ABSTRACT
El uso de campos magnéticos estáticos, gradientes de campo y ondas de radiofrecuencia suponen un reto de seguridad diferente a otras modalidades de imagen. Cada vez más centros trabajan con equipos de 3,0T que presentan mayores riesgos para el paciente frente a los de 1,5T. Hay una necesidad de actualización para el personal de radiología que le permita entender los riesgos y disminuirlos, pues pueden producirse incidentes graves e incluso mortales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión y actualización de los riesgos a los que se ven sometidos los pacientes durante la realización de un estudio de resonancia magnética.(AU)
Image acquisition involves the use of static magnetic fields, field gradients and radiofrequency waves. These elements make the MRI a different modality. More and more centers work with 3.0 T equipment that present higher risks for the patient, compared to those of 1.5 T. Therefore, there is a need for updating for radiology staff that allows them to understand the risks and reduce them, since serious and even fatal incidents can occur. The objective of this work is to present a review and update of the risks to which patients are subjected during the performance of a magnetic resonance imaging study.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/adverse effects , Patient Safety , Magnetic Fields/adverse effects , Contrast Media , Pacemaker, Artificial , Radiology/methods , Burns , TemperatureABSTRACT
Image acquisition involves the use of static magnetic fields, field gradients and radiofrequency waves. These elements make the MRI a different modality. More and more centers work with 3.0â¯T equipment that present higher risks for the patient, compared to those of 1.5â¯T. Therefore, there is a need for updating for radiology staff that allows them to understand the risks and reduce them, since serious and even fatal incidents can occur. The objective of this work is to present a review and update of the risks to which patients are subjected during the performance of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.
ABSTRACT
La estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT) es una técnica no invasiva que consiste en la utilización de campos magnéticos para estimular a las neuronas de la corteza cerebral. Si bien la electricidad se ha pretendido emplear previamente en el campo de la medicina, la historia de la EMT se remonta al descubrimiento de la inducción electromagnética, por Faraday, en el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, no fue hasta la década de 1980 cuando Anthony Barker, en la Universidad de Sheffield, desarrolló el primer dispositivo de EMT. La EMT funciona mediante una bobina colocada en el cuero cabelludo, la cual produce un campo magnético que puede atravesar el cráneo y estimular las neuronas corticales. La intensidad y la frecuencia del campo magnético pueden ajustarse para dirigirse a zonas específicas del cerebro y producir efectos excitatorios e inhibitorios. Los principios de la EMT se basan en el concepto de neuroplasticidad, que se refiere a la capacidad del cerebro para cambiar y adaptarse en respuesta a nuevas experiencias y estímulos. Al estimular las neuronas del cerebro con la EMT, es posible inducir cambios en la actividad neuronal y la conectividad, lo que a su vez puede provocar cambios cognitivos y en el estado de ánimo.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the cerebral cortex. While electricity has previously been intended to be used in the medical field, the history of TMS dates back to the discovery of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in the 19th century. However, it was not until the 1980s when Anthony Barker developed the first TMS device at the University of Sheffield. TMS works by means of a coil placed against the scalp, thereby producing a magnetic field. This magnetic field can pass through the skull and stimulate cortical neurons. The intensity and frequency of the magnetic field can be adjusted to target specific areas of the brain and produce excitatory and inhibitory effects. The principles of TMS are based on the concept of neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and stimuli. By stimulating neurons in the brain with TMS, it is possible to cause changes in neuronal activity and connectivity, which in turn can lead to cognitive and mood changes.
ABSTRACT
Los neonatos pretérminos nacen con inmadurez en los órganos, lo que lleva al compromiso del sistema inmunológico. Los campos electromagnéticos afectan la producción de melatonina a niveles bajos de exposición. Estos niños necesitan equipamiento médico las 24 horas del día para su recuperación, por lo que están expuestos a los campos magnéticos durante todo el tiempo que se encuentren en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. El objetivo fue medir los niveles de campo magnético que se generan alrededor de cada una de las incubadoras utilizando un gaussímetro y comparar los resultados con las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional para la Protección contra las Radiaciones No Ionizantes de 2010 y la norma de la International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC 60601-1-2:2004. En 11 neonatos internados, los valores de radiación se encontraban dentro de los recomendados, pero existía interferencia electromagnética por problemas de disposición de los equipos en el área.
Preterm infants are born with immature organs, thus affecting the immune system. Electromagnetic fields influence melatonin production with low exposure levels. These infants require medical equipment 24/7 to recover, so they are constantly exposed to magnetic fields during their stay in the Intensive Care Unit. Our objective was to measure magnetic field levels generated around each incubator using a gauss meter and compare our results to the 2010 recommendations by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the IEC 60601-1-2:2004 standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Among 11 hospitalized newborn infants, radiation was found within the recommended limits, but there was electromagnetic interference resulting from medical equipment layout problems in the unit.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Magnetic Fields/adverse effects , Infant, Premature , Equipment and Supplies , Water Level Measurement/analysis , Incubators , Intensive Care Units , Maximum Allowable Concentration , MelatoninABSTRACT
Inserido no paradigma da transdisciplinaridade, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em etapas, com os seguintes objetivos: a) Construir um dispositivo com base de metal não magnético para ímãs permanentes, visando à geração de um Campo Magnético Estático (CME) ou de um Campo Magnético Compensado (CMC); b) Expor culturas de células mesenquimais a um CME e a um CMC, ou a nenhum campo (controle); c) Analisar a influência destes campos na viabilidade e proliferação celular e nos casos em que houve alteração em pelo menos um destes parâmetros, utilizar a análise proteômica como ferramenta para a compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos. O dispositivo foi construído utilizando aço inoxidável, capaz de gerar dois tipos de Campos Magnéticos: Compensado (CMC) com intensidade de aproximadamente 0 mT e Estático (CME) com intensidade média de 165 mT. Estes campos foram aplicados a culturas de células mesenquimais de medula óssea de camundongos AJ (MSC/AJ), nos períodos de 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h (CMC) e 24 h (CME). Os efeitos sobre a proliferação e a viabilidade foram avaliados por método de contagem manual de células com marcação por azul de tripan. A análise proteômica foi realizada para os experimentos com CMC, com o objetivo de descrever as proteínas envolvidas nas alterações encontradas. A exposição ao CMC tendeu a reduzir a proliferação das células de medula óssea MSC/AJ em relação ao controle em 96 h, porém sem diferença significativa, o que poderia estar relacionado a proteínas que inibem a transcrição, como a Forkhead box protein P2 Foxp2. Este mesmo campo aumentou a viabilidade celular em relação ao baseline para todos os tempos experimentais, o que poderia estar relacionado a proteínas relacionadas à ligação ao Ca+2. Esses mecanismos, entretanto, precisam ser estudados mais profundamente para que possam ser comprovados ou não. Já a exposição ao CME levou a uma tendência à diminuição da proliferação e viabilidade celular em relação ao grupo controle, embora sem diferenças significativas, provavelmente por conta do tamanho amostral e tempo de avaliação (24 h).(AU)
Inserted in the transdisciplinarity paradigm, the present work was developed by steps with the following aims: a) To build a device of non-magnetic metal to hold permanent magnets for the generation of a Static Magnetic Field (SMF) or a Compensated Magnetic Field (CMF); b) To expose mesenchimal cells to the SMF and to CMF or to none of the fields (control); c) To analyze the influence of these fields on cell viability and cell proliferation and in the case where it occurred alteration in at least one of these parameters, to use proteomics as a tool for the comprehension of the involved mechanisms. The device was built in stainless steel, able to generate two kinds of Magnetic Fields: Compesated (CMF) with an intensity of nearly zero mT and Static (SMF) with a mean intensity of 165 mT. These fields were applied to bone marrow mesenchimal cell cultures from AJ mice (MSC/AJ), for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h (CMF) and 24 h (SMF) periods. The effects on the proliferation and viability were assessed by tripan blue dying and manual counting of the cells. Proteomics was done for the experiments with CMF, aiming to describe the involved proteins on found alterations. The exposition to CMF tends to reduce the bone marrow cell proliferation of MSC/AJ in relation to control in 96 h, but with no significant difference, which may be related to proteins that inhibit the transcription, like Forkhead box protein P2 Foxp2. This very field raised the cell viability in relation to the baseline for all the experimental times that could be related to proteins connected to Ca2+ binding. However, these mechanisms need more experiments, so they can be confirmed or not. The exposition to the SMF tends to decrease both cell proliferation and viability in relation to the control group, although with no significant difference, probably because of the sample number and the exposition time (24h).(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Magnetic Fields , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology , Cell Count , Cell Survival/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Chromatography, Liquid , Mass Spectrometry , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de 40 pacientes con artrosis cervical atendidos en el Servicio de Rehabilitación Integral del Hospital Provincial Docente Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, desde agosto hasta diciembre del 2008, a fin de evaluar la efectividad de la magnetoterapia para aliviar el dolor.Los integrantes de la casuística fueron asignados a uno de 2 grupos: los tratados con campo magnético de baja frecuencia e intensidad, combinado con el tratamiento convencional (grupo de estudio) y los que recibieron tratamiento convencional (grupo control). Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que la terapia combinada fue más efectiva, lo cual se logró con 10 sesiones de tratamiento.
