[People eager for well-being.... Spaces, cities, and migrants in the statistics of Argentine censuses, 1869-1914]. / Hombres avidos de bienestar.... Espacios, ciudades y migrantes en la estadistica censal argentina, 1869-1914.

PIP: "The essay deals with statistics of the Argentine mid XIX century Censuses, the way in which they conceived the national space (administrative and urban-rural segmentation) and how they interpreted modern migrations. The following results are among the main conclusions of the study: a basic and uniform pattern is applied to migration; urban population is always over-estimated; the pull factors are almost exclusively responsible for the way in which mobility is interpreted...." (EXCERPT)^ieng

[Participatory observation in the 1995 count of population and housing. An anthropological experience]. / La observacion participante en el Conteo de Poblacion y Vivienda 1995. Una experiencia antropologica.

PIP: "The experience of an anthropologist who participated as enumerator in [Mexico's] Conteo de Poblacion y Vivienda 1995 is analyzed in this paper. The author describes briefly the methodology...for each stage of the enumeration; she systematically points [out] the circumstances and reasons that determine why the different groups involved in the process do not follow the rules. She [examines] the questions that the informers usually avoid answering, or the ones they answer hardly and imprecisely." (EXCERPT)^ieng

[The creation and changing definitions of demographic knowledge: the case of mestizos in the indigenous communities of the Valle Bajo of Cochabamba, Bolivia]. / Naissance et metamorphoses du savoir demographique: le mestizaje des communautes indigenes de la Valle Bajo de Cochabamba, en Bolivie.

"In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Spanish officials and members of the Catholic church created a series of race-based caste terms designed to identify and categorize the peoples of mixed ancestry. The Spanish American caste system relied on the assumed ability of a census-taker or priest to define the blood lines of an individual based on skin color and physical characteristics. However, the demographic knowledge created from the caste system was imprecise, and changed over time.... There were also long-term shifts in the meaning of terms and the definitions of status caused by socioeconomic changes. An example is the rapid rate of apparent mestizoization in the...indigenous communities of the Valle Bajo of Cochabamba, Bolivia. The rapid increase in the number of mestizos was related to changing definitions of the status and identity of indigenous peoples, and was not strictly caused by racial mixture." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

[The measurement of the migratory phenomenon in the population census. Experiences of 1960-1990]. / La captacion del fenomeno migratorio en los censos de poblacion. Experiencias 1960-1990.

PIP: The author assesses the measurement of international and internal migration in the 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses of Mexico. Differences between questions included in the 1990 census and those in the earlier censuses are examined.^ieng

[The indigenous population in Latin American censuses]. / La poblacion indigena en los censos de America Latina.

"On reviewing the information about the indigenous population in the [Latin American] census data, clear discrepancies can be found. The main problem lies in the various definitions of indigenous population....The greatest difficulty arises from the multiple dimensionality of socio-cultural elements.... Existing estimates on indigenous population for the whole region largely vary and, in most cases, seem to be determined by strong emotions or, at least, based on highly subjective criteria. In spite of the strong criticism about the estimates taken from the population censuses, this source is generally one of the few with a real base." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[The reliability of reliability]. / Confiabilidad de la confiabilidad.

PIP: The author critically analyzes an article by Rodolfo Corona Vazquez that questions the reliability of the preliminary results of the Eleventh Census of Population and Housing, conducted in Mexico in March 1990. The need to define what constitutes "reliability" for preliminary results is stressed.^ieng

[The 1990 Census. The expectation of population in 1990]. / El Censo de 1990. La expectativa de poblacion en 1990.

PIP: Planning for the 1990 Mexican census began in 1984 and benefitted greatly from participation of potential users and specialist who suggested useful innovations in the questionnaire and fieldwork as well as in use of more advanced technology. Multiple options for the questionnaires were considered in a series of seminars before approval of a simplified and easy-to-handle form. The interviewing period was increased from 1 day to 4 to provide more time for interviewing and to reduce the number of interviewers, who could then be trained and supervised more adequately. 1.7 million maps and plans were prepared using modern technology and sent to state and municipal authorities for review 3 months before the enumeration. Informed citizen participation was achieved through a communication campaign featuring almost 2.5 million radio and television emissions and some 1.2 million messages printed on containers of consumer products. The National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Information (INEGI) assumed responsibility for all stages of the 1990 census, in its central offices and in 30,000 regional offices. Collaboration of 600,000 volunteers required 10,000,000 hours of training. 2 preliminary counts of housing units were made in 1989, and the actual enumeration was done on March 12-16, 1990. From March 17-31, supervisory activities were conducted to ensure the maximum possible coverage. Planning for the 1980 census began only 2 years before the count, and many more problems were encountered. Population projections were made by various institutions before the 1990 census. An INEGI-National Population Council work based on the 1980 census projected the population as of June 30, 1990, at about 85 million. The preliminary total from the 1990 census was 81,140,923, approximately 5% less than the projection. The difference resulted from overestimates of the base population especially in the Federal District, State of Mexico, and Veracruz, not compensated by underestimates in Oaxaca, Chiapas, and elsewhere. The level of coverage and quality in the 1990 census, the result of careful planning, participation of the population, and benefits of previous experiences, allow the data to be used with a high degree of confidence.^ieng

Using nineteenth century census results: the Colombian censuses of 1835, 1843, and 1851.

PIP: The author discusses three of the six national censuses taken during the ninteenth century in Colombia--those for 1835, 1843, and 1851. The focus is on the importance of macro patterns generated by the data, the methods recommended to overcome the problems of the censuses, and ways to make the information useful for historical demography.^ieng

High fertility of Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico.

Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico appear to demonstrate natural fertility, using no form of artificial birth control and apparently not attempting to limit family size. The resulting fertility is nearly as high as that of the Hutterites, although the Mennonites lack the communal economic system of the latter. Most Mennonites in Mexico migrated from Canada in the 1920s, and the largest single settlement, called the Manitoba Colony, is one of four in the state of Chihuahua. A 1967 partial census obtained data from 38% of the Mennonite households. Family size in the sample was close to that in a local survey taken in the same year. Available church records matched with census forms permitted verification of and corrections to 560 female reproductive histories. The median number of live births to women over age 45 years was 9.5, compared with 10.4 in the Hutterites. Age-specific marital fertility rates and birth intervals closely resembled those of the Hutterites.

PIP: Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico appear to demonstrate natural fertility, use no form of artificial birth control, and are apparently not attempting to limit family size. The resulting fertility is nearly as high as that of the Hutterites, although the Mennonites lack the communal economic system of the latter group. Most Mennonites in Mexico migrated from Canada in the 1920s and the largest single settlement, called the Manitoba Colony, is 1 of 4 in the state of Chihuahua. A partial census in 1967 obtained data from 38% of the Mennonite households. Family size in the sample was close to that of a local survey taken in the same year. Available church records matched with census forms permitted verification of and corrections to 560 female reproductive histories. The median number of livebirths to women over age 45 was 9.5 compared with 10.4 in the Hutterite community. Age- specific marital fertility rates and birth intervals closely resembled those of the Hutterites.

[Mexico: population in localities with 10,000 or more residents according to the censuses of 1960, 1970, and 1980]. / Mexico: poblacion en localidades censadas con 10,000 o mas habitantes en 1960, 1970 y 1980.

PIP: Data on localities in Mexico with populations of 10,000 or more according to the censuses of 1960, 1970, and 1980 are presented in tabular format. A brief description of the methodology used in each census is included.^ieng

[Census, censor, censure]. / Census, censor, censura.

PIP: The author provides a sociological analysis of censuses and discusses the range of demographic meanings intended by their creators.^ieng

[Coverage of the 1985 Population Census]. / La cobertura del Ceso de Poblacion de 1985

PIP: This article explains the error of the 1985 census that stated that Colombia's population was 30,062,193 rather than the 27,867,326 as previously announced. The 1985 Census was a De Jure Census characterized by the lack of mobilization of the population. While the De Factor Census enumerates all people spending the night before the census the De Jure Census counts all people living in the home during the time of the census. For the 1985 Census, the Colombia population was not mobilized, resulting in an undercount on many individuals, especially those under 1, 5, and 10. Additional problems included estimating migration patterns, fertility and mortality in rural areas. The article also includes 5 tables with demographic estimates and projections.^ieng

Population densities and geographic distribution of night monkeys (Aotus nancymai and Aotus vociferans) (cebidae: Primates) in Northeastern Peru.

Population densities of two species of night (or owl) monkeys (Aotus nancymai and Aotus vociferans) were estimated using transect census methods. Densities of Aotus nancymai were approximately 46.3 individuals/km2 in lowland forests and 24.2 individuals/km2 in highland forests. For Aotus vociferans densities were 33.0 individuals/km2 in lowland forests and 7.9 individuals/km2 in highland forests. A. vociferans occurs north of the Río Amazonas-Marañon and A. nancymai south of it, except for the northern enclave between the Ríos Tigre and Pastaza. The two species are nowhere sympatric. However, the two known karyotypic forms of A. vociferans occupy the same habitats throughout the Peruvian range of the species.

[The 1988 general census in light of the expected recommendations of the CMEA Permanent Statistical Commission]. / Narodowy Spis Powszechny 1988 w swietle przewidywanych zalecen Stalej Komisji Statystycznej RWPG.

PIP: The author describes a set of principles concerning census procedures agreed to by the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. These include an agreement to conduct a decennial census at the end of each decade and close to the beginning of a year, and an agreed number of minimum and optimum components. Dates of future censuses include: Poland, 1988; USSR, 1989; Mongolia, 1989; Viet Nam, 1989; Romania, 1990; Hungary, 1990; Cuba, 1990; Czechoslovakia, 1990; German Democratic Republic, 1991; Yugoslavia, 1991; and Bulgaria, 2000.^ieng

[The evolution of employment in agriculture]. / A evolucao do emprego no campo.

Data collected from population and agricultural censuses concerning agricultural employment in Brazil are compared. "This study aims at analyzing the origin, the form and the significance of the differences between the two censuses. In this first part a detailed comparison is made between their respective concepts, their methodologies, their limitations and their outcomes. The comparison goes back even to the first modern censuses in order to evaluate the evolution of censal instruments and its importance for the...understanding of employment in agriculture." Other data sources are also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Some notes on the estimation of international migration]. / Algunas notas sobre la estimacion de la migracion internacional.

PIP: This paper presents some ways to estimate international migration based on information obtained following the recommendations of the IUSSP Working Group on Methodology for the Study of International Migration. The most traditional methods are based on the use of the census information obtained from a question on place of birth. This question also serves to measure emigration using census data on the countries of destination. Other questions on migration are also used; i.e., year of arrival and place of residence 5 years prior to census date. The estimations presented are classified according to 4 different types of migrants. Some results of the international migration of Paraguay are also presented in this paper. Among the most recent methods, the ideas of Jorge Somoza are followed to measure emigration. Such information is gathered from special questions included in a census or survey regarding place of residence of surviving children and their mothers, with an application to the data of the 2nd Honduras National Demographic Survey in 1983. In order to measure immigration, a special solution is applied through the use of vital statistics with regard to maternal birthplace for those women whose children are registered. (author's modified)^ieng

[The application of data sampling to population censuses in Brazil]. / Aplicacao da amostragem na coleta dos censos demograficos no Brasil.

PIP: The data sampling methods used in recent censuses in Brazil, including the 1980 census, are reviewed and compared with the sampling methods used in the United States, Canada, and Argentina. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

[Some problems related to the collection of demographic data in the population censuses taken in Latin America during the 1980s]. / Algunos problemas relativos a la recoleccion de datos demograficos en los censos de poblacion de America Latina en la decada de 1980.

PIP: Questions permitting indirect estimates of population movement have become more common in Latin America censuses because they are the most timely and reliable basis for estimates when good vital statistics are lacking. A question on the Survival of the last child or of children born in the last year (unlike the more common questions on total number of live births, survival of all children born, or date of the last live birth or the number born in the last year) has not yet provided good results and is not recommended by the Latin American Demographic Center (CELADE) except in experimental censuses and demographic surveys. All countries should include a question on the "year of arrival" for foreign-born persons so that migration trends over time can be assessed. Some countries with incomplete vital statistics have omitted a question on whether the mother of each person in the household is living or not; this question has been very useful in estimating adult mortality. Although there has been great progress in including questions allowing study of population dynamics, there are disquieting indications of decline in the quality of data in some of the Latin American censuses taken in the 1980s. The content of questions in the census form or the order or manner in which they are included may lead to errors. Data users should participate in formulation of questions to ensure that the desired information is sought, and persons intimately familiar with local usage should participate to ensure that questions will be understood. An example of a poorly framed question occurred in the fertility section of the Argentinian census, where the 8th and subsequent births were lumped together in a precoded question, greatly limiting the usefulness of the data. The user should not have to skip from 1 place to another on the form; the inconvenience may lead to error or omission. The best order for questions is still a matter of study. In general questions pertaining to the entire universe should be followed by questions directed to specific subgroups, with clear instructions provided. The number of questions should be limited. Most countries include about 20. Precoding should be carefully planned to avoid loss of needed detail. All aspects of the census form should be subjected to careful evaluation in pilot and experimental censuses. There are indications that omission rates increased in the most recent census for 5 of the 9 countries whose 1970 and 1980 decade censuses were evaluated by CELADE. When nonresponse rates for particular questions become too high, the temptation to fill in the information using special problems should be avoided because of the danger of biasing the results. The original data should be preserved if assignments are made, and the criteria for assignment should be clear to the reader. The major risk of having a sample of households complete a more detailed census form is that the sample will not be representative. CELADE does not recommend post-census surveys because the amount of information they can impart does not justify their significant diversion of economic and manpower resources.^ieng

[Some problems relating to the collection of demographic data in the population censuses taken in Latin America during the 1980s]. / Algunos problemas relativos a la recoleccion de datos demograficos en los censos de poblacion de America Latina en la decada de 1980.

PIP: Methods of data collection in the 1980 census round in Latin America are described and evaluated. The authors first note that 16 out of 20 countries concerned have already carried out censuses in this decade. They describe how these censuses contain more data on fertility, mortality, and international migration than in the past. Problems involved in preparing reasonable estimates for such demographic variables are considered, including the preparation of questionnaires, census omissions, lack of response, and the use of sampling. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

[Problems in the measurement of internal migration]. / Problemas de la medicion de la migracion interna.

"The paper analyzes some problems related to the census measurement of internal migration according to the three following aspects: The lack of agreement between the proposed objectives and the type of question made; questionnaire design errors and enumeration errors; and inadequate data elaboration." The geographic focus is on Latin America. Problems concerning data on place of birth or place of previous residence and how these can affect the calculation of migration trends are considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG)