Fisiología del ejercicio y pedagogía vocal: reflexiones calisténicas

Introducción: El método de calistenia gimnástica se configura como una modalidad de ejercicios específicos que involucra la adopción de posturas artificiales a través de movimientos particulares. Estos movimientos están diseñados para producir efectos higiénicos y educativos claramente definidos. Esta modalidad de ejercicio guarda notables similitudes con el modus operandi de los vocalise en la pedagogía vocal. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar las relaciones potenciales entre los principios técnico-científicos que guían el sistema de calistenia gimnástica y los principios técnico-pedagógicos que rigen los ejercicios vocales realizados por cantantes durante su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Asimismo, se busca explorar las conexiones entre los objetivos y propósitos del sistema de calistenia gimnástica y los de los ejercicios vocales en dicho proceso. Método: Para abordar este objetivo, se llevó a cabo una investigación bibliográfica que implicó el análisis detallado de fuentes pertinentes. Se examinaron publicaciones académicas y literatura especializada relacionada con la calistenia gimnástica y la pedagogía vocal. Reflexión: La calistenia gimnástica y los ejercicios vocales comparten una estructura fundamental de ejercicios específicos que implican posturas artificiales y movimientos específicos. Ambos buscan un refinamiento en la higienización y educación, permitiendo a los individuos, ya sea en el ámbito físico o vocal, desarrollarse de manera adecuada y saludable. Conclusión: A partir de la investigación bibliográfica, se concluye que los ejercicios vocales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los cantantes pueden considerarse una suerte de calistenia vocal. Esta conclusión se fundamenta en las relaciones intrínsecas observadas entre los principios y objetivos del sistema de calistenia gimnástica y el modus operandi de los ejercicios vocales. Esta reflexión aporta perspectivas valiosas a la pedagogía vocal, con el fin de ofrecer una comprensión más específicamente fisiológica y biomecánica de los ejercicios vocales, orientando mejor la aplicación de las vocalizaciones en el proceso de educación y entrenamiento vocal.

Introduction: The gymnastic calisthenics method is configured as a specific form of exercises involving the adoption of artificial postures through specific movements. These movements are designed to produce clearly defined hygienic and educational effects. This mode of exercise bears notable similarities to the modus operandi of vocalises in vocal pedagogy. Objective: The objective of this work is to investigate the potential relationships between the technical-scientific principles that guide the gymnastic calisthenics system and the technical-pedagogical principles governing vocal exercises practiced by singers during their teaching and learning process. Additionally, it aims to explore the connections between the objectives and purposes of the gymnastic calisthenics system and those of vocal exercises in this process. Method: To address this objective, a bibliographic research was conducted, involving a detailed analysis of relevant sources. Academic publications and specialized literature related to gymnastic calisthenics and vocal pedagogy were examined. Reflection: Gymnastic calisthenics and vocal exercises share a fundamental structure of specific exercises involving artificial postures and specific movements. Both seek refinement in hygiene and education, enabling individuals, either in the physical or vocal realm, to develop appropriately and healthily. Conclusion: Based on the bibliographic research, it is concluded that vocal exercises in the teaching and learning process of singers can be considered a form of vocal calisthenics. This conclusion is based on the intrinsic relationships observed between the principles and objectives of the gymnastic calisthenics system and the modus operandi of vocal exercises. This reflection provides valuable insights into vocal pedagogy, aiming to offer a more specifically physiological and biomechanical understanding of vocal exercises. This effectively guides the application of vocalizations in the process of vocal education and training.

Alimentation and nutrition applied to the new fitness disciplines in Italian gym.

Background: The energy balance between inputs and outputs is essential to avoid a reduction in performance, recovery difficulties, hormonal problems, an increased risk of fatigue, injuries and illnesses. Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether the energy intake assumed by non-professional sportsmen of the new fitness disciplines on the basis of the guidelines present in the literature, meets the needs required by their sporting activity. Methods: The sample consist of 20 non-competitive adult sportsmen (n.10 females; n.10 males) that were voluntarily enrolled in a gym, belonging to the various fitness disciplines: bodybuilders (n = 2); calisthenics (n = 3); crossfitters (n = 15). The subjects underwent an anamnestic-nutritional interview and used a photographic atlas to estimate the energy intake in the training day (in terms of macronutrients, micronutrients and H2O). Results: The results of the study reported: a lower energy intake, the breakdown of macronutrients was suitable for the nutritional indications reported by bibliographic sources, with the exception for protein intake that was higher than the other macronutrients; a lower intake of fibers, mono/polyunsaturated fatty acids; an higher intake of simple sugars, proteins and H2O, and by a normal parameters of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: Generally the study has shown that the sample energy intake is extremely low in the training day. Therefore, it is useful to educate sportsmen, coaches and families in order to avoid deficiencies/excess of calories and nutrients which may not be functional for the sporting activity performed.

Calisthenics: Epidemiology of Injury Patterns and Their Risk Factors.

Objective: To quantify the prevalence and nature of injuries and their risk factors in calisthenics to, therefore, inform the practitioner what to expect from these athletes. Methods: This study was an online cross-sectional survey of calisthenics athletes. Data were collected online and the survey was distributed via social media over six months in 2020. The purpose-built survey consisted of demographic, training and loading questions. Participants were provided with an injury definition and reported their total number of injuries sustained during calisthenics including detailed information on three most significant injuries, along with mechanism of injury and risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine objective factors associated with the number of injuries. Results: There were 543 participants describing 1104 injuries. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) injury prevalence was 4.5 (3.3) per person. Of these injuries, 820 (74.3%) required training modification or treatment. Participants missed a mean (SD) 3.4 (5.1) weeks of training and engaged in a mean (SD) 10.9 (9.1) health professional consultations. The most common injuries were upper leg (24.5%), ankle/foot (22.8%) and lumbar spine (19.3%), with the majority being sprains/strains in nature (56.3%). Mechanism of injury included elevated work (27.6%), overuse (38.0%) and specific calisthenics skills (38.9%) - such as lumbar (40.6%) and lower limb (40.3%) extension-based movements. Subjective risk factors included load (66.8%), preparation (55.9%) and environmental factors (21.0%). Objective risk factors associated with higher numbers of injuries included increased years of participation, left leg dominance, increased training hours (regardless of training type) and state team participation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Practitioners need to be aware that calisthenics athletes demonstrate a high proportion of strain/sprain injuries involving the lower limb and lumbar spine with causative movements being extension-based. Addressing risk factors such as loading, preparation, asymmetry, and the environment related to these movements are important for the treating practitioner.

The Effect of Breaking Up Sedentary Time with Calisthenics on Neuromuscular Function: A Preliminary Study.

The ageing process results in reduced neuromuscular function. This alongside prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with decreased muscle strength, force control and ability to maintain balance. Breaking up sedentary time with regular bouts of physical activity has numerous health benefits, though the effects on neuromuscular function are unknown. This study investigated the effect of breaking up sedentary time with calisthenic exercise on neuromuscular function. 17 healthy adults (33 ± 13.1 years), who spent ≥6 h/day sitting, were assigned to a four-week calisthenics intervention (n = 8) or control group (n = 9). The calisthenics intervention involved performing up to eight sets of exercises during the working day (09:00-17:00); with one set consisting of eight repetitions of five difference exercises (including squats and lunges). Before and immediately after the intervention, measures of knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal force control (measures of the magnitude and complexity of force fluctuations), and dynamic balance (Y balance test) were taken. The calisthenics intervention resulted in a significant increase in knee extensor MVC (p = 0.036), significant decreases in the standard deviation (p = 0.031) and coefficient of variation (p = 0.016) of knee extensor force fluctuations during contractions at 40% MVC, and a significant increase in Y balance test posterolateral reach with left leg stance (p = 0.046). These results suggest that breaking up sedentary time with calisthenics may be effective at increasing muscle strength, force steadiness and dynamic balance all of which might help reduce the effects of the ageing process.

The Need for Breathing Training Techniques: The Elephant in the Heart Failure Cardiac Rehabilitation Room: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Although solid evidence has indicated that respiratory symptoms are common amongst patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), state-of-the-art cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs do not typically include management strategies to address respiratory symptoms. This study investigated the effect of the addition of breathing exercises (BE) to the CR programs in CHF. METHODS: In a two parallel-arm randomized controlled study (RCT), 40 middle-aged patients with CHF and respiratory symptoms were recruited and randomized into two equal groups (n = 20); group (A): standard CR with BE and group (B): standard CR alone. Primary outcomes were respiratory parameters and secondary outcomes included cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary outcomes. All the participants attended a program of aerobic exercise (three sessions/week, 60-75% MHR, 45-55 min) for 12 weeks, plus educational, nutritional, and psychological counseling. Group (A) patients attended the same program together with BE using inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and breathing calisthenics (BC) (six sessions/week, 15-25 min) for the same duration. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the respiratory outcomes, and most of the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary outcomes in both groups with a greater change percentage in group A (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the addition of BE to the CR programs in CHF is effective and is a "patient-centered" approach.

The Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Bodyweight and Treadmill Running High-Intensity Interval Exercises.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute physiological, perceptual, and enjoyment responses between bodyweight high-intensity interval exercise (BW-HIIE) and treadmill running high-intensity interval exercise HIIE (RUN-HIIE). Methods: Twelve adults [age: 29.5 ± 5.3 years; weight: 70.9 ± 15.0 kg; height: 167.9 ± 8.9 cm; peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak): 48.7 ± 6.5 ml min-1·kg-1] performed both RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE. RUN-HIIE consisted of two sets of 5, 60-s (s) run intervals at 100% of the speed achieved during VO2 peak testing followed by 60s of walking at 4.02 km/h. BW-HIIE consisted of two sets of 5, 60s 'all-out' effort calisthenic exercises followed by 60s of marching in place at 100 steps per minute. Oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate (Blac), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during exercise. Physical activity enjoyment (PACES) was assessed post-exercise. Creatine Kinase (CK) was measured before exercise and 48-h post-exercise. Muscle soreness was assessed before exercise, post-exercise, and 48-h post-exercise. Results: Oxygen consumption relative to VO2 peak was higher (p < 0.001) during RUN-HIIE (88 ± 3%) compared to BW-HIIE (77 ± 4%). HR relative to HRpeak was higher (p = 0.002) for RUN-HIIE (93 ± 1%) compared to BW-HIIE (88 ± 2%). Blac was higher (p < 0.001) after BW-HIIE (11.2 ± 3.2 mmol/l) compared to RUN-HIIE (6.9 ± 2.0 mmol/l). Average RPE achieved was higher (p = 0.003) during BW-HIIE (16 ± 2) than RUN-HIIE (14 ± 2). PACES was similar for RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE (p > 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) in CK were observed between RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE. Conclusion: Our results indicate 'all-out' calisthenic exercise can elicit vigorous cardiorespiratory, Blac, and RPE responses. Implementing this style of exercise into training requires minimal space, no equipment, and may elicit cardiometabolic adaptations seen with traditional forms of high-intensity exercise.

Diferencias de actividad electromiográfica abdominal en el entrenamiento del core / Differences of abdominal electromiographic activity in core training

Resumen Introducción: La musculatura del core involucra a todos los grupos musculares ubicados en la zona media del cuerpo. La metodología clínica de elección para el registro y análisis de su actividad bioeléctrica es la electromiografía superficial (sEMG), metodología clínica para el registro y posterior análisis de las actividades bioeléctricas del músculo esquelético. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existen diferencias de actividad electromiográfica en la musculatura del recto abdominal y oblicuo externo entre practicantes de musculación y practicantes de calistenia. Metodología: El estudio es de tipo comparativo, de diseño no experimental, transversal de enfoque cuantitativo en una muestra de 20 sujetos; 10 practicantes de calistenia y 10 que entrenan con ejercicios de musculación clásicos. Resultados: Los ejercicios que tuvieron mayor respuesta electromiográfica fueron abdominal en suspensión y abdominal inclinado. Conclusiones: La calistenia es una alternativa viable para la activación muscular a nivel del Core.

Abstract Introduction: The Core musculature involves all the muscle groups located in the middle area of the body whose activity can be measured using superficial electromyography (sEMG), a clinical methodology for recording and subsequent analysis of skeletal muscle bioelectric activities. Objectives: The objective of this research is to determine if there are differences in electromyographic activity in the muscles of the rectus abdominis and external oblique between bodybuilding practitioners and calisthenics practitioners. Methodology: A comparative study, non-experimental design, cross-sectional with a quantitative approach in a sample of 20 subjects; 10 calisthenics practitioners and 10 who train with classic bodybuilding exercises. Results: The exercises with the greatest electromyographic response were abdominal in suspension and abdominal incline. Conclusions: Calisthenics is a viable alternative for muscle activation at the Core level.

Functional high-intensity interval training is not equivalent when compared to combined training for blood pressure improvements in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Low-volume functional high-intensity interval training (F-HIIT) improves cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and physical function similarly to combined training (CT, gold standard protocol), however no previous studies have compared the F-HIIT equivalence with CT in reducing blood pressure in older people, particularly in postmenopausal women (PW). Therefore, the aim of this study (trial registration: NCT03200639) was designed to test whether F-HIIT of low volume is an equivalent strategy to CT for improving blood pressure (BP) in PW. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Forty-nine PW were divided into two groups: F-HIIT and CT. The F-HIIT protocol was composed of 10 sets of 60 seconds of high-intensity exercises interspersed with 60 seconds of low-intensity exercises for recovery. The CT protocol was composed of 30 minutes of moderate-intensity walking, followed by five total body resistance exercises. Both protocols were performed 3-times-a-week for 12 weeks. The BP from rest condition (before exercise) was measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention in both groups, using an automatic blood pressure monitor. The boundaries values for equivalence for systolic and diastolic BP was set at 5.14 and 2.92 mmHg, respectively. RESULTS: There was only a significant reduction (P < .05) in systolic BP in CT group from baseline (-3.2 (95% CI, -6.2 to -0.2) mmHg). The difference of systolic BP between F-HIIT and CT was 5.8 (95% CI, 1.3-10.4) mmHg, showing non-equivalence (inferiority) for F-HIIT. CONCLUSION: Thus, these results suggest that low-volume F-HIIT protocol is not an equivalent strategy when compared to CT for BP improvements in PW.

Exercise Types and the Risk of Developing Cognitive Decline in Older Women: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Participation in exercise may be useful for dementia prevention; however, the specific exercise types which may best to reduce the risk of developing cognitive decline have remained unidentified in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships of specific exercise types with the risk of developing cognitive decline in older women. METHODS: This 1- to 2-year population-based cohort study included 687 community-dwelling older Japanese women without disability, neurological disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment assessed as <24 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the baseline survey. Developing cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of ≥3 points in the participant's MMSE score during the follow-up. We classified individuals into participation (≥3 months) and non-participation (<3 months) groups for 17 different exercise types. Log-binominal regression analyses were applied to compare risk ratios and confidence intervals of developing cognitive decline between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants (5.7%) developed cognitive decline during the follow-up period. After adjusting for confounders (age, MMSE score, depressive symptoms, body mass index, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, low educational level, and the follow-up period in the baseline survey), those who participated in calisthenics demonstrated a significantly lower risk of developing cognitive decline than those who did not participate in calisthenics. No significant relationships between other exercise types and the risk of developing cognitive decline were found. CONCLUSION: Participation in calisthenics significantly reduced the risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese women, indicating that calisthenics may be a useful type of exercise for promoting dementia prevention.

H″IT″ting the Barriers for Exercising during Social Isolation.

Aerobic exercise is traditionally recommended to improve general health and prevent many non-communicable diseases. However, the measures adopted to control the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak culminated with closing of exercise facilities and fitness centers and, as a primary consequence, impaired aerobic exercise practice. This contributed to an increase in risk factors associated with physical inactivity such as insulin resistance, high blood pressure, low-grade inflammation, weight gain, and mental health problems. The scenario is worrisome, and it is important to propose alternatives for exercise practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interval training (IT) emerges as an exercise mode that might be feasible, low-cost, and potentially safe to be performed in many different places. IT consists of interspersing relative brief bouts of high-intensity exercise with recovery periods and promotes similar or greater health benefits when compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Among the different types of IT, sprint interval training and "Tabata protocols" might be particularly useful during social isolation. These protocols can be controlled and performed without the need of complex equipment and can be adapted to different places, including domestic environments. In this article, we present variations of IT as possible alternatives to cope physical inactivity during COVID-19 pandemics with a focus on its practical applications. The protocols suggested can be performed without the need of specialized equipment or facilities, in a time-efficient manner, and aiming to prevent detraining or even improve physical fitness and general health.

Japanese radio calisthenics prevents the reduction of skeletal muscle mass volume in people with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Reduction of muscle mass and strength is an important treatment target for patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have reported that high-intensity resistance training improves physical function; however, all patients found it difficult to perform high-intensity resistance training. Radio calisthenics, considered as therapeutic exercises to promote health in Japan, are simple exercises that can be performed regardless of age and help move the muscles and joints of the whole body effectively according to the rhythm of radio. We investigated the efficacy of radio calisthenics for muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes in this retrospective cohort study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 42 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, kg/m2) was calculated as appendicular muscle mass (kg) divided by height squared (m2). We defined the change of SMI as the difference of SMI between the beginning and end of hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 42 patients, 15 (11 men and 4 women) performed radio calisthenics. Body weights of both radio calisthenics exercisers and non-exercisers decreased during hospitalization. The change of SMI was significantly lesser in radio calisthenics exercisers than in non-exercisers (7.1±1.4 to 7.1±1.3, -0.01±0.09 vs 6.8±1.1 to 6.5±1.2, -0.27±0.06 kg/m2, p=0.016). The proportion of decreased SMI was 85.2% (23/27 patients) in non-radio calisthenics exercisers, whereas that in radio calisthenics exercisers was 46.7% (7/15 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Radio calisthenics prevent the reduction of skeletal muscle mass. Thus, radio calisthenics can be considered effective for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Functional Vs. Running Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects on VO2max and Muscular Endurance.

The purpose of the study was to assess if high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using functional exercises is as effective as traditional running HIIT in improving maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and muscular endurance. Fifteen healthy, moderately trained female (n = 11) and male (n= 4) participants (age 25.6 ± 2.6 years) were assigned to either running HIIT (HIIT-R; n = 8, 6 females, 2 males) or functional HIIT (HIIT-F; n = 7, 5 females, 2 males). Over a four-week period, both groups performed 14 exercise sessions of either HIIT-R or, HIIT-F consisting of 3-4 sets of low-volume HIIT (8x 20 s, 10 s rest; set rest: 5 min). Training heart rate (HR) data were collected throughout all training sessions. Mean and peak HR during the training sessions were significantly different (p = 0.018 and p = 0.022, respectively) between training groups, with HIIT-F eliciting lower HR responses than the HIIT-R. However, despite these differences in exercise HR, VO2max improved similarly (~13% for the HIIT-R versus ~11% for the HIIT-F, p=0.300). Muscular endurance (burpees and toes to bar) significantly improved (p =0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively) independent of training modality. These findings suggest that classic running HIIT and functional HIIT both improve VO2max and affect muscular endurance to the same extent despite a lower cardiovascular strain in the functional protocol.

