Platos olvidados o de consumo ocasional en la gastronomía española: Castilla y León / Forgotten dishes or occasional consumption in Spanish gastronomy: Castilla y León

La gastronomía de Castilla y León tiene su base en los cocidos y los asados, además de un gran surtido de dulces. Destacan los asados de cordero, y de cochinillo. También destacan el cerdo y los embutidos como la morcilla, el jamón o los chorizos. Las legumbres (alubia de Saldaña, judías de El Barco de Ávila, judiones de La Granja, lentejas de la Armuña, garbanzos de Fuentesaúco, etcétera) son protagonistas de los cocidos y las humildes y excelentes sopas de ajo. El pan es un elemento imprescindible en esta tierra cerealista. (AU)

The gastronomy of Castilla y León is based on stews and roasts, as well as a wide assortment of sweets. The roast lamb and suckling pig stand out. The pork and sausages such as black pudding, ham or chorizos also stand out. Legumes (beans from Saldaña, beans from El Barco de Ávila, kidney beans from La Granja, lentils from La Armuña, chickpeas from Fuentesaúco, etc.) are the protagonists of the stews and the humble and excellent garlic soups. Bread is an essential element in this cereal land. (AU)

Angiostrongylus vasorum in Domestic Dogs in Castilla y León, Iberian Peninsula, Spain.

Angiostrongylus vasorum is the causative agent of canine angiostrongylosis, a disease affecting domestic and wild canids. In Europe, it is an emerging disease, mainly reported in red foxes. In Spain, there are a few studies that address the prevalence and pathology of this disease. Castilla y León is the largest region of the Iberian Peninsula, whose extensive area is 94,224 km2; however, until now, there have been no epidemiological studies on this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the presence of antigens of A. vasorum in 1475 dogs from Castilla y León, showing an overall prevalence of 0.75%. The infected dogs were mainly outdoors, guard and hunting breed dogs and living in locations with mild climates close to areas of high edaphic humidity, such as stagnant water, irrigated crops or riverbanks, with the vegetation dominated by alders, holm oak and gall oak forests, where the intermediate hosts develop. It is necessary to carry out more in-depth studies on the epidemiology and pathology of this disease in Spain and Europe in order to carry out efficient control in both domestic and wild animals.

Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in Castilla y Leon (Spain).

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is considered a Public Health problem that is defined as a group of symptoms that appear in the newborn due to withdrawal from intrauterine drug exposure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of NAS in Castilla y León from 2000 to 2019. METHODOLOGY: Data of NAS cases in Castilla y León from 2000 to 2019 were obtained. NAS incidence per 1000 births was calculated and the correlation among data from different provinces and years was analyzed. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of NAS in Castilla y León per 1000 births between 2000-2019 was 0.91‱, with great interprovincial variability. The provinces of Zamora and Palencia stand out, with high incidence rates of NAS despite their low birth rates. The temporal trend points towards a decrease in incidence from 2000 to 2019. Opioids such as methadone, cannabis, benzodiazepines and poly-drug use are the most prevalent drugs causing NAS, and it has also been observed that methadone is being replaced by cannabis as the major cause of NAS cases at the University Hospital in Salamanca in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NAS in Castilla y León decreased in 2004 and remained constant until 2019, but it shows great interprovincial variability. It is necessary to implement a national NAS Registry to obtain comprehensive information regarding its incidence.

Cribado neonatal de drepanocitosis en Castilla y León: Estudio descriptivo / Neonatal screening of drepanocytosis in Castilla y Leon (Spain): a descriptive study

Introducción. La anemia falciforme es una enfermedad de herencia autosómica recesiva que constituye una de las alteraciones genéticas más frecuentes del noroeste de Europa. Las complicaciones secundarias en los pacientes homocigotos son frecuentes durante los primeros 3 años de vida, y debido a ello, desde el 12 de julio de 2017, se ha incluido dicha patología dentro de las enfermedades objetivo de cribado neonatal de Castilla y León (CyL). Con tal fin, se pretende detectar aquellos pacientes que se beneficiarán de un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Objetivos. Calcular la incidencia de hemoglobinopatía S, C, D, E u otra cadena de hemoglobina anómala en todo recién nacido vivo en CyL desde el inicio del programa de cribado hasta el 12 deoctubre de 2018 (15 meses), determinando en los distintos pacientes el sexo, lugar de origen del padre y la madre, hospital de nacimiento y fenotipo encontrado. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes con cribado neonatal de hemoglobinopatías patológico nacidos en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León, del 12 de julio de 2017 al 12 de octubre de 2018. La muestra de sangre se obtuvo de la prueba del talón realizada en las maternidades de forma sistemática, a partir de las 48 horas de vida del niño. Se analizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (Bio-Rad VARIANTnbs System) en Laboratorio de Referencia de Valladolid, detectándose fenotipos S, C, D, E o asociados a cualquier otra cadena de hemoglobina anómala sin tipificar. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 18.998 recién nacidos durante ese periodo, con un total de 18.975 muestras analizadas (99,8%). Se detectaron un total de 94 muestras positivas, con 1 resultado coincidente con fenotipo FS (1/18.975), 61 para fenotipo FAS (1/311), 14 FAC (1/1.355), 2 FAD (1/9.487), 1 FC (1/18.975), 11 FAX (1/1.725), y 4 FAXX (1/4.743) (AU)

Introduction. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease that constitutes one of the most frequent genetic alterations in the Northeast of Europe. The second ary complications in the homozygous patients are frequent during the first three years of life, and due to it, this condition has been included within the diseases targeted for neonatal screening of Castilla y Leon (CyL) since 12 July 2017. With that in mind, it is aimed to detect those patients who would benefit from and early diagnosis and treatment. Objectives. To calculate the incidence of hemoglobin diseases S, C, D, E or other abnormal hemoglobin chain, in all live newborn in CyL from the onset of the screening program until 12 October 2018 (15 months), determining gender, place of origin of the father and mother, hospital where born and phenotype found in the different patients. Material and methods. A retrospective and descriptive study of the patients with neonatal screening for pathological hemoglobin disease in the Regional Community of Castilla y León, from 17 July 2017 to 12 October 2018. The blood sample was obtained from the heel test conducted in the maternity wards systematically, beginning at 48 hours of life of the child. It was analyzed during rapid resolution liquid chromatography (Bio-Rad VARIANTnbs System) in the Reference laboratory of Valladolid, detecting the S, C, D, E or phenotypes or those associated to any other non-typified abnormal hemoglobin chain. Results. A total of 18,998 newborns were enrolled in the study during this period, with a total of 18,975 samples analyzed (99.8%). A total of 94 positive samples were detected, with 1 result coinciding with FS phenotype (1/18,975), 61 for FAS phenotype (1/311), 14 FAC (1/1,355), 2 FAD (1/9,487), 1 FC (1/18,975), 11 FAX (1/1,725), and 4 FAXX (1/4,743). No screening was conducted in 23 newborns out of all the children, due to death in the first hours or transfer prior to 48 hours of life (AU)

