Efectos de Cinnamomum zeylanicum en niveles glucémicos en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on glycemic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del consumo de suplemento de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) en los niveles glucémicos de adultos mexicanos con diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado simple ciego con 30 pacientes >18 años con diabetes tipo 2, se aleatorizaron en los grupos: intervención y control; donde consumieron cápsulas con 2 gramos de C. zeylanicum o harina de trigo (placebo) diario por 12 semanas y se midieron variables antropométricas y bioquímicas (HbA1c, GPa, triglicéridos, colesterol total, HDL y LDL). Se utilizó el software IBM SPSS versión 23 y se aplicó la prueba T-Student y U-Mann Withney para muestras independientes (según el comportamiento de la variable) para las diferencias entre grupos, valores p<0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: No se observaron cambios significativos en HbA1c entre grupos (p>0.05). Sin embargo, post-tratamiento el grupo intervención disminuyó significativamente HbA1c al compararlo con su línea base (-0.41%, p=0.01) mientras que no se encontraron diferencias en el grupo control (+0.03%, p=0.64). No hubo diferencias significativas en variables antropométricas ni bioquímicas. Conclusiones: El consumo de 2 g de C. zeylanicum en mexicanos con diabetes tipo 2 no produjo cambios significativos entre grupos. Se sugieren nuevos estudios donde se evalúe el suplemento de canela con una muestra mayor. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04023539. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) supplement use on the glycemic levels of Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 patients over 18 years of age with type 2 diabetes. They were randomized into intervention and control groups where they took 2-gram capsules of Cinnamomum zeylanicum or wheat flour (placebo) daily for 12 weeks; then the anthropometric and biochemical variables HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were measured. IBM SPSS version 23 software was used and the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples (according to the behavior of the variable) were applied for differences between groups, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: No significant changes in HbA1c were seen between the two groups (p>0.05). However, post-treatment, the HbA1c value in the intervention group decreased significantly when compared to their baseline (-0.41%, p=0.01), while no differences were found in the control group (+0.03%, p=0.64). There were no significant differences in the anthropometric or biochemical variables. Conclusions: The consumption of 2 g of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in Mexican people with type 2 diabetes did not produce significant changes between the groups. New studies evaluating cinnamon supplementation on a larger sample size are suggested. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04023539. (AU)

Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine - induced neurodegeneration in PC - 12 cells / Efectos del aceite de canela y sus principales componentes, ácido cinámico y cin amaldehído en la neurodegeneración inducida por 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridina en células PC 12

Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) is a well - known medicinal plant considered as an effective treatment for neurological disorders based on Persian medicine . The aim of the present study was assessing the effect of cinnamon oil, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde, on the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cinnamon oil, prepared in sesame oil, was phytochemically analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pheochromocytoma - 12 (PC - 12) cells were treated with 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration in PD. Cell viability, activity of caspase enzymes, and formation of reactive oxygen sp ecies (ROS) were evaluated. MPTP significantly decreased cell viability and increased Casp activity, as well as ROS formation. Cinnamon oil and cinnamic acid at 200 µg/m L could significantly reverse MPTP - induced abnormalities in PC - 12 cells including Casp activity and ROS formation. Our study supports the beneficial effect of cinnamon oil in neurodegeneration. Furt her investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms and main active components.

La canela ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) es una planta medicinal m uy conocida, y considerada como un tratamiento efectivo para patologías neurológicas según la medicina persa. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del aceite de canela, el ácido cinámico, y el cinamaldehído, en un modelo in vitro de la enferme dad de Parkinson (PD). El aceite de canela, preparado en aceite de sésamo, fue analizado fitoquímicamente usando cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC). Se trataron células con feocromocitoma - 12 (P - 12) usando 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridi na (MPTP) como un modelo in vitro de neurodegeneración en PD. Se evaluó la viabilidad celular, actividad de enzimas caspasa, y formación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS). El tratamiento con MPTP disminuyó significativamente la viabilidad celular y a umentó la actividad casp, así la formación de ROS. Aceite de canela y ácido cinámico a 200 µg/mL podría revertir significativamente las anormalidades inducidas por MPTP en células PC - 12, incluyendo la actividad casp y la formación de ROS. Nuestro estudio e ntrega sustento sobre los efectos benéficos del aceite de canela en la neurodegeneración. Se requiere más investigación para clarificar los mecanismos y los principales componentes activos.