A case-control study was conducted in 40 patients with cervical arthrosis attended at the Service of Comprehensive Rehabilitation from Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany Provincial Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from August to December, 2008, with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of the magnetotherapy to alleviate the pain. Patients of the case material were divided into 2 groups: those treated with low frequency and intensity magnetic field combined with conventional treatment (study group) and those that received conventional treatment (control group). The obtained results showed that the combined therapy was more effective, which was achieved with 10 sessions of treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Complementary Therapies , Osteoarthritis , Secondary Care , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de 40 pacientes con artrosis cervical atendidos en el Servicio de Rehabilitación Integral del Hospital Provincial Docente Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, desde agosto hasta diciembre del 2008, a fin de evaluar la efectividad de la magnetoterapia para aliviar el dolor.Los integrantes de la casuística fueron asignados a uno de 2 grupos: los tratados con campo magnético de baja frecuencia e intensidad, combinado con el tratamiento convencional (grupo de estudio) y los que recibieron tratamiento convencional (grupo control). Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que la terapia combinada fue más efectiva, lo cual se logró con 10 sesiones de tratamiento(AU)
A case-control study was conducted in 40 patients with cervical arthrosis attended at the Service of Comprehensive Rehabilitation from Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany Provincial Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from August to December, 2008, with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of the magnetotherapy to alleviate the pain. Patients of the case material were divided into 2 groups: those treated with low frequency and intensity magnetic field combined with conventional treatment (study group) and those that received conventional treatment (control group). The obtained results showed that the combined therapy was more effective, which was achieved with 10 sessions of treatment(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Complementary Therapies , Osteoarthritis , Secondary Care , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
A partir da publicação, em 1979, dos resultados de um estudo que apontava para o aumento do risco de leucemia em crianças associado à exposição a campos magnéticos, o interesse pelo tema vem aumentando, e diversos estudos foram publicados. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os diferentes métodos utilizados na avaliação da exposição aos campos magnéticos de frequência extremamente baixa, bem como as dificuldades enfrentadas na quantificação dessa exposição, além de relatar os resultados de estudos epidemiológicos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. A falta de um modelo fisiopatológico que explique uma possível influência dos campos magnéticos na saúde e a dificuldade para quantificar a exposição têm sido os maiores obstáculos da pesquisa na área. Leucemia e tumores do sistema nervoso central têm sido os efeitos mais estudados. Leucemia em crianças é o desfecho mais consistentemente associado à exposição a campos magnéticos. Estudos mais recentes apontam a associação entre esclerose lateral amiotrófica e campos magnéticos.
Since an epidemiologic report, in 1979, showed an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to magnetic fields, concerns over the subject have grown, and several other studies have been published. The main goal of this literature review is to present the methods of exposure assessment and the main difficulties in measuring exposure, and also to report the results of epidemiological studies published along the past ten years. The lack of biophysical mechanisms explaining the interaction between magnetic fields and health, and the difficulties regarding exposure assessment have been the main obstacles of research in this area. Leukemia and brain tumors are the most evaluated outcomes. Childhood leukemia has been the most consistently outcome associated with magnetic field exposure. Recent studies have also shown an association between magnetic fields and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
ABSTRACT
Desde la antigüedad, griegos, romanos y chinos utilizaron los campos magnéticos con fines terapéuticos, en Cuba se introduce y difunde en la década de los 80. Realizamos un ensayo clínico fase III aleatorizado, estratificado, con un diseño en paralelo que interesó a 468 pacientes con el diagnóstico de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, atendidas en el servicio de sepsis del Hospital Materno Norte Tamara Bunke Bider, desde agosto del 2004 hasta julio del 2006, con el fin de precisar la efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento con campos magnéticos oscilantes. Se definieron criterios para medir efectividad, utilizando parámetros clínicos y análisis complementarios. Se describieron las reacciones adversas ocurridas para ambas modalidades terapéuticas. Se demostró que la terapéutica con campos magnéticos oscilantes mediante el inductor local Nak-02 fue segura y efectiva en el tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica tumoral, logrando la recuperación del estado de salud de las pacientes en menor tiempo y con una menor incidencia de reacciones adversas(AU)
