particularly notable. For the lead molecule Tam16, a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl of the phenol not observed in the other analogs induced a more stable molecular structure. Aggarwal and colleagues reported this hydrogen bonding as being responsible for the stability of the molecule, optimizing its physic-chemical, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic properties.

Estudantes indígenas na Universidade: uma sessão de grupo operativo / Indigenous students in the university: one session with operative group / Estudiantes indígenas en la universidad: una sesión de grupo operativo

O objetivo deste artigo é conhecer os discursos de alunos indígenas de uma Universidade pública, contemplados pela política de ações afirmativas, para discutir as experiências que vivenciam no espaço acadêmico. Realizamos a investigação a partir de uma sessão com o dispositivo de grupo operativo de Pichon-Rivière. Constatamos uma série de dificuldades para o estudante indígena na Universidade. Há a produção de um estereótipo sobre o indígena, que resulta em processos de preconceito e exclusão. As dificuldades na aprendizagem são vividas no âmbito individual e não institucional, produzindo uma situação de culpa e ansiedade. Por fim, enunciam um duplo lugar ocupado, no sonho de transmitir os conteúdos adquiridos na Universidade à sua própria comunidade.

The aim of this article is to know the discourses of indigenous students of a public University, contemplated by the policy of affirmative actions, to discuss their experiences within the academic space. We conducted the research from one session with the Operative Group device of Pichon-Rivière. We found many difficulties for the indigenous student in the University. There is a production of a stereotype on the indigenous, resulting in processes of prejudice and exclusion. The difficulties in learning are experienced at the individual rather than the institutional level, thus producing a situation of guilt and anxiety. Finally, they enunciate a double occupied place, in the dream of transmitting the contents acquired at the University for their own community.

El objetivo de este artículo es conocer los discursos de alumnos indígenas de una Universidad pública, contemplados por la política de acciones afirmativas, para discutir las experiencias que vivencian en el espacio académico. Realizamos la investigación a partir de una sesión del grupo operativo de Pichon-Rivière. Constatamos muchas dificultades para el estudiante indígena en la Universidad. Hay una producción de un estereotipo sobre el indígena, que resulta en procesos de prejuicio y exclusión. Las dificultades en el aprendizaje son vividas en el ámbito individual y no institucional, produciendo una situación de culpa y ansiedad. Por fin, enuncian un doble lugar ocupado, en la ilusión de transmitir los contenidos adquiridos en la Universidad para su propia comunidad.

Comparative research performance of top universities from the northeastern Brazil on three pharmacological disciplines as seen in scopus database.

OBJECTIVES: Postgraduate programmes around the world are periodically subjected to research performance evaluation through bibliometric indicators. In this research, we characterized and compared the research performance of 15 universities from Northeastern Brazil, in which 13 were among the top Universities of the Latin America. METHODS: Specifically, total documents, citations and the h-index of each university were retrieved from the Elsevier Scopus database and were analysed not only for historical scientific achievement but also across the period of the past 6 years (2010-2015). Using these bibliometric indicators, we also investigated the performance of programmes at these Universities that have their papers indexed in the Scopus database under the category of "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceuticals" for the same period. RESULTS: We found that the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) and the Federal University of Ceará (UFC) were the most productive institutions, producing 17847 and 15048 documents, respectively. The number of papers published by each of these universities in the past six years represented more than 50% of their entire productivity. With regards to their scientific output in "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics", UFC showed the highest number of published documents followed by UFPE and the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). UFC received the highest h-index (with and without self-citations) and number of citations and shared their most cited papers with foreign institutions from the USA and Germany. However, papers from UFC were published in journals with lower impact factors (2.322). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows where each of these universities stands and can be helpful in identifying potential collaborators in these areas of knowledge.