Compuestos bioactivos de canela y su efecto en la disminución del síndrome metabólico: revisión sistemática / Bioactive compounds of cinnamon and their effect on decreasing metabolic syndrome: systematic review

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el ingreso hospitalario y el riesgo de desarrollar COVID-19, los fármacos utilizados para su tratamiento ocasionan efectos secundarios por lo que se ha optado por la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas a base de compuestos bioactivos contenidos en plantas medicinales. La canela se utiliza como agente terapéutico debido a sus propiedades comprobadas con diversos mecanismos de acción reportados en el tratamiento de varias patologías. Objetivo. Documentar los estudios in vitro, in vivo, estudios clínicos y los mecanismos de acción reportados del efecto de la administración de extractos y polvo de canela en las comorbilidades relacionadas con el SM. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemàtica de artículos en bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo estudios de canela en polvo, extractos acuosos, de acetato de etilo y metanol de la corteza de canela, período de 5 años, excluyendo todo artículo relacionado a su efecto antimicrobiano, antifúngico y aceite de canela. Resultados. Las evidencias de los principales compuestos bioactivos contenidos en la canela validan su potencial en el tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas al SM, con limitados estudios que indagan en los mecanismos de acción correspondientes a sus actividades biológicas. Conclusiones. Las evidencias de las investigaciones validan su potencial en el tratamiento de estas patologías, debido a sus principales compuestos bioactivos: cinamaldehído, transcinamaldehído, ácido cinámico, eugenol y, antioxidantes del tipo proantocianidinas A y flavonoides, los cuales participan en diversos mecanismos de acción que activan e inhiben enzimas, con efecto hipoglucemiante (quinasa y fosfatasa), antiobesogénico (UPC1), antiinflamatorio (NOS y COX), hipolipemiante (HMG-CoA) y antihipertensivo (ECA)(AU)

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases hospital admission and the risk of developing COVID-19. Due to the side effects caused by the drugs used for its treatment, the search for therapeutic alternatives based on bioactive compounds contained in medicinal plants has been chosen. Cinnamon is used as a therapeutic agent due to its proven properties with various mechanisms of action reported in the treatment of various pathologies. Objective. To document the in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical studies and the mechanisms of action reported on the effect of the administration of cinnamon extracts and powder on comorbidities related to MS. Materials and methods. Systematic review of articles in electronic databases, including studies of cinnamon powder, aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate and methanol from cinnamon bark, over a period of 5 years, excluding all those articles related to its antimicrobial, antifungal and antimicrobial effect. cinnamon oil. Results. The evidence of the main bioactive compounds contained in cinnamon validates its potential in the treatment of diseases related to MS, with limited studies that investigate the mechanisms of action corresponding to its biological activities. Conclusions. Research evidence validates its potential in the treatment of these pathologies, due to its main bioactive compounds: cinnamaldehyde, transcinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, and antioxidants of the proanthocyanidin A type and flavonoids, which participate in various mechanisms of action that activate and they inhibit enzymes, with hypoglycemic (kinase and phosphatase), antiobesogenic (UPC1), anti-inflammatory (NOS and COX), lipid-lowering (HMG-CoA) and antihypertensive (ACE) effects(AU)

Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and acute oral toxicity of aqueous Ocotea minarum leaf extracts.

Ocotea minarum (Nees & Mart.) Mez., a native species of Brazil, is used in the treatment of infections and oxidative stress; however, there is no scientific evidence of its toxicological characteristics. We assessed the cytotoxicity, mutagenic activity, and acute oral toxicity of the aqueous extract isolated from O. minarum leaves. The cytotoxicity of this extract was evaluated in tumour and non-tumour cell lines, while the Ames test with a Salmonella Typhimurium was used to determine the mutagenic activity. Wistar rats received a single 2 g/kg dose as part of an LD50 toxicity assessment. Our results showed that the aqueous extract of O. minarum leaves did not present cytotoxic and mutagenic properties and was not toxic, with an LD50 greater than 2 g/kg. Therefore, the O. minarum extracts are pharmacologically safe and can continue to be investigated for the development of new drugs and herbal medicines.

Comparative characterization of cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol for phytochemical, antioxidant and pharmacological properties using acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress mouse model / Caracterización comparativa de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol para propiedades fitoquímicas, antioxidantes y farmacológicas utilizando el modelo de ratón con estrés oxidativo inducido por acetaminofeno

This study was aimed to explore the comparative efficacy of cinnamon bark extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced oxidative stress. Cinnamon bark extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol were utilized or in-vivo analysis. From the results of in-vitro screening tests, cinnamon ethanolic extract was selected for in-vivo study in mouse model. For this, Balb/c albino mice were treated with cinnamon ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg), cinnamaldehyde (10 mg/kg) and kaempferol (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 days followed by single intraperitoneal administration of APAP during 8 hours. Blood and organ samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. The results showed that cinnamon bark ethanolic extract, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol ameliorated APAP-induced oxidative stress and organ toxicity in mice. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde and kaempferol possess comparable antioxidant potential even at 20-times less dose as compared to cinnamon bark ethanolic extract suggesting therapeutic potential in oxidative stress-related disorders.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la eficacia comparativa del extracto de corteza de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol contra el estrés oxidativo inducido por acetaminofén (APAP). Se utilizaron extracto de corteza de canela, cinamaldehído y kaempferol para el análisis in vivo. De los resultados de las pruebas de detección in vitro, se seleccionó el extracto etanólico de canela para estudio in vivo en modelo de ratón. Para ello, los ratones albinos Balb/c fueron tratados con extracto etanólico de canela (200 mg/kg), cinamaldehído (10 mg/kg) y kaempferol (10 mg/kg) por vía oral durante 14 días, seguido de la administración intraperitoneal única de APAP durante 8 horas. Se recogieron muestras de sangre y órganos para análisis bioquímicos e histopatológicos. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto etanólico de la corteza de canela, el cinamaldehído y el kaempferol mejoraron el estrés oxidativo inducido por APAP y la toxicidad orgánica en ratones. En conclusión, el cinamaldehído y el kaempferol poseen un potencial antioxidante comparable, incluso a una dosis 20 veces menor en comparación con el extracto etanólico de la corteza de canela, lo que sugiere un potencial terapéutico en los trastornos relacionados con el estrés oxidativo.