Bodyweight high-intensity interval training: a systematic review / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade com peso corporal: revisão sistemática / Entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad con peso corporal: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT The objective of this study consisted of describing, through a systematic review, the load control strategies and the different adaptations promoted by bodyweight high-intensity interval training. After selecting articles in the Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus and Scielo databases, 288 studies were found. However, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria only two articles were considered eligible for the systematic review. Of these, the sample of the selected studies was made up of 48 individuals, 31 female and 17 male, ranging in age from 20.3 to 20.5 years. The stimulus time of the exercise protocols used was 20 and 30 seconds, and the recovery time was 10 seconds (passive) and 4 minutes (active), while the total session time ranged from 4 to 18 minutes. Intensity in both studies was "all out", and the weekly frequency was 4 and 3 days, totaling 16 and 12 training sessions in each study. Only one study evaluated changes in body mass and no significant changes were found. In addition, discrepancies between parameters in aerobic fitness and muscle endurance were found between studies. Bodyweight HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) protocols use different external load parameters, but the stimulus and recovery times are common variables for the organization of training sessions, with different duration and weekly frequency between sessions, which may have influenced the different adaptations to the parameters of physical fitness between the studies. Level of Evidence I; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo consistia em descrever por meio de uma revisão sistemática as estratégias de controle de carga e as diferentes adaptações promovidas pela prática do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade com o peso corporal. Após seleção de artigos nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus e Scielo, encontraram-se 288 estudos, contudo, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram considerados elegíveis apenas dois artigos para a revisão sistemática. Desses a amostra dos estudos selecionados era de 48 indivíduos, sendo 31 do sexo feminino e 17 do sexo masculino com variação da idade entre 20,3 a 20,5 anos. O tempo de estímulo dos protocolos de exercício utilizados era de 20 e 30 segundos e o tempo de recuperação de 10 segundos (passivo) e quatro minutos (ativo), o tempo total da sessão variou de quatro a 18 minutos, a intensidade em ambos os estudos era "all out" e a frequência semanal era de quatro e três dias totalizando 16 e 12 sessões de treinamento em cada estudo. Apenas um estudo avaliou as alterações na massa corporal, sendo que não foram encontradas alterações significativas. Além disso, foram encontradas discrepâncias entre os parâmetros na aptidão aeróbia e na resistência muscular entre os estudos. Os protocolos de HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) com o peso corporal utilizam diferentes parâmetros de carga externa, entretanto, os tempos de estímulo e recuperação são variáveis comuns para a organização das sessões de treinamento, com diferentes duração e frequência semanal entre as sessões, o que pode ter influenciado nas diferentes adaptações aos parâmetros de aptidão física entre os estudos. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos prognósticos - Investigação do efeito da característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue describir a través de una revisión sistemática las estrategias de control de carga y las diferentes adaptaciones promovidas por la práctica del entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad con el peso corporal. Después de la selección de artículos en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus y Scielo se encontraron 288 estudios, sin embargo, después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión fueron elegibles sólo dos artículos para la revisión sistemática. De éstos, la muestra de los estudios seleccionados era de 48 individuos, siendo 31 del sexo femenino y 17 del sexo masculino con variación de edad entre 20,3 a 20,5 años. El tiempo de estímulo de los protocolos de ejercicio utilizados era de 20 y 30 segundos y el tiempo de recuperación de 10 segundos (pasivo) y 4 minutos (activo), el tiempo total de la sesión varió de 4 a 18 minutos, la intensidad en ambos estudios era "all out", y la frecuencia semanal era de 4 y 3 días totalizando 16 y 12 sesiones de entrenamiento en cada estudio. Sólo un estudio evaluó las alteraciones en la masa corporal, siendo que no fueron encontradas alteraciones significativas. Además, fueron encontradas discrepancias entre los parámetros en la aptitud aeróbica y en la resistencia muscular entre los estudios. Los protocolos de HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) con el peso corporal utilizan diferentes parámetros de carga externa. Entretanto, los tiempos de estímulo y recuperación son variables comunes para la organización de las sesiones de entrenamiento, con diferentes adaptaciones a los parámetros de aptitud física entre los estudios. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios pronósticos - Investigación del efecto de la característica de un paciente sobre el resultado de la enfermedad.

Heat and Dehydration Additively Enhance Cardiovascular Outcomes following Orthostatically-Stressful Calisthenics Exercise.

Exercise and exogenous heat each stimulate multiple adaptations, but their roles are not well delineated, and that of the related stressor, dehydration, is largely unknown. While severe and prolonged hypohydration potentially "silences" the long-term heat acclimated phenotype, mild and transient dehydration may enhance cardiovascular and fluid-regulatory adaptations. We tested the hypothesis that exogenous heat stress and dehydration additively potentiate acute (24 h) cardiovascular and hematological outcomes following exercise. In a randomized crossover study, 10 physically-active volunteers (mean ± SD: 173 ± 11 cm; 72.1 ± 11.5 kg; 24 ± 3 year; 6 females) completed three trials of 90-min orthostatically-stressful calisthenics, in: (i) temperate conditions (22°C, 50% rh, no airflow; CON); (ii) heat (40°C, 60% rh) whilst euhydrated (HEAT), and (iii) heat with dehydration (no fluid ~16 h before and during exercise; HEAT+DEHY). Using linear mixed effects model analyses, core temperature (TCORE) rose 0.7°C more in HEAT than CON (95% CL: [0.5, 0.9]; p < 0.001), and another 0.4°C in HEAT+DEHY ([0.2, 0.5]; p < 0.001, vs. HEAT). Skin temperature also rose 1.2°C more in HEAT than CON ([0.6, 1.8]; p < 0.001), and similarly to HEAT+DEHY (p = 0.922 vs. HEAT). Peak heart rate was 40 b·min-1 higher in HEAT than in CON ([28, 51]; p < 0.001), and another 15 b·min-1 higher in HEAT+DEHY ([3, 27]; p = 0.011, vs. HEAT). Mean arterial pressure at 24-h recovery was not consistently below baseline after CON or HEAT (p ≥ 0.452), but was reduced 4 ± 1 mm Hg after HEAT+DEHY ([0, 8]; p = 0.020 vs. baseline). Plasma volume at 24 h after exercise increased in all trials; the 7% increase in HEAT was not reliably more than in CON (5%; p = 0.335), but was an additional 4% larger after HEAT+DEHY ([1, 8]; p = 0.005 vs. HEAT). Pooled-trial correlational analysis showed the rise in TCORE predicted the hypotension (r = -0.4) and plasma volume expansion (r = 0.6) at 24 h, with more hypotension reflecting more plasma expansion (r = -0.5). In conclusion, transient dehydration with heat potentiates short-term (24-h) hematological (hypervolemic) and cardiovascular (hypotensive) outcomes following calisthenics.

Morphological characteristics of Street Workout practitioners.

INTRODUCTION: The determination of the morphological characteristics of the most popular sports has allowed the evaluation and comparison between athletes, which has helped to improve their performance. The Street Workout is an emerging sport based on calisthenics, which recently has become popular. Despite its popularization, neither the morphologic profile nor the morphologic characteristics of Street Workout athletes has been determined. OBJECTIVE: Determine the profile and morphological characteristics of Street-Workout athletes, through anthropometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen athletes (22.7 ± 3.26 years) were recruited from the National Calisthenics Tournament 2015 in Chile. The athletes were evaluated following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry to determine the somatotype, body composition, as well as indices of body composition such as body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio, fat/muscle mass and muscle/bone mass indexes. RESULTS: Street Workout practitioners presented a balanced-mesomorphic somatotype, a low fat mass and a high muscular development, with upper arms and trunk predominance. Regarding body composition indices, the values obtained allow us to classify them as a low-risk population of chronic non-communicable diseases. CONCLUSION: The present study sets a first antecedent of the morphological characteristics of Street Workout, determining that the Street Workout athletes presented balanced-mesomorphic somatotype and were classified as a healthy and athletic sample by their body composition indexes.

A comparison of calisthenic and cycle exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To compare the effects of calisthenic and cycle exercises with no exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. METHOD: Forty-seven participants were allocated to either a cycle or calisthenic exercise or control group. Outcome measures, including Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire, pulmonary functions, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Fitness Testing, and Hospital Anxiety-Depression, Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea, Fatigue Severity, Fatigue Impact Scales, were performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: The change in VE/VCO2 significantly differed (p = 0.01) between two exercise groups. Physical fitness, quality of life, anxiety-depression, dyspnea and fatigue changed significantly in exercise groups, with no between-group differences. There were no significant improvements in control group. CONCLUSION: Calisthenics are as safe and effective as cycle exercise and could be included in comprehensive treatment programs.

Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and decreased energy expenditure (EE). Workplace interventions breaking up sedentary time have increased EE but the cardiovascular responses are unknown. The practicalities of these interventions, such as required costs and workplace adaptations, are questioned. Calisthenics exercises overcome such limitations, but have not been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the EE and heart rate (HR) response when breaking up sedentary time with a short bout of standing, walking or calisthenics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty healthy participants (15 male) completed four 30 min conditions: a) 30 min sitting, or breaking up this period with two minutes of b) standing, c) treadmill walking (4 km·h(-1)) or d) a set of calisthenics exercises (including squats and lunges). HR and EE (indirect calorimetry) were assessed throughout. During the activity break, calisthenics caused the highest HR (90 ± 12 bpm) compared to all other conditions (Sit: 70 ± 12 bpm; Stand:72 ± 13 bpm; Walk:84 ± 10 bpm; p < 0.001) and EE was the highest with calisthenics (13 ± 5 kcal) compared to all conditions except walking (Sit:3 ± 1 kcal; Stand:5 ± 1 kcal; p < 0.001). The recovery following calisthenics had highest total EE (27 ± 7 kcal) compared to walking (23 ± 6 kcal) and standing (22 ± 6 kcal) and also the longest elevation of HR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Calisthenics led to a greater total EE and HR response compared to standing or walking interventions. Calisthenics may be a time efficient method to break up sedentary time without individuals leaving their work environment. Hence calisthenics could be utilised to disrupt workplace sedentary time and improve cardiovascular health and assist in weight management.