Perfil dos bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa do CNPq atuantes em psicologia no triênio 2012-2014 / Profile of “CNPq research productivity scholarship” active in psychology in the triennium 2012-2014 / Perfil de la beca investigación productividad delCNPq activa en psicología en el trienio 2012-2014

Resumo O Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) confere bolsas de produtividade em pesquisa (PQ) aos profissionais que preenchem determinados critérios. A identificação do perfil dos bolsistas PQ das mais variadas áreas do conhecimento é importante tanto para a elaboração de um mapeamento geral sobre a área como um todo quanto para a elaboração de políticas que visem a incrementar o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico em subáreas ou locais específicos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o perfil dos bolsistas PQ do CNPq atuantes na Psicologia, considerando o triênio concluído em 2014. A amostra foi composta pelos currículos de 338 bolsistas de produtividade que atuam na Psicologia. Os dados obtidos a partir deste levantamento indicaram que seis entre cada 10 bolsistas PQ que atuam na área da Psicologia estão concentradas no estrato 2 e que apenas 10 universidades concentram 56,7% dos pesquisadores contemplados com bolsas PQ. Ainda há uma centralização na região Sudeste, que recebe 55,3% das bolsas e apresenta a maior proporção de bolsas PQ por habitantes do país. Os bolsistas atuam majoritariamente em universidades públicas, principalmente federais, e são em sua maioria mulheres. Além disso, Psicologia Social, Psicologia do Desenvolvimento Humano e Tratamento e Prevenção Psicológica são as áreas de atuação mais recorrentes entre os pesquisadores que recebem bolsas PQ. A identificação de desigualdades regionais, de concentração de bolsas em poucas instituições e de disparidades de gênero, por exemplo, pode contribuir para que algumas questões relativas à distribuição de recursos sejam reavaliadas.(AU)

Abstract The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) provides research productivity grants (PQ) to professionals who meet certain criteria. Identifying the profile of PQ scholars from different fields of knowledge is important for the development of a broad mapping of the field and for the development of policies aimed at boosting scientific and technological development in sub-areas or specific locations. The goal of this study is to analyze the profile of CNPq PQ fellows working in Psychology, considering the three-year period concluded in 2014. The sample consisted of curricula from 338 productivity fellows working in Psychology. The data obtained from this survey indicated that six out of every 10 PQ fellows working in the field of Psychology are located on the layer 2 and that only 10 universities concentrate 56.7% of researchers awarded with PQ grants. There is still a high concentration in the Southeast, which receives 55.3% of grants and presents the highest proportion of PQ grants per inhabitants in Brazil. Fellows work mostly in public universities, mainly federal, and are mostly women. Moreover, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology and Psychological Treatment and Prevention are the most frequent fields among researchers who receive PQ grants. The identification of regional inequalities, concentration of grants in only a few institutions and also gender disparities, for example, can contribute so that questions regarding resource distribution can be reassessed.(AU)

Resumen El Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq) ofrece becas de productividad en investigación (PQ) a los investigadores que cumplen con ciertos criterios. Identificar el perfil de los becarios PQ de diferentes campos del conocimiento es importante para un mapeo general del área de estudio, y para la formulación de políticas destinadas a estimular el desarrollo científico y tecnológico en sub-áreas o lugares específicos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el perfil de los becarios PQ del CNPq que trabajan en psicología, teniendo en cuenta el período de tres años completado en 2014. La muestra fue compuesta por los currículos de 338 becarios PQ que trabajan en psicología. Los datos obtenidos de este estudio indicaron que seis de cada 10 becarios PQ que trabajan en el campo de la psicología se centran en la capa 2, y que solo 10 universidades concentran el 56,7% de los investigadores galardonados con becas PQ. Todavía hay una centralización en el sudeste, que recibe el 55,3% de las becas y tiene la mayor proporción de becas PQ por habitantes del país. Los becarios trabajan principalmente en universidades públicas, la mayor parte federales, y son en su mayoría mujeres. Además, Psicología Social, Psicología del Desarrollo Humano y Tratamiento y Prevención Psicológica, son las áreas más frecuentes de atención entre los investigadores que reciben becas PQ. La identificación de las desigualdades regionales, de la concentración de las becas en unas pocas instituciones, y de las disparidades de género, por ejemplo, puede contribuir a reevaluar la distribución de los recursos.(AU)

Perfil dos Bolsistas de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq atuantes em Psicologia no Triênio 2012-2014 / Profile of “CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship” active in Psychology in the triennium 2012-2014 / Perfil de la Beca Investigación Productividad del CNPq activa en Psicología en el trienio 2012-2014

Resumo O Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) confere bolsas de produtividade em pesquisa (PQ) aos profissionais que preenchem determinados critérios. A identificação do perfil dos bolsistas PQ das mais variadas áreas do conhecimento é importante tanto para a elaboração de um mapeamento geral sobre a área como um todo quanto para a elaboração de políticas que visem a incrementar o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico em subáreas ou locais específicos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o perfil dos bolsistas PQ do CNPq atuantes na Psicologia, considerando o triênio concluído em 2014. A amostra foi composta pelos currículos de 338 bolsistas de produtividade que atuam na Psicologia. Os dados obtidos a partir deste levantamento indicaram que seis entre cada 10 bolsistas PQ que atuam na área da Psicologia estão concentradas no estrato 2 e que apenas 10 universidades concentram 56,7% dos pesquisadores contemplados com bolsas PQ. Ainda há uma centralização na região Sudeste, que recebe 55,3% das bolsas e apresenta a maior proporção de bolsas PQ por habitantes do país. Os bolsistas atuam majoritariamente em universidades públicas, principalmente federais, e são em sua maioria mulheres. Além disso, Psicologia Social, Psicologia do Desenvolvimento Humano e Tratamento e Prevenção Psicológica são as áreas de atuação mais recorrentes entre os pesquisadores que recebem bolsas PQ. A identificação de desigualdades regionais, de concentração de bolsas em poucas instituições e de disparidades de gênero, por exemplo, pode contribuir para que algumas questões relativas à distribuição de recursos sejam reavaliadas....(AU)

Abstract The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) provides research productivity grants (PQ) to professionals who meet certain criteria. Identifying the profile of PQ scholars from different fields of knowledge is important for the development of a broad mapping of the field and for the development of policies aimed at boosting scientific and technological development in sub-areas or specific locations. The goal of this study is to analyze the profile of CNPq PQ fellows working in Psychology, considering the three-year period concluded in 2014. The sample consisted of curricula from 338 productivity fellows working in Psychology. The data obtained from this survey indicated that six out of every 10 PQ fellows working in the field of Psychology are located on the layer 2 and that only 10 universities concentrate 56.7% of researchers awarded with PQ grants. There is still a high concentration in the Southeast, which receives 55.3% of grants and presents the highest proportion of PQ grants per inhabitants in Brazil. Fellows work mostly in public universities, mainly federal, and are mostly women. Moreover, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology and Psychological Treatment and Prevention are the most frequent fields among researchers who receive PQ grants. The identification of regional inequalities, concentration of grants in only a few institutions and also gender disparities, for example, can contribute so that questions regarding resource distribution can be reassessed....(AU)

Resumen El Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq) ofrece becas de productividad en investigación (PQ) a los investigadores que cumplen con ciertos criterios. Identificar el perfil de los becarios PQ de diferentes campos del conocimiento es importante para un mapeo general del área de estudio, y para la formulación de políticas destinadas a estimular el desarrollo científico y tecnológico en sub-áreas o lugares específicos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el perfil de los becarios PQ del CNPq que trabajan en psicología, teniendo en cuenta el período de tres años completado en 2014. La muestra fue compuesta por los currículos de 338 becarios PQ que trabajan en psicología. Los datos obtenidos de este estudio indicaron que seis de cada 10 becarios PQ que trabajan en el campo de la psicología se centran en la capa 2, y que solo 10 universidades concentran el 56,7% de los investigadores galardonados con becas PQ. Todavía hay una centralización en el sudeste, que recibe el 55,3% de las becas y tiene la mayor proporción de becas PQ por habitantes del país. Los becarios trabajan principalmente en universidades públicas, la mayor parte federales, y son en su mayoría mujeres. Además, Psicología Social, Psicología del Desarrollo Humano y Tratamiento y Prevención Psicológica, son las áreas más frecuentes de atención entre los investigadores que reciben becas PQ. La identificación de las desigualdades regionales, de la concentración de las becas en unas pocas instituciones, y de las disparidades de género, por ejemplo, puede contribuir a reevaluar la distribución de los recursos....(AU)

Historical notes on psychology in brazil: the creation, growth and sustenance of postgraduate education / Notas históricas sobre a psicologia no brasil: criação, crescimento e consolidação da pós-graduação

This article presents a brief overview of the history of psychology in Brazil. It highlights how the Brazilian Association of Research and Postgraduate Studies in Psychology (ANPEPP - Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Psicologia) has fulfilled its mission of fostering discussion on scientific policy and stimulating interchange among researchers. First, it provides a retrospect of ANPEPP meetings, considering both: 1) the thematic working groups, which have served to bring together researchers, and to inspire the emergence of thematic associations and journals; 2) the discussion forums, which have contributed in the critical review of scientific policy, and the mission of postgraduate studies. Second, it focuses on the history of psychology in Brazil, from colonial times to the recent national commitment to postgraduate studies. The paper argues that the plans and strategies led by national funding agencies have been successful and that their results are evidenced by the role played by Brazil in the international arena, both in scientific production and the training of its researchers. By sustaining current policies, it seems certain that, even with the oscillations in the national economy, postgraduate education will grow steadily in its advance of the psychological sciences; and will be working towards a better quality of life, social justice and ecological sustainability. (AU)

ResumoO artigo apresenta breve resenha da história da psicologia no Brasil para ressaltar como a ANPEPP - Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Psicologia tem respondido à missão de fomentar o debate em políticas científicas e estimular o intercâmbio entre pesquisadores. O artigo traz um retrospecto das reuniões da ANPEPP, destacando ambos: 1) os grupos de trabalho temáticos, os quais têm servido para agregar pesquisadores e inspirar o surgimento de associações temáticas e revistas; 2) os fóruns de discussão, os quais têm contribuído para a revisão crítica de políticas científicas e da missão da pós-graduação. A seguir, a atenção se volta à história da psicologia no Brasil, dos tempos coloniais aos recentes planos nacionais para a pós-graduação. A ideia é ressaltar a inserção da pós-graduação na cultura universitária brasileira. Argumenta que os planos e estratégias oriundas das agências de fomento têm obtido bons resultados, evidenciados pelo papel que o Brasil ocupa no cenário internacional, em produção científica e formação de pesquisadores. Mantendo essas políticas, é certo que apesar de oscilações na economia nacional, a pós-graduação está caminhando em passos firmes para o avanço da ciência psicológica e trabalhando em favor da qualidade de vida, da justiça social e da sustentabilidade. (AU)

Estrogenic and chemopreventive activities of xanthones and flavones of Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae).

The possible benefits of some bioactive flavones and xanthones present in plants of the genus Syngonanthus prompted us to screen them for estrogenic activity. However, scientific research has shown that such substances may have undesirable properties, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and toxicity, which restrict their use as therapeutic agents. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the estrogenicity and mutagenic and antimutagenic properties. We used recombinant yeast assay (RYA), with the strain BY4741 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Ames test, with strains TA100, TA98, TA97a and TA102 of Salmonella typhimirium, to evaluate estrogenicity, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of methanolic extracts of Syngonanthus dealbatus (S.d.), Syngonanthus macrolepsis (S.m.), Syngonanthus nitens (S.n.) and Syngonanthus suberosus (S.s.), and of 9 compounds isolated from them (1=luteolin, 2=mix of A-1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone and B-1,3,6-trihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 3=1,5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyxanthone, 4=1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 5=1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone, 6=7-methoxyluteolin-8-C-ß-glucopyranoside, 7=7-methoxyluteolin-6-C-ß-glucopyranoside, 8=7,3'-dimethoxyluteolin-6-C-ß-glucopyranoside and 9=6-hydroxyluteolin). The results indicated the estrogenic potential of the S. nitens methanol extract and four of its isolated xanthones, which exhibited, respectively, 14.74±1.63 nM; 19.54±6.61; 7.20±0.37; 6.71±1.02 e 10.01±4.26 nM of estradiol-equivalents (EEQ). None of the extracts or isolated compounds showed mutagenicity in any of the test strains and all of them showed antimutagenic potential, in particular preventing mutations caused by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The results show that the xanthones, only isolated from the methanol extract of S. nitens capitula, probably were the responsible for its estrogenic activity and could be useful as phytoestrogens, providing a new opportunity to develop hormonal agents. In addition, flavones and xanthones could also be used as a new antimutagenic agent. Since, the mutagens are involved in the initiation and promotion of several human diseases, including cancer, the significance of novel bioactive phytocompounds in counteracting these pro-mutagenic and carcinogenic effects is now gaining credence.

Involvement of bradykinin and prostaglandins in the diuretic effects of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), popularly known as "mil-folhas", is well recognized and widely used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat heart and kidney disorders. Among its popularly described effects are diuretic and hypotensive actions. AIM OF THE STUDY: The diuretic activity of Achillea millefolium L. extracts and its semi-purified fractions, as well as the mechanisms involved, were evaluated in male Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An aqueous extract (AEAM, 125-500 mg/kg), hydroethanolic extract (HEAM, 30-300 mg/kg), dichloromethane subfractions (DCM-2, 10 and 30 mg/kg), or hydrochlorothiazide (10mg/kg), were orally administered and the animals were kept in metabolic cages for 8h for urine collection. To evaluate the involvement of bradykinin and prostaglandins in the diuretic action of Achillea millefolium, selected groups of rats received HOE-140 (1.5mg/kg, i.p.) or indomethacin (5mg/kg, p.o.), before treatment with a DCM-2 subfraction (30 mg/kg). The urinary volume, conductivity, pH, density and electrolyte excretion were measured. RESULTS: Similar to hydrochlorothiazide, both HEAM and DCM-2, but not AEAM, increased urinary volume and the excretion of Na(+) and K(+) when compared with the control group (vehicle). The diuretic effect of DCM-2 was abolished by HOE-140 (a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist), as well as by indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor). CONCLUSION: The present study reveals that extracts obtained from Achillea millefolium are able to effectively increase diuresis when orally administered in rats. This effect depends on both the activation of bradykinin B2 receptors and the activity of cyclooxygenases.

Propriedades mecânicas e estrutura celular de melão desidratado osmoticamente em soluções de sacarose ou maltose, com adição de lactato de cálcio / Mechanical properties and cellular structure of osmodehydrated melon in sucrose or maltose solutions with calcium lactate addition

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar a influência do lactato de cálcio e do tipo de açúcar nas propriedades mecânicas e na estrutura celular de pedaços de melão desidratados osmoticamente. O processo foi conduzido por duas horas com agitação de 120 rpm e temperatura controlada (30º C), utilizando-se soluções desidratantes de sacarose ou maltose a 40ºBrix, contendo lactato de cálcio em concentrações de 0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 por cento (p/v). As amostras foram submetidas às determinações de perda de água, ganho de sólidos, incorporação de cálcio, propriedades mecânicas (tensão e deformação na ruptura) e microscopia óptica. Os ensaios com maltose, em ação conjunta com o sal, promoveram uma maior perda de água e um menor ganho de sólidos. A adição de lactato de cálcio na solução osmótica de sacarose ou maltose resultou em maiores valores de tensão na ruptura para as frutas, sendo que tal aumento foi mais pronunciado nos ensaios com sacarose, devido à maior incorporação de cálcio observada nesses tratamentos. O lactato de cálcio mostrou-se eficiente na preservação da estrutura celular das amostras, quando utilizado em concentrações de até 1,0 por cento. A maltose apresentou um maior efeito protetor na manutenção da funcionalidade da membrana celular, enquanto que o processo realizado apenas com soluções de sacarose, assim como os ensaios realizados com concentração de sal igual a 1,5 por cento provocaram danos na parede celular e intensa plasmólise do citoplasma.

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of calcium lactate and sugar type on mechanical properties and cellular structure of osmodehydrated melon pieces. The process was carried out for two hours under controlled temperature (30º C) and agitation (120 rpm), using a 40ºBrix sucrose or maltose solution containing calcium lactate (0 to 2,0 percent). Samples were analyzed with respect to water loss, solids and calcium gain, mechanical properties (stress and strain at rupture) and structure by light microscopy. Maltose treatments in combination with the salt action promoted higher water loss and lower solids gain rates. The calcium lactate addition in the sucrose or maltose solution resulted in higher stress at rupture values. This increase was more pronounced for sucrose treatments, due to the higher calcium uptake observed in these experiments. Calcium lactate was efficient in the maintenance of melon cellular structure when used at concentrations up to 1,0 percent. Maltose showed a higher protector effect in cellular membrane functionality, while the treatment performed only with sucrose solution as well as both treatments with salt concentration at 1,5 percentcaused an intense cytoplasm plasmolysis and cell wall damages.

Atividades de aventura: reflexões sobre a produção científica brasileira / Adventure activities: reflections on the Brazilian scientific production

Este artigo constitui-se em uma pesquisa descritiva tendo como objetivos: investigar os grupos brasileiros que pesquisam atividades de aventura cadastrados no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa, desenvolvido pelo CNPq, e analisar a produção científica dos líderes e vice-líderes desses grupos, apresentada em periódicos científicos, livros e capítulos de livros no triênio 2006-2008. A análise foi realizada por meio da frequência e do percentual, baseando-se no Qualis 2007-2009. Foram encontrados 23 grupos, responsáveis por 271 publicações em periódicos, 20 em livros e 95 em capítulos de livros, no período pesquisado. Em apenas 32 periódicos, 5 livros e 10 capítulos as discussões tem relação direta com a temática atividades de aventura. Embora tenha ocorrido um aumento significativo na constituição de grupos que pesquisem sobre o assunto, ainda, não há uma produção específica e substancial, capaz de consolidar as reflexões necessárias, sendo prementes novos estudos e intervenções que venham a contribuir para tal consolidação.

This article is based on a descriptive search and aimed to: investigate the research groups registered in the Directory of Research Groups, developed by CNPq, and to review the scientific production of the leaders and deputy leaders of these groups, presented in scientific journals, books and chapters of the three years 2006-2008. The analysis was performed by frequency and percentage, based on 2007-2009 the Qualis. Twenty-three groups found concentrated, especially in federal universities, mostly located in South and Southeast of Brazil. Among the 90 lines of research identified, only 7 have a term related to the adventure activities on their behalf. Most groups is coordinated by leaders and deputy leaders, doctors and post-doctors. The data indicate that, in the period surveyed, there were 271 publications in journals, 20 books and 95 chapters. However, only 32 journals, 5 books and 10 book chapters, discussion is directly related to the theme of adventure activities. Although there was a significant increase in the formation of groups to research on the subject, even, there is a specific and substantial production, able to consolidate the reflections necessary, and urgent further research and interventions that would contribute to such consolidation.

Intercâmbios acadêmicos internacionais: bolsas Capes, CNPq e Fapesp / International academic exchange programs: Capes, CNPq and Fapesp fellowships

Este artigo é parte de pesquisa que atenta para o peso crescente que a circulação internacional de pessoas, saberes e práticas tem alcançado nos processos de escolarização e formação profissional de determinados setores sociais. Considerando os recursos públicos que a Capes, o CNPq e a Fapesp destinam à formação de pesquisadores com vistas ao fomento à pesquisa e aos investimentos em ciência e tecnologia no horizonte da circulação internacional, recortamos para este artigo a descrição e a análise preliminares da base de dados de bolsistas no exterior dessas agências de fomento, no período de 1970 a 2000. O movimento de fluxos, a partir da metodologia quantitativa de correlação de variáveis, desenha as tendências dos intercâmbios acadêmicos internacionais promovidos pelas três agências e nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, sendo que se procura contextualizá-las nas políticas de desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico desenvolvidas pelo Estado brasileiro no período.(AU)

This article is part of a study considering the growing importance of the international transit of people, knowledge, and practices in the schooling and professional education processes of some social segments. Considering the public funds made available by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Capes -, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq - and the State of São Paulo Research Foundation - Fapesp - to support researchers' fellowships abroad, aming to improve research and investments on Science and Technology on the context of international exchanges, we have dedicated this article to the preliminary description and analysis of the database of fellows funded abroad by these research agencies from 1970 to 2000. The movement of flows based on the quantitative methodology of the correlation of variables draws the trends of international academic exchange programs in the three research institutions and in the different areas of knowledge, and we intend to analyse them taking into account the scientific and technological development policies adopted by Brazilian State on the period.(AU)