The posterior fibulotalocalcaneal ligament complex: a forgotten ligament.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present anatomical study was to define the exact morphology of the posterior fibulotalocalcaneal ligament complex (PFTCLC), both for a better orientation and understanding of the anatomy, especially during hindfoot endoscopy. METHODS: Twenty-three fresh frozen specimens were dissected in order to clarify the morphology of the PFTCLC. RESULTS: In all specimens, the ligament originated from the posteromedial border of the lateral malleolus between the posterior tibiofibular ligament (superior border) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), (inferior border). This origin functions as the floor for the peroneal tendon sheath. The origin of the PFTCLC can be subdivided into two parts, a superior and inferior part. The superior part forms an aponeurosis with the superior peroneal retinaculum and the lateral septum of the Achilles tendon. From this structure, two independent laminae can be identified. The inferior part of the origin has no role in the aponeurosis and ligamentous fibres run obliquely to insert in the lateral surface of the calcaneus, in the same orientation as the CFL, but slightly more posterior, which was a consistent finding in all examined specimens. The PFTCLC is maximally tensed with ankle dorsiflexion and is located within the fascia of the deep posterior compartment of the leg. CONCLUSIONS: The PFTCLC is part of the normal anatomy of the hindfoot and therefore should be routinely recognized and partly released to achieve access to the posterior ankle anatomical pathology, relevant for hindfoot endoscopy. The origin of the ligament complex forms the floor for the peroneal tendon sheath. The superior part of the origin plays a role in the formation of an aponeurosis with the superior peroneal retinaculum and the lateral septum of the Achilles tendon.

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.

Diversity of pectobacterium strains by biochemical, physiological, and molecular characterization / Diversidade de cepas de Pectobacterium por caracterização bioquímica, fisiológica e molecular

Pectobacterium is a complex taxon of strains with diverse characteristics. It comprises several genera, including Erwinia, Brenneria, Pectobacterium, Dickeya, and Pantoea. Pectobacterium and Dickeya cause diseases in a wide range of plants, including potatoes, where they are causative agents of soft rot in tubers and blackleg in field-grown plants.Characterizing Pectobacterium species allows for the analysis of the diversity of pectinolytic bacteria, which may support control strategies for plant bacterial diseases. The aim of this study was to perform biochemical, physiological, and molecular characterizations of Pectobacteriumspp. from different sites and host plants. The isolated strains were characterized by the glucose fermentation test, Gram staining, catalase activity, oxidase activity, growth at 37 ºC, reducing substances from sucrose, phosphatase activity, indole production, acid production from different sources (sorbitol, melibiose, citrate, and lactose), pathogenicity in potato, and hypersensitivity reactions. Molecular characterization was performed with species-specific primers ECA1f/ECA2r and EXPCCF/EXPCCR, which identify P.atrosepticum and P.carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), respectively, and with primers 1491f/L1RA/L1RG and Br1f/L1RA/L1RG that differentiate Pcc from Dickeya chrysanthemi and from P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis. The strains were identified as belonging to the genus Pectobacterium, though they did not fit the biochemical nor the molecular classification standards for subspecies differentiation, indicating significant diversity among the strains.

Pectobacterium é um táxon complexo de isolados bacterianos com características diversas. Compreende vários gêneros como Erwinia, Brenneria, Pectobacterium, Dickeya e Pantoea. Pectobacterium e Dickeya causam doenças em ampla variedade de plantas, incluindo a batateira, na qual são os agentes etiológicos da podridão mole dos tubérculos e da canela-preta de plantas cultivadas em campo.A caracterização de espécies de Pectobacterium permite a análise da diversidade de bactérias pectolíticas, podendo auxiliar estratégias de controle de doenças bacterianas em plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar bioquímica, fisiológica e molecularmente isolados de Pectobacterium sp. provenientes de diferentes locais e hospedeiros. Os isolados foram caracterizados pelos testes de fermentação de glicose, Gram, catalase, oxidase, crescimento à 37 ºC, redução de substâncias a partir de sacarose, atividade da fosfatase, produção de indol, produção de ácido a partir de sorbitol, melibiose, citrato e lactose, patogenicidade em batata e reação de hipersensibilidade. Para a caracterização molecular, foram utilizados os pares de primersECA1f/ECA2r e EXPCCF/EXPCCR [específicos para P. atrosepticum e P.carotovorum subsp. carotovorum(Pcc), respectivamente] e as tríades de primers 1491f/L1RA/L1RG e Br1f/L1RA/L1RG, para diferenciar Pcc de Dickeya chrysanthemi e de P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis. Os isolados foram identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Pectobacterium, no entanto, não se enquadraram na classificação bioquímica e tampouco molecular para diferenciação das subespécies, demonstrando a grande diversidade dos mesmos.

Antifungal Efficacy of Four Different Concentrations of the Essential Oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Canela) against Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare in vitro the antifungal efficacy of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Canela) (EOC) at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% against strains of Candida albicans ATCC 10231. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design was experimental, in vitro, prospective, and longitudinal study, having a sample of n = 30 petri dishes per six groups. The test was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. The essential oil was prepared by steam distillation, which means that the pressure steam enters in connection with the plant cells and breaks them, releasing the essence and trapping it in drops of water. Cinnamon essential oil was obtained using the hydrodistillation method, subsequently the oil obtained was dehydrated with sodium sulfate and then filtered at 0.22 µm. Then the vials were stored at a temperature of 4°C. Finally, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was used as the biological material. Antifungal efficacy was measured by the Kirby-Bauer method (disk diffusion). RESULTS: It was found that in the 24-h group the concentration that had the greatest antifungal effect was 100% EOC with a mean of 22.1 ± 11 mm; however, the lowest antifungal activity was seen in the 25% EOC with 17.9 ± 1.6 mm. On the contrary, in the 48-h group, it was shown that the highest antifungal efficacy was also observed in the 100% EOC with an average of 31.2 ± 3.2 mm, but the lowest antifungal activity was in the 25% EOC with 22.6 ± 1.7 mm. Although in both groups, both at 24 and 48h, nystatin was the one with the lowest antifungal efficacy 15.1 ± 1.0 and 19.9 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EOC had a better statistically significant antifungal effect compared to nystatin. Otherwise, on analysis of the results in different concentrations, the EOC showed a directly proportional antifungal effectiveness as the concentration against the strains of C. albicans ATCC 10231 increased, compared to nystatin, suggesting its potential use as a possible attractive therapeutic alternative for the control of diseases caused by strains of C. albicans resistant to nystatin.

Adaptação de Staphylococcus aureus ao óleo essencial de Cinnamomum cassia / Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to Cinnamomum cassia essential oil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de adaptação de Staphylococcus aureus ao óleo essencial (OE) de canela cássia (Cinnamomum cassia). Primeiro determinou-se a Concentração Mínima Bactericida (CMB) do OE de C. cassia utilizando a técnica de microdiluição. Em seguida as células de S.aureus foram expostas a concentrações subletais do OE de C. cassia(CMB/4 e CMB/8) por um período de 6h e testadas frente a diferentes concentrações do OE (CMB/2; CMB; 1,2CMB; 1,4CMB; 1,6CMB; 1,8CMB e 2CMB), estas foram incubadas e plaqueadas em TSA (Ágar Triptona de Soja) empregando a técnica de microgotas. As células de S.aureus apresentaram uma nova CMB, maior que a anterior, portanto foram classificadas como capazes de se adaptarem ao OE de C. cassia. Após a exposição a concentrações subletais do OE, a CMB foi de 0,0744%. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de se utilizar a concentração adequada do antimicrobiano para evitar a adaptação do microrganismo.

Insecticidal and repellent effect of cinnamon oil on flies associated with livestock / Efecto insecticida y repelente del aceite de canela sobre moscas asociadas con el ganado

Abstract Objective. Due to the increased parasitic resistance, there is a need to explore alternative insecticides, including natural products, such essential oils. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the insecticidal and repellent effect of Cinnamomun zeylanicum (free and nanoemulsion forms) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods. For that, the insecticidal effect of the free form was tested at 1.0, 5.0 and 10%, while the nanoemulsion form was tested at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% against adult house flies, Musca domestica. For validation of the test, the flies were sprayed with the diluent (water and triton 10%) and with blank nanoemulsion (without C. zeylanicum essential oil). Moreover, in vivo test was performed using cows naturally infested with Haemotobia irritans. Results. The results demonstrated that cinnamon oil (10%) and the nanoemulsion (5%) were 100% effective against M. domestica after 90 minutes of exposure. The repellent effect was tested in vivo using 5% of cinnamon oil on Holstein cows naturally infested by Haemotobia irritans. The flies were counted at 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 and 24 h after cinnamon oil treatment. It was verified significant decrease (p<0.05) in the number of flies on cows sprayed with cinnamon in all times. Conclusions. Based on these results, C. zeylanicum showed insecticidal effect (in vitro) against domestic flies and repellent effect (in vivo) against the horn fly.

Resumen Objetivo. Debido a la mayor resistencia parásita, hay una necesidad de explorar insecticidas alternativos, incluidos los productos naturales, tales como aceites esenciales. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, para el primer equipo, el efecto insecticida y repelente de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (formas libres y nanoemulsión) in vitro e in vivo. Materiales y métodos. Para ello, el efecto insecticida de la forma libre se ensayó a 1.0, 5.0 y 10%, mientras que la forma nanoemulsión se ensayó a 0.5, 1.0 y 5.0% frente a las moscas domésticas adultas, Musca domestica. Para la validación de la prueba, las moscas fueron rociados con el diluyente (agua y triton 10%) y con nanoemulsión en blanco (sin aceite esencial de C. zeylanicum). También, fueron realizados pruebas in vivo usando vacas naturalmente infestadas con Haemotobia irritans. Resultados. Los resultados demostraron que el aceite de canela (10%) y la nanoemulsión (5%) fueron 100% eficaz contra M. domestica después de 90 minutos de exposición. El efecto repelente se ensayó in vivo usando 5% de aceite de canela en vacas Holstein, naturalmente infestados por Haemotobia irritans. Se contaron las moscas a las 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 y 24 h después del tratamiento el aceite de canela. Se verificó disminución significativa (p<0.05) en el número de moscas vivas de vacas canela pulverizada en todo momento. Conclusiones. En base a estos resultados, C. zeylanicum mostró un efecto insecticida (in vitro) contra las moscas domésticas y efecto repelente (in vivo) contra la mosca de los cuernos.

Edible active coatings incorporated with Cinnamomum cassia and Myristica fragrans essential oils to improve shelf-life of minimally processed apples / Revestimentos comestíveis ativos contendo óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia e Myristica fragrans para aumentar a vida útil de maçãs minimamente processadas

ABSTRACT: The effect of the incorporation of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and nut meg (Myristicafragrans) essential oils in alginate-based edible coatings that were applied on minimally processed apples, is reported. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 1.25mg.mL-1 (cinnamon) and 2.50mg.mL-1 (nutmeg), against both Escherichia coli and Penicillium commune. Over storage periods there was a significant reduction in the E. coli and P. commune counts compared to the control. The extent of enzymatic browning was also significantly reduced in the coated samples. In the coated minimally processed apples sensory tests, the flavor had the lowest rating of the properties analyzed, for both treatments, followed by aroma and firmness.

RESUMO: O efeito da incorporação dos óleos essenciais de canela (Cinnamomum cassia) e noz-moscada (Myristicafragrans) em revestimentos comestíveis à base de alginato, aplicados em maçãs minimamente processadas é apresentado. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas foram de 1,25mg.mL-1 (canela) e 2,50mg.mL-1 (noz-moscada), contra Escherichia colie Penicillium commune. Durante o armazenamento, houve redução significativa nas contagens de E.coli e P. Commune em comparação com o controle. A extensão do escurecimento enzimático também foi significativamente reduzida nas amostras revestidas. Nas análises sensoriais, o sabor dos óleos essenciais apresentou a menor classificação das propriedades analisadas, tanto para os óleos essenciais, quanto para aroma e firmeza.

Evaluación de la acción antiséptica de un jabón líquido utilizando algunos aceites esenciales como agente activo / Evaluation of the action antiseptic of a liquid soap using some oils essential as an active agent

RESUMEN Se evaluó la acción antiséptica de un jabón líquido utilizando como activo aceites esenciales de Eugenia caryophyllata T. (clavo de olor) y Cinnamomum verum J. (canela). Se formularon y elaboraron jabones líquidos usando como activo aceites esenciales a concentraciones de 1,5% y 2%, posteriormente se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos, sensoriales, así como también microbiológicos sobre cepas bacterianas de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Se encontró que las formulaciones idóneas son aquellas en las que los aceites esenciales de clavo y canela se encuentran a concentraciones del 2%, puesto que presentan actividad contra las cepas bacterianas en cuestión y mejor estabilidad fisicoquímica; siendo elegido entre los evaluadores de las propiedades organolépticas el jabón líquido preparado con aceite esencial de canela como el favorito con respecto al de clavo, por presentar mejor aroma y aspecto. Se concluye que los jabones líquidos antisépticos a partir de 2% de aceite esencial de Eugenia caryophyllata T. y Cinnamomum verum J. presentaron resultados promisorios; igualmente, todos los indicadores fisicoquímicos y químicos evaluados se mantuvieron, lo que nos brinda un indicio de la correcta formulación desde el punto de vista galénico.

SUMMARY The antiseptic action of a liquid soap was evaluated using as essential oils of Eugenia caryophyllata T. (clove) and Cinnamomum verum J. (cinnamon). Is formulated and produced soaps liquids using as active oils essential to concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, subsequently is evaluated parameters physicochemical, sensory, as well as also microbiological on strains bacterial of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Finding is that the formulations suitable are those in which them oils essential of clove and cinnamon is found to concentrations of the 2%, since present activity against them strains bacterial in question and best stability physicochemical; being chosen among the evaluators of the organoleptic properties liquid soap prepared with essential oil of cinnamon as the favorite on the nail, by presenting better aroma and appearance. Concluding that the antiseptic liquid soaps from 2% of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata T. and Cinnamomum verum J. presented promising results; also, all the indicators physicochemical and chemical evaluated were kept, which gives us an indication of the correct formulation from the pharmaceutical point of view.

Hippocampal Astrocytes in Migrating and Wintering Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla.

Seasonal migratory birds return to the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year, and migratory long-distance shorebirds are good examples of this. These tasks require learning and long-term spatial memory abilities that are integrated into a navigational system for repeatedly locating breeding, wintering, and stopover sites. Previous investigations focused on the neurobiological basis of hippocampal plasticity and numerical estimates of hippocampal neurogenesis in birds but only a few studies investigated potential contributions of glial cells to hippocampal-dependent tasks related to migration. Here we hypothesized that the astrocytes of migrating and wintering birds may exhibit significant morphological and numerical differences connected to the long-distance flight. We used as a model the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, that migrates from northern Canada and Alaska to South America. Before the transatlantic non-stop long-distance component of their flight, the birds make a stopover at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. To test our hypothesis, we estimated total numbers and compared the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological features of adult C. pusilla astrocytes captured in the Bay of Fundy (n = 249 cells) with those from birds captured in the coastal region of Bragança, Brazil, during the wintering period (n = 250 cells). Optical fractionator was used to estimate the number of astrocytes and for 3-D reconstructions we used hierarchical cluster analysis. Both morphological phenotypes showed reduced morphological complexity after the long-distance non-stop flight, but the reduction in complexity was much greater in Type I than in Type II astrocytes. Coherently, we also found a significant reduction in the total number of astrocytes after the transatlantic flight. Taken together these findings suggest that the long-distance non-stop flight altered significantly the astrocytes population and that morphologically distinct astrocytes may play different physiological roles during migration.

Effects of Cinnamon extract on biochemical enzymes, TNF-α and NF-κB gene expression levels in liver of broiler chickens inoculated with Escherichia coli / Efeitos de extrato de canela sobre os níveis de enzimas bioquímicos, e expressão de genes de TNF-α e NF-κB em fígado de frangos de corte inoculadas com Escherichia coli

Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common disease in poultry industry. The use of antibiotics to treat diseases is facing serious criticism and concerns. The medicinal plants may be effective alternatives because of their multiplex activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on the levels of liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions in liver of broiler chickens infected with E. coli. Ninety Ross-308 broilers were divided into healthy or E. coli-infected groups, receiving normal or cinnamon extract (in concentrations of 100 or 200mg/kg of food) supplemented diets. E. coli suspension (108cfu) was injected subcutaneously after 12 days cinnamon administration. Seventy-two hours after E. coli injection, the blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of liver enzymes in serum (spectrophotometrically), and liver tissue samples were obtained for detection of gene expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB, using real-time PCR. Infection with E. coli significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions as well as some liver enzymes including creatine-kinase (CK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine-transferase (ALT) and aspartate-transferase (AST) as compared with control group (P<0.05). Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in broilers diet (in both concentrations) significantly reduced the tissue levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions and enzymes CK and ALT in serum of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli in comparison with E. coli group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The levels of LDH and AST were significantly decreased only by 200mg/kg cinnamon extract in infected broilers. The level of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) was not affected in any groups. Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in diets of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli could significantly reduce the gene expression levels...

Infecção ocasionada por Escherichia coli (E. coli) é uma enfermidade comum na indústria avícola. O uso de antibióticos para tratar doenças bacterianas vem enfrentando sérias críticas e preocupações. As plantas medicinais podem ser alternativas eficazes por causa de suas atividades sinérgicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de canela sobre os níveis de as enzimas hepáticas bem como sobre a expressão dos genes relativos, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e fator nuclear -kappa B (NF-κB) em fígado de frangos de corte infectados com E. coli. Noventa frangos Ross-308 foram divididos em grupos saudáveis ou infectados com E. coli, que receberam dietas controle ou com suplementação contendo extrato de canela (em concentrações de 100 ou 200 mg/kg de alimento). Suspensão de E. coli (108UFC) foi injetado por via subcutânea, após 12 dias de administração do extrato de canela. Setenta e duas horas após a injeção de E. coli, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise bioquímica das enzimas do fígado no soro (espectrofotometria), e amostras de tecido de fígado foram obtidas para a determinação da expressão de genes de marcadores inflamatórios TNF-α e NF-κB, através PCR em tempo real. A infecção com E. coli aumentou significativamente os níveis de expressão dos genes TNF-α e NF-κB, assim como algumas enzimas hepáticas, incluindo creatina-quinase (CK), lactato-desidrogenase (LDH), alanina-transferase (ALT) e aspartato-transferase (AST), em comparação com o grupo de controle (P<0.05). A pré-administração do extrato de canela na dieta dos frangos (em ambas as concentrações) reduziu significativamente os níveis de expressão tecidual de TNF-α e NF-kB, da mesma forma que das enzimas CK e ALT no soro de frangos infectados com E. coli, em comparação com o grupos somente infectado com E. coli (P<0.05 e P<0.01). Os níveis de LDH e AST foram significativamente menores apenas para o grupo suplementado com extrato de canela na concentração...

Development and characterization of 47 novel microsatellite markers for Vellozia squamata (Velloziaceae).

UNLABELLED: • PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We developed and validated microsatellite primers for Vellozia squamata (Velloziaceae), an endemic species of the cerrado (Brazilian savannas), to investigate the influence of different fire regimes on its genetic diversity and population structure. • METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a selective hybridization method, we tested 51 SSR loci using a natural population of V. squamata and obtained 47 amplifiable loci. Among these, 26 loci were polymorphic and the average values of genetic diversity were: average number of alleles per locus ([Formula: see text]) = 6.54, average number of alleles per polymorphic locus ([Formula: see text]) = 7.13, average observed heterozygosity [Formula: see text] = 0.22, average expected heterozygosity [Formula: see text] = 0.49, and average fixation index [Formula: see text] = 0.55. • CONCLUSIONS: These 26 loci allowed us to assess the effects of distinct fire regimes on the genetic structure of V. squamata populations with the aim of establishing strategies for the conservation of this endemic species. The markers can also be useful for future pharmaceutical studies, as the species has great potential for medicinal and cosmetic applications.

Análisis micrográfico y fitoquímico de muestras comerciales de "canela" / Micrographic and phytochemical analysis of commercial samples of "cinnamon"

Cinnamomun verum J.S. Presl (Lauraceae) ("canela") es una especie aromática empleada con frecuencia en alimentación. Se utiliza la corteza desprovista del súber y con una concentración no menor de 1,3 % de aldehído cinámico. También se emplea en medicina por sus propiedades carminativa, antiulcerosa, estomacal, antivomitiva y estimulante. Estas propiedades se deben a la presencia de aceites esenciales. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la calidad de las muestras comercializadas en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se adquirieron muestras del comercio (en polvo, trozadas y enteras). Se compararon con descripciones bibliográficas. Se analizaron mediante reducción a polvo, disociación con OHNa al 5 %, reacciones histoquímicas y determinación cualitativa de aceites esenciales. En el análisis micrográfico se observó la presencia de esclereidas, radios floemáticos, fibras y almidón en todas las muestras. Solo en las muestras enteras y trozadas se halló súber. En cuanto a la determinación de aceites esenciales las muestras enteras y trozadas presentaron aldehído cinámico, eugenol y limoneno, entre otros, mientras que en las muestras en polvo no se detectó aldehído cinámico. Las muestras comerciales en polvo cumplen con la monografía de la Farmacopea Argentina 7ª edición, en cuanto al análisis micrográfico. La ausencia de aldehído cinámico en estas muestras se podría deber a las operaciones unitarias en la obtención del polvo. Las muestras enteras y trozadas presentan súber, el cual según la definición, no debería encontrarse aunque su perfil cromatográfico se corresponde con los componentes descriptos en la bibliografía. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que ninguna de las muestras analizadas cumple estrictamente los requisitos de Farmacopea Argentina exigidos para la denominación de "canela de Ceilán". (AU)

Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais frente a amostras clínicas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos / Antifungal activity of essential oils against clinical samples of Candida albicans isolated from HIV-positive patients

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) e Cinnamomum cassia Blume (canela da china) sobre cepas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Quinze amostras clínicas de C. albicans (C1-C15) foram repicadas em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, para confecção de suspensões em solução salina estéril (0,9%) contendo 1,5 x 10(6) UFC mL-1. As emulsões dos óleos essenciais foram preparadas em água destilada estéril e tween 80, com concentrações variando entre 1024 µg mL-1 e 4 µg mL-1. A ação antifúngica foi determinada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) utilizando-se a técnica da microdiluição. Foram utilizados como controles positivos a nistatina e o miconazol (50 µg mL-1). Os testes foram realizados em triplicata, sendo a CIM, a menor concentração capaz de inibir o crescimento das leveduras, observada por método visual de acordo com a turvação do meio de cultura. Para C. albicans (ATCC 76845), a CIM do óleo essencial de C. cassia foi 64 µg mL-1, enquanto para óleo de C. martinii foi 1024 µg mL-1. Para as cepas clínicas, verificou-se que a CIM de C. cassia para 80% das cepas foi 64 µg mL-1, sendo a variação dos valores da CIM entre 128 µg mL-1 e 64 µg mL-1. Observou-se que para 66,6% das amostras clínicas, a CIM de C. martinii foi 612 µg mL-1. Constatou-se que a nistatina não apresentou atividade frente às cepas clínicas (C1-C15), enquanto a atividade antifúngica do miconazol foi verificada em 100% das amostras. Não se constatou atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris, nas concentrações avaliadas. Concluiu-se que os óleos essenciais de C. cassia e C. martinii, em diferentes concentrações, apresentam atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de C. albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Entretanto não foi observada inibição antimicrobiana para os óleos de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Chinese cinnamon) against Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). Fifteen clinical samples of C. albicans (C1-C15) were subcultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar to prepare suspensions in sterile saline solution (0.9%) containing 1.5 x 10(6) CFU mL-1. The emulsions of essential oils were prepared in sterile distilled water and Tween 80, with concentrations ranging between 1024 µg mL-1 and 4 µg mL-1. The antifungal action was determined by means of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using the microdilution technique. Nystatin and miconazole (50 µg mL-1) were used as positive controls. The tests were performed in triplicate and the MIC was the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting the growth of yeasts, which was observed by the visual method, according to the turbidity of the culture medium. For C. albicans (ATCC 76845), the MIC of C. cassia essential oil was 64 µg mL-1, while the MIC for C. martini was 1024 µg mL-1. Considering the clinical strains, the MIC of C. cassia was 64 µg mL-1 for 80% of the strains, and the variation in MIC values was between 128 µg mL-1 and 64 µg mL-1. For 66.6% of the clinical samples, the MIC of C. matinii was 612 µg mL-1. Nystatin did not present activity against the clinical strains (C1-C15), while the antifungal activity of miconazole was noticed for 100% of the samples. The antimicobrial activity of essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris was not identified at the evaluated concentrations. It was concluded that the essential oils from C. cassia and C. martinii, at different concentrations, presented antifungal activity against C. albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). However, antifungal activity was not observed for the essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris.