[Nutrition, gastronomy and health in the community of Castilla y León]. / Nutrición, gastronomía y salud en la comunidad de Castilla y León.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: gastronomy and eating habits are key factors that determine a population's health and nutritional status. The geographical and climatic peculiarities of Castilla y León (CyL) contribute to the development of its cultural and gastronomic wealth. Objectives: to evaluate the gastronomic characteristics of CyL and assess the population's health and nutritional needs. Methods: this study is a narrative review. Results: in CyL there are more than 50 foods with various figures of quality, from vegetables, meats, cheeses and fruits to pasties and sweets. CyL has also the highest ratio of dining options from Spain. The caloric profile analysis reveals the trend towards an unbalanced diet with excess intake of lipids and proteins to the detriment of the consumption of complex carbohydrates. The assessment of food consumption shows higher values than the average national in all the food groups, with special attention to the meat and derivatives, milk and derived, eggs, cereals and legumes. With regard to lifestyle, best values in indicators of sedentarism, physical activity and obesity are observed in comparison with the rest of Spain. Conclusions: the region of Castilla y León has its own geographical and cultural characteristics that make it a region of reference at the national level in relation to the production and marketing of local products of quality. Eating habits are associated with gastronomy and contribute to the promotion of a good nutritional status and standard of living of the population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la gastronomía y los hábitos alimentarios determinan el estado nutricional y de salud de una población. Las peculiaridades geográficas y climatológicas de Castilla y León (CyL) contribuyen al desarrollo de su riqueza cultural y gastronómica. Objetivos: analizar las características gastronómicas de CyL y evaluar las necesidades nutricionales y de salud de la población. Métodos: este estudio es una revisión narrativa. Resultados: en CyL existen más de 50 alimentos acogidos a distintas figuras de calidad, desde legumbres, embutidos, quesos, frutas y hortalizas hasta empanadas y dulces. Asimismo, CyL posee la ratio más elevada de establecimientos de restauración de España. El análisis del perfil calórico revela la tendencia hacia una dieta desequilibrada con exceso de ingesta de lípidos y proteínas en detrimento del consumo de hidratos de carbono complejos. La evaluación del consumo alimentario muestra valores superiores a la media nacional de todos los grupos de alimentos, con especial atención a la carne y derivados, leche y derivados, huevos, cereales y legumbres. En relación con el estilo de vida, se observan mejores valores en los indicadores de sedentarismo, actividad física y obesidad en comparación con el resto de España. Conclusiones: la comunidad de Castilla y Léon posee unas características geográficas y de identidad cultural propias que la convierten en una región de referencia a nivel nacional en relación con la producción y comercialización de productos autóctonos de calidad. Los hábitos alimentarios están asociados con la gastronomía y contribuyen a la promoción de un buen estado nutricional y de nivel de vida de la población.

Actual incidence of prostate cancer in healthcare areas of the autonomous community of Castilla-Leon during 2014. CAPCYL registry data. / Incidencia real de cáncer de próstata en las áreas sanitarias de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León durante el año 2014. Datos del registro CAPCYL.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the actual incidence of prostate cancer (PC) in the healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon in 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre study was conducted with the participation of 7 of the 9 healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon. We collected retrospective data that included 87.8% of the target population (men diagnosed with PC with histopathological confirmation in 2014). We calculated the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates based on the direct method and consulted the community and national epidemiological data in the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1198 new cases of PC were diagnosed, with a raw incidence rate in the community of 109.54 cases per 100,000 men. The adjusted rates for the Spanish and European populations were 115.41 and 110.07, respectively. The age group with the highest diagnostic concentration was the 60-70-year group, with 41.97% of the diagnoses. The group with the highest incidence was the 70-80-year group, with 438.87 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. There were differences in the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates and in the age at diagnosis among the various included healthcare areas. CONCLUSIONS: The community raw incidence rate was higher than most existing data. We observed significant differences among the various geographical areas, which could be explained mainly by the age distribution and the opportunistic screening policies for each area.

Contribution of microbiology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Castile and León (Spain): Findings of the GRUMICALE 2013 study. / Contribución de la microbiología al diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en Castilla y León: conclusiones del estudio GRUMICALE 2013.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A retrospective study was conducted by collecting microbiological tuberculosis (TB) data in Castile and León during the year 2013 in order to determine the incidence and distribution of TB, and resistance to the tuberculostatic drug, and compare them with the epidemiological data provided by the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance (SIVE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microbiologists of the 14 hospitals of the Castile and León public health network (GRUMICALE) collected epidemiological, microbiological, and management data from the Microbiology laboratories in the community during the year 2013. A single isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) per patient was considered. RESULTS: The study included a total of 270 MTC isolates (an incidence rate of 11.63 cases/100,000 inhab./year). A total of 288 cases of TB (11.43 cases/100,000 inhab. year) were recovered using epidemiological data, which included 243 confirmed, 29 suspected, and 16 as probable cases. Pulmonary TB was predominant, followed a long way off by the pleural TB and the remaining locations. A total of 27,620 samples were processed for mycobacterial detection. Mycobacterial growth was observed in 3.46% of automated fluid cultures, and 50.37% were positive by direct staining of the smear. Resistance to one tuberculostatic drug, mostly to isoniazid, was observed in 16 (5.92%) isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT). The province with greater incidence and number of isolates was León (24.23 cases/100,000 inhab./year), with the highest being observed in El Bierzo health area (30.46 cases/100,000 inhab./year). CONCLUSIONS: An adequate collection of microbiological information is essential to determine the epidemiology of TB in our region.

Animal tuberculosis maintenance at low abundance of suitable wildlife reservoir hosts: A case study in northern Spain.

Animal tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by infection with members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), is a typical multi-host infection that flourishes at the livestock-wildlife interface. TB epidemiology is well characterized in the Mediterranean woodland habitats and Atlantic regions of southwestern Europe. However, much less is known about huge regions that do not form part of the two abovementioned settings, which have a low abundance of wild reservoirs. We hypothesized that MTC would be maintained in multi- rather than single-host communities in which wildlife would make a relatively low contribution to the maintenance of TB. Between 2011 and 2015, 7729 Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) and 1729 wild ruminants were sampled for culture during hunting events on unfenced sites. In addition, 1058 wild ungulates were sampled on 23 fenced hunting estates. Infection prevalence data were modeled along with official data on cattle and goat TB, on livestock distribution and management, and on wild boar abundance. The mean individual MTC infection prevalence was 4.28% in wild boar, while the cattle skin test reactor percent was 0.17%. The prevalence of MTC infection in wild ungulates (mostly wild boar) from the fenced hunting estates was 11.6%. Modeling revealed that the main driver of TB in cattle was their management (beef; communal pastures). However, wild boar abundance, the prevalence of MTC infection in wild boar and the presence of fenced hunting estates also contributed to explaining cattle TB. The model used for goat TB identified communal pastures as a risk factor. The model for the prevalence of MTC infection in wild boar included wild boar abundance and communal pastures. We conclude that the MTC maintenance host community is most likely of a multi-host nature. While cattle and communal pastures pose the main risk regarding TB, it is also necessary to consider increasing wild boar densities and specific risks owing to fenced wildlife. We infer several management implications regarding wildlife management, the wildlife sampling strategy and laboratory testing, the peculiarities of fenced hunting estates, and the wildlife-livestock interface.

Control of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in suckling-lamb meat evaluated using microbial challenge tests.

Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes microbial challenge tests were performed on fresh suckling-lamb meat. Hind leg slices were chilly stored under two modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) environments (A: 15%O2/60%CO2/25%N2, B: 15%O2/30%CO2/55%N2) and vacuum packaging (V). Only E. coli was reduced between 0.72-1.25 log cfu/g from day 1 to day 4 by the combined use of MAP/V, chilling storage and the growth of native lactic acid bacteria. However, L. monocytogenes was not inhibited by the application of V or MAP. Even do, in inoculated samples, this pathogen increased between 1.2-2.7 log cfu/g throughout the study. Consequently, a second experiment that combined the effects of MAP/V and a protective culture (Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides PCK 18) against L. monocytogenes was designed. Two different levels of protective cultures were assayed (4 and 6 log cfu/g). Lc. pseudomesenteroides PCK 18 was able to control the growth of L. monocytogenes when the differences between them are higher than 2 log cfu/g. Moreover, when high level of protective culture was used a significant reduction of L. monocytogenes counts were noticed in samples packaged in 60% of CO2 along the storage period, although sensory properties were also affected.