Salud pública en Ecuador:vacunación obligatoria contra la COVID-19 y certificado de vacunación / Salut pública a l'Equador: vacunació obligatòria contra la COVID-19 i certificat de vacunació / Public health in Ecuador: Mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 and vaccine certificate

La vacuna obligatoria de la COVID-19 y la exigencia del certificado en Ecuador constituyen políticas que dependen de la gobernabilidad y gobernanza del poder central, que arrastra crisis políticas, socioeconómicas, jurídicas, ambientales, de salud y salubridad, de gestiones anteriores y propias. Políticas enmarcadas en un modelo paternalista de salud, que es justificado en el caso de la vacuna obligatoria, por el riesgo y daño del SARS-Cov2, que forzó la autonomía al orden social, y que han generado debate. Existe un 7.8% de la población disidente a la vacuna por razones epistémicas de falta de conocimiento de su funcionamiento, y ético-políticas basadas en la libertad individual, pensamiento, y el alcance de poder del Estado. Las estadísticas demuestran que la mayoría de las personas vacilantes a la inmunización son sujetos colectivos históricamente discriminados como los indígenas Afroecuatorianos y Montubios, que muchos pertenecen a la clase social baja, y habitan en la periferia, que previamente a la pandemia, carecía de infraestructura en salud. Demostrando como las determinantes de la salud influyen, y se conjugan en un complejo biosocial diverso, creando vulnerabilidades y privilegios. La pandemia expone las desigualdades y los problemas del modelo del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Por lo tanto, a través del método dialéctico, el artículo analiza las posiciones opuestas a la inmunización imperativa, y propone una tercera basada en un modelo sindémico de salud, que considera al complejo biosocial, cuyo mínimo normativo son los derechoshumanos, libertad, dignidad y principios bioéticos, principalmente de vulnerabilidad, interdependencia, diversidad cultural, pluralismo y justicia social.(AU)

La vacuna obligatòria de la COVID-19 i l'exigència del certificat a l'Equador constitueixen polítiques que depenen de la governabilitat i governança del poder central, que arrossega crisis polítiques, socioeconòmiques, jurídiques, ambientals, de salut i salubritat, de gestions anteriors i pròpies. Polítiques emmarcades en un model paternalista de salut, que és justificat en el cas de la vacuna obligatòria, pel risc i mal del SARS-Cov2, que va forçar l'autonomia a l'ordre social, i que han generat debat. Existeix un 7.8% de la població dissident a la vacuna per raons epistèmiques de falta de coneixement del seu funcionament, i ètic-polítiques basades en la llibertat individual, pensament, i l'abast de poder de l'Estat. Les estadístiques demostren que la majoria de les persones vacil·lants a la immunització són subjectes col·lectius històricament discriminats com els indígenes Afroequatorians i Montubios, que molts pertanyen a la classe social baixa, i habiten en la perifèria, que prèviament a la pandèmia, mancava d'infraestructura en salut. Demostrant com les determinants de la salut influeixen, i es conjuguen en un complex biosocial divers, creant vulnerabilitats i privilegis. La pandèmia exposa les desigualtats i els problemes del model del Sistema Nacional de Salut. Per tant, a través del mètode dialèctic, l'article analitza les posicions oposades a la immunització imperativa, i proposa una tercera basada en un model sindèmic de salut, que considera al complex biosocial, que el seu mínim normatiu són els drets humans, llibertat, dignitat i principis bioètics, principalment de vulnerabilitat, interdependència, diversitat cultural, pluralisme i justícia social.(AU)

The compulsory COVID-19 vaccine and the requirement of the certificate in Ecuador constitute policies that depend on the governability and governance of the central power, which drags political, socioeconomic, legal, environmental, health, and sanitation crises from previous administrations and its own. Policies framed in a paternalistic health model, which is justified in the case of themandatory vaccine, by the risk and damage of SARS-Cov2, which forced autonomy into the social order, and which have generated debate. There is a 7.8% of the population dissenting to the vaccine for epistemic reasons of lack of knowledge of its functioning, and ethical-political reasons such as individual freedom, religion, thought, and the scope of State`s power. Statistics show that most of the people hesitant to immunization are historically discriminated collective subjects such as Afro-Ecuadorians, andMontubio indigenous people. Most of them belong to the lower social class, and live in the periphery, which prior to the pandemic, lacked health infrastructure. Demonstrating how the determinants of health influence and combine in a diverse biosocial complex, creating vulnerabilities and privileges. The pandemic exposes the inequalities and problems of the paternalistic model of the National Health System. Therefore, through the dialectic method, the article analyzes the positions opposed to imperative immunization, and proposes a third one based on a syndemic model of health, which considers the biosocial complex, whose normative minimum are human rights, freedom, dignity, and bioethical principles, mainly vulnerability, interdependence, cultural diversity, pluralism, and social justice.(AU)

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in mortality due to respiratory diseases: A comparative analysis of 2021 and 2020 vs 2019 in Spain / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias: análisis comparativo de 2021 y 2020 frente a 2019 en España

Introduction We previously reported an increase in respiratory mortality in 2020 in Spain after COVID-19. It is unclear if this rise is sustained in the longer-term. We aimed to determine whether respiratory mortality in 2021 in Spain returned to pre-pandemic levels. Material and methods In an observational, large study using official National Institute of Statistics data, we explored deaths due to respiratory diseases, that is, all causes of death by the standard WHO list of diseases of the respiratory system plus COVID-19, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Using the latest available official data of Spain, we analyzed changes in the mortality pattern in Spain from January 2019 to December 2021. We endorsed STROBE guidance for observational research. Results There were 98,714 deaths due to respiratory diseases in 2021 in Spain, corresponding to 21.9% of all deaths, becoming second in the ranking of causes of death. Respiratory diseases mortality in Spain has not returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2021, still with an increase of 30.3% (95% CI 30.2–30.4) compared to rates in 2019. All respiratory-specific causes of death decreased in 2021, except for lung cancer, that increased in women and decreased in men compared to 2019 (both p<0.05). In a multivariate analysis some established risk factors for respiratory diseases mortality were confirmed, such as male gender and older age; further, an association with reduced mortality in rural Spain was observed, still with a large geographical variability. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on deaths due to respiratory diseases and certain specific causes of death in 2021, and it has disproportionately affected certain regions (AU)

Introducción Previamente informamos de un aumento de la mortalidad respiratoria en 2020 en España tras la COVID-19. No está claro si este aumento se mantiene a largo plazo. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si la mortalidad respiratoria en 2021 en España volvió a los niveles previos a la pandemia. Métodos En un gran estudio observacional con datos oficiales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística exploramos las muertes por enfermedades respiratorias, es decir, todas las causas de muerte según la lista estándar de enfermedades del sistema respiratorio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud más COVID-19, tuberculosis y cáncer de pulmón. Utilizando los últimos datos oficiales disponibles de España analizamos los cambios en el patrón de mortalidad en España desde enero de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2021. Seguimos la guía STROBE para investigación observacional. Resultados Se produjeron 98.714 muertes por enfermedades respiratorias en 2021 en España, lo que corresponde a 21,9% del total de muertes, situándose en el segundo lugar del ranking de causas de muerte. La mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias en España no ha vuelto a los niveles previos a la pandemia en 2021, aun con un aumento de 30,3% (IC 95% 30,2-30,4) respecto a las tasas de 2019. Todas las causas de muerte específicas de las vías respiratorias disminuyeron en 2021, excepto el cáncer de pulmón, que aumentó en mujeres y disminuyó en hombres en comparación con 2019 (ambos p < 0,05). En un análisis multivariado se confirmaron algunos factores de riesgo establecidos para la mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias, como el género masculino y la edad avanzada; además, se observó una asociación con la reducción de la mortalidad en la España rural, aun con una gran variabilidad geográfica. Conclusiones La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto duradero en las muertes por enfermedades respiratorias y ciertas causas específicas de muerte en 2021, y ha afectado de manera desproporcionada a ciertas regiones (AU)

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in mortality due to respiratory diseases: A comparative analysis of 2021 and 2020 vs 2019 in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: We previously reported an increase in respiratory mortality in 2020 in Spain after COVID-19. It is unclear if this rise is sustained in the longer-term. We aimed to determine whether respiratory mortality in 2021 in Spain returned to pre-pandemic levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an observational, large study using official National Institute of Statistics data, we explored deaths due to respiratory diseases, that is, all causes of death by the standard WHO list of diseases of the respiratory system plus COVID-19, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Using the latest available official data of Spain, we analyzed changes in the mortality pattern in Spain from January 2019 to December 2021. We endorsed STROBE guidance for observational research. RESULTS: There were 98,714 deaths due to respiratory diseases in 2021 in Spain, corresponding to 21.9% of all deaths, becoming second in the ranking of causes of death. Respiratory diseases mortality in Spain has not returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2021, still with an increase of 30.3% (95% CI 30.2-30.4) compared to rates in 2019. All respiratory-specific causes of death decreased in 2021, except for lung cancer, that increased in women and decreased in men compared to 2019 (both p<0.05). In a multivariate analysis some established risk factors for respiratory diseases mortality were confirmed, such as male gender and older age; further, an association with reduced mortality in rural Spain was observed, still with a large geographical variability. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on deaths due to respiratory diseases and certain specific causes of death in 2021, and it has disproportionately affected certain regions.

Accuracy of mortality indicators due sepsis-associated deaths in the Federal District / Acurácia dos indicadores de mortalidade devido a sepse dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal / Precisión de los indicadores de mortalidad por sepsis de las defunciones ocurridas en el Distrito Federal

Background: Sepsis currently represents a challenge for health systems, this fact may be related to the spread of bacterial resistance, the increase in the population of elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and the improvement of emergency care, favoring the survival of critically ill patients. This article aimed to evaluate the accuracy of mortality indicators due to sepsis in 2018. Method: Validation study of death certificates that occurred in the Federal District in 2018. Declarations whose basic causes of death identified were classified as garbage codes were identified, which were investigated by a multidisciplinary team, capable of reclassifying them with codes that allow for the improvement of health data. In order to assess accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios of death certificates from sepsis were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 6.244 statements were evaluated, of which 233 (3.74%) presented sepsis as the underlying cause before being investigated and only 35 (0.56%) maintained it after the investigation. The filling of statements with sepsis as the underlying cause by physicians showed a sensitivity of 0.9% (95%CI: 0.6 to 1.3) and a specificity of 92.0% (95%CI: 90.9 to 93.1). Conclusion: The low accuracy of the declarations demonstrates the non-reliability of the underlying cause of death from sepsis, especially the completion of death certificates that occurred in the Federal District in 2018.(AU)

Justificativa: A sepse, atualmente, representa um desafio para os sistemas de saúde, tal fato pode estar relacionado com a disseminação da resistência bacteriana, o aumento da população de idosos, os indivíduos imunossuprimidos, e a melhoria do atendimento de emergência, favorecendo a sobrevivência de pacientes críticos. Este artigo teve por objetivo avaliar a acurácia dos indicadores de mortalidade devido à sepse em 2018. Método: Estudo de validação da causa básica dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Foram identificadas as declarações de óbito cujas causas básicas de morte apontadas foram classificadas como garbage code sepse, as quais foram investigadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar, capacitada para reclassificá-las com códigos que permitem o aprimoramento dos dados em saúde. A fim de avaliar a acurácia, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo, razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa das declarações dos óbitos por sepse, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Um total de 6.244 declarações foram avaliadas, das quais 233 (3,74%) apresentavam a sepse como causa básica antes de serem investigadas e apenas 35 (0,56%) mantiveram-na após a investigação. O preenchimento das declarações com a sepse enquanto causa básica pelos médicos apresentou sensibilidade de 0,9% (IC95%: 0,6 a 1,3) e especificidade de 92,0% (IC95%: 90,9 a 93,1). Conclusão: A baixa acurácia das declarações demonstra a não fidedignidade da causa básica de óbito por sepse, sobretudo, do preenchimento das declarações dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal em 2018.(AU)

Justificación: Sepsis representa en la actualidad un desafío para los sistemas de salud, este hecho puede estar relacionado con propagación de resistencias bacterianas, aumento de la población de ancianos, inmunodeprimidos, y mejora de la atención de urgencias, favoreciendo la supervivencia de los pacientes críticos. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la precisión de los indicadores de mortalidad por sepsis en 2018. Método: Estudio de validación de causa básica de muertes ocurridas en Distrito Federal en 2018. Se identificaron actas de defunción cuyas causas básicas de muerte fueron clasificadas como sepsis código basura y fueron investigadas por un equipo multidisciplinario capacitado para reclasificarlas con códigos que permitan la mejora de datos de salud. Para evaluar la precisión, se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo y razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa de certificados de defunción por sepsis, con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: se evaluaron 6.244 declaraciones, de las cuales 233 (3,74%) tenían como causa básica la sepsis antes de ser investigadas y solo 35 (0,56%) mantuvieron después de investigación. Realización de declaraciones con sepsis como causa subyacente por parte de los médicos mostró sensibilidad del 0,9% (95%IC: 0,6 a 1,3) y especificidad del 92,0% (95%IC: 90,9 a 93,1). Conclusión: Baja precisión de las declaraciones demuestra la poca confiabilidad de la causa subyacente de muerte por sepsis, especialmente la finalización de los certificados de defunción ocurridos en Distrito Federal en 2018.(AU)

Avaliação da incompletude dos registros de óbitos por causas externas do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade no Rio Grande do Sul, 2000-2019 / Assessment of incompleteness of Mortality Information System records on deaths from external causes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2000-2019 / Evaluación de la incompletitud de los registros de defunción por causas externas del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019

Objetivo: avaliar a incompletude dos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) para óbitos por causas externas (CEs) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados do SIM para a totalidade das CEs e, especificamente, por acidentes de transporte, homicídios, suicídios e quedas; analisou-se a tendência da incompletude via regressão de Prais-Winsten, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 146.882 óbitos foram avaliados; sexo (0,1%), local de ocorrência do óbito (0,1%) e idade (0,4%) mostraram as menores incompletudes, em 2019; a proporção de incompletude apresentou tendência decrescente para local de ocorrência do óbito e escolaridade, crescente para estado civil e estável para idade e raça/cor da pele, entre todos os tipos de óbito avaliados. Conclusão: as variáveis analisadas alcançaram alto grau de preenchimento; à exceção do estado civil e da escolaridade, para as quais persistiram escores insatisfatórios para óbitos por CEs, totais e por subgrupos.

Objective: to evaluate the incompleteness of Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM) data on deaths from external causes (ECs) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2000-2019. Methods: This was an ecological study, using SIM data on all deaths from external causes and, specifically, from transport accident, homicides, suicides and falls; the analysis of the trend of incompleteness was performed by means of Prais-Winsten regression, with a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 146,882 deaths were evaluated; sex (0.1%), place of death (0.1%) and age (0.4%) showed the lowest incompleteness in 2019; the proportion of incompleteness showed a decreasing trend for the place of death and schooling, an increasing trend for marital status and a stable trend for age and race/skin color, among all types of death evaluated. Conclusion: the variables analyzed reached a high degree of completion; with the exception of marital status and schooling, for which unsatisfactory scores persisted for deaths from ECs, both total and by subgroups.

Objetivo: evaluar la incompletitud de los datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) para las defunciones por causas externas (CEs) en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019. Métodos: estudio ecológico con datos del SIM por causas externas, totales y por accidentes de tránsito, homicidios, suicidios y caídas; se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para evaluar la tendencia de incompletitud, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: se evaluaron 146.882 muertes; sexo (0,1%), lugar de muerte (0,1%) y edad (0,4%) mostraron menos incompletitud en 2019; la tendencia de la proporción de incompletitud disminuyó para el lugar de ocurrencia y la educación, aumentó para el estado civil y se mantuvo estable para edad y raza/color del piel para todo tipo de muertes evaluadas. Conclusión: las variables analizadas lograron alta calidad de información, con excepción del estado civil y educación, que persistieron con incompletitud insatisfactoria para las muertes por CE (total y subgrupos).

Protocolo del servicio para la realización, trazabilidad y seguimiento de los resultados obtenidos de test de diagnóstico y autodiagnóstico de antígenos de SA R S- CoV-2 / Protocol for the performance, traceability and monitoring of the results obtained from the SARS-CoV-2 antigen diagnostic and self-diagnostic test

Introducción: A través de un acuerdo de colabora-ción entre el Departamento de Sanidad del Gobier-no de Aragón y el Consejo de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Aragón, las oficinas de farmacia de Aragón tienen la posibilidad de adherirse volun-tariamente para su colaboración en la vigilancia epidemiológica, mediante la realización de test de antígenos, comunicación de los resultados y emi-sión de certificados.Método: Previamente a la adhesión, las farmacias han de cumplir una serie de requisitos, incluyen-do una declaración de responsabilidad. Ante la solicitud de un paciente asintomático que desea realizarse un test, el farmacéutico debe seguir un algoritmo de decisión.Resultados: A fecha 3 de octubre de 2021,303 far-macias en Aragón han participado. Se han emitido 6.021 Certificados COVID Digitales de la UE, tras la realización de un test de diagnóstico de antíge-nos en la oficina de farmacia, con 92 resultados positivos. Conclusiones: Las oficinas de farmacia han resul-tado esenciales en la realización de test de antí-genos, comunicación de resultados y emisión de Certificados COVID Digitales de la UE. (AU)

Introduction: Through a collaboration agreement between the Department of Health of the Govern-ment of Aragon and the Council of Official Associa-tions of Pharmacists of Aragon, those pharmacies that voluntarily wanted to register were incorporat-ed into the epidemiological surveillance system. In this way, they can carry out diagnostic and self-diagnosis tests on patients, issue certificates and communicate positive results directly to the Department of Health.Method: In order to accede to this agreement, some requirements must be met by the pharma-cies, including a statement of responsibility. At the request of an asymptomatic patient who wishes to undergo a test, the pharmacist must follow a decision algorithm.Results: As of October 3, 2021, 303 pharmacies in Aragón participated in this collaboration. 6.021 EU Digital COVID Certificates were issued, after having carried out an antigen diagnostic test at the phar-macy. 92 positive results were reported.Conclusions: Pharmacies have been essential in carrying out antigen tests, communicating results and issuing EU Digital COVID Certificates. (AU)

Análisis de causas de muerte intrahospitalarias mal definidas e imprecisas / Analysis of ill-defined and imprecise in-hospital causes of death

Introducción: la información sobre las causas de muerte es de gran importancia tanto para los países como para las instituciones sanitarias, en la medida en que contribuye a la evaluación y el seguimiento del estado de salud de la población y a la planificación de intervenciones sanitarias. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la proporción de causas de muerte mal definidas e imprecisas y su relación con el día de la semana y período lectivo de médicos residentes en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA) durante 2020. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal a partir de certificados médicos de defunción de pacientes fallecidos en el ámbito intrahospitalario, evaluando las causas de muerte mal definidas (términos médicos que no aportan información desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico) y las imprecisas (no resultan lo suficientemente específicas como para identificar entidades nosológicas que permitan establecer acciones de prevención y control). Resultados: se analizaron 1030 certificados de defunción, con una proporción de certificados con causa básica de muerte mal definida del 2,3% (n = 24), mientras que en el 17,4% (n = 180) fue imprecisa. No se hallaron diferencias entre la proporción de causas básicas mal definidas y las imprecisas según el día de la semana o período lectivo. Al extender el análisis a todas las causas (básicas, mediatas e inmediatas), la proporción de causas mal definidas fue del 1,6% (n = 40) y la de imprecisas del 51% (n = 1212). Conclusiones: los resultados definen al HIBA como un centro de mediana calidad estadística en el registro de causas de muerte. Se concluye que es necesario mejorarla, para lo que resulta de interés la creación de un plan de capacitación y entrenamiento de los médicos en el grado y el posgrado. (AU)

Introduction: information on causes of death is of great importance both for countries and for health institutions, as it contributes to the evaluation and monitoring of the health status of the population and to the planning of health interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of ill-defined and imprecise causes of death and its relationship with the day of the week and academic calendar during 2020 at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out from data recorded in the death certificates of patients who died in the intrahospital setting, evaluating ill-defined causes of death (medical terms that do not provide clinical or epidemiological information) and imprecise ones (not specific enough to identify nosological entities susceptible to prevention or control). Results: 1030 death certificates were analyzed. The proportion of certificates with ill-defined underlying causes of death was 2.3% (n=24), while 17.4% (n=180) was imprecise. No significant differences were found between the ill-defined and imprecise underlying causes of death and the day of the week and academic calendar. When extending the analysis to all causes (underlying, intermediate, and immediate) the percentage of ill-defined causes was 1.6% (n=40) and 51% (n=1212) was imprecise. Conclusions: results define our hospital as of medium statistical quality on medical death certification. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the quality of the registry, for which the creation of a training plan for undergraduate and graduate physicians is of interest. (AU)

The Emergence of COVID-19 as a Cause of Death in 2020 and its Effect on Mortality by Diseases of the Respiratory System in Spain: Trends and Their Determinants Compared to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the causes of death by diseases of the respiratory system in Spain in 2020, with special interest in COVID-19; also its trends and determinants, and compare them with 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. The coding of all those causes of death by diseases of the respiratory system were regrouped. A descriptive analysis of all deaths and by gender, age, and the 17 Autonomous Communities (CC.AA.) was performed. Also, odds ratios of death in crude and multivariate analysis by logistic regression were estimated. RESULTS: In Spain in 2020, 60,358 deaths were attributed to "COVID-19 virus identified" and another 14,481 to "COVID-19 virus not identified (suspicious)". Regrouping the specific causes of death, in 2020 the diseases of the respiratory system caused a total of 139,880 deaths, which corresponds to 28.3% of all deaths in Spain. Compared to 2019, an increase of 68.5% was observed. By gender, deaths by diseases of the respiratory system were higher in men (32.0%) than in women (24.6%), although in specific causes the percentage was higher in women with suspected COVID-19, asthma, respiratory insufficiency and other diseases of the respiratory system. Finally, the variables associated with death from COVID-19 in the multivariate analysis were being male, increasing age (maximum at 80 years), completed studies up to secondary level, employed, and single or widowed marital status, although with a marked variation by CC.AA. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain in 2020, COVID-19 produced a large increase (68.5%) in deaths by diseases of the respiratory system compared to the previous year.

La cobertura de muertes con certificación médica en el Perú, 2012-2019 / Coverage of deaths with medical certification in Peru, 2012-2019

RESUMEN El fortalecimiento de los sistemas de registro civil y estadísticas vitales (RCEV) es indispensable para evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones sanitarias y los efectos de las emergencias sanitarias. El Perú enfrentó la pandemia de la COVID-19, en pleno proceso de fortalecimiento del sistema de RCEV, en el que destacó la implementación de SINADEF, lo que le permitió mejorar la calidad y la cobertura de la información sobre la mortalidad. Se realizó una recopilación de información de diversas fuentes de información pública para calcular la cobertura de la mortalidad en el Perú para el periodo 2012 a 2019. La cobertura de las muertes con certificación médica ascendió de 57,65% en 2016 a 71,6% en 2019 y mejoró en todas las regiones del Perú a nivel nacional, adicionalmente, la certificación en línea de las defunciones ascendió de 29% en 2017 a 86% en 2020. El SINADEF ha permitido implementar un sistema de vigilancia rápida de la mortalidad y medir el exceso de la mortalidad que se viene produciendo en el contexto de la pandemia.

ABSTRACT The strengthening of civil registration and vital statistics (RCEV) systems is essential to assess the impact of health interventions and the effects of health emergencies. Peru faced the COVID-19 pandemic, in the process of strengthening the RCEV system, in which the implementation of SINADEF stood out, which allowed it to improve the quality and coverage of information on mortality. A compilation of information from various public information sources was carried out to calculate the coverage of mortality in Peru for the period 2012 to 2019. The coverage of deaths with medical certification rose from 57.65% in 2016 to 71.6% in 2019 and improved in all regions of Peru at the national level, additionally, online certification of deaths rose from 29% in 2017 to 86% in 2020. The SINADEF has made it possible to implement a rapid mortality surveillance system and measure the excess mortality that is occurring in the context of the pandemic.

Autopsia y certificados médicos de defunción en fallecidos relacionados con la COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha sido la mayor del siglo actual y motivo de numerosos trabajos científicos. En Cuba se ha constituido el Grupo