Ingesta de aguas tradicionales con principios oxitóxicos en la taquisistolia y sufrimiento fetal agudo en mujeres con embarazo a término que ingresan por el servicio de emergencia del Hospital Básico Pelileo durante el periodo mayo - agosto 2012 / Intake of traditional waters with oxitoxic principles in the taquisistolia and acute fetal distress in women with full term pregnancy admitted by the emergency service of the Hospital Básico Pelileo during the period May - August 2012

Nuestro país, por su riqueza cultural, presenta diversas concepciones en torno al embarazo, parto y puerperio, dentro de las costumbres existentes en la comunidad tenemos el uso de Plantas Tradicionales utilizadas para desencadenar el Trabajo de Parto, el siguiente trabajo de investigación se realizo con el objetivo de Determinar la acción de la Ingesta de aguas tradicionales con principios oxitócicos en la Taquisistolia y Sufrimiento Fetal Agudo en mujeres con embarazo a término que ingresan por el servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Básico Pelileo durante el periodo Mayo- Agosto del 2012, fue un estudio con enfoque descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal, la población encuestada fue 117 personas 31 de ellas, el 26% reporto el haber ingerido algún tipo agua por costumbre familiar, sin que existan conocimientos adecuados sobre el efecto y los resultados a los que lleva esta mala práctica utilizada por las mujeres con embarazo a término. Concluyendo que entre las plantas más consumidas tenemos la ruda con el 32% y la verbena el 26% que son consideradas abortivas y modificadoras del útero debido a los principios activos que contiene cada una de ellas.

Effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) and Melia azedarach L. (Santa Barbara or cinnamon) on the intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii / Efeito de extrato aquoso de folhas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (nim) e Melia azedarach L. (canela ou Santa Bárbara) sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular de Toxoplasma gondii

Melia azedarach (cinnamon) and Azadirachta indica (neem) have a variety of biologically active ingredients against virus, bacteria and protozoan parasites; however, little is known about their action on Toxoplasma gondii intracellular development. Toxoplasma gondii infects all eukaryotic cells, where it establishes and multiplies inside a modified vacuole called the parasitophorous vacuole until the cell ruptures, re-infecting other cells and establishing the infection. There are no efficient chemotherapies for the elimination of T. gondii, minimizing side effects. In this study, we performed in vitro assays with neem and cinnamon aqueous extracts against the intracellular development of T. gondii tachyzoites. After treatment with neem and cinnamon for 24 h, the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites drastically decreased. This effect was concentration-dependent. During the incubation of the extracts, progressive morphological and ultrastructure alterations led to intense vesiculation and complete elimination of the parasite from the intracellular medium. However, during the treatment with extracts, no morphological effects were observed in the structure of the host cell. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of neem and cinnamon were capable of interfering with and eliminating the intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii.

Melia azedarach (canela) e Azadirachta indica (nim) apresenta grande variedade de ingredientes biologicamente ativos contra vírus, bactérias e protozoários, mas nenhum efeito sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii é conhecido. Toxoplasma gondii infecta todos os tipos de células Eucarióticas, onde se estabelece no meio intracelular em vacúolo modificado conhecido como vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste vacúolo ocorre a replicação levando a ruptura da célula hospedeira e reinfecção de novas células, perpetuando a infecção. A quimioterapia utilizada não é capaz de eliminar o parasita além de induzir fortes efeitos colaterais. Neste estudo, nós demonstramos o efeito in vitro de extratos aquosos da canela e nim sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do taquizoíto do Toxoplasma gondii. Após tratamento de nim e canela por 24 h, a porcentagem de infecção e o número de taquizoítos intracelulares decaiu drasticamente. Este efeito foi concentração-dependente. Durante incubação dos extratos, uma progressiva desorganização morfológica e ultraestrutural levaram a formação de intensa vesiculação e completa destruição do parasita, que passou a uma estrutura amorfa, antes da completa eliminação do meio intracelular. No entanto durante o tratamento com os extratos, efeitos morfológicos não foram observados nas estruturas da célula hospedeira. Estes resultados sugerem que os extratos aquosos de nim e canela foram capazes de interferir e eliminar o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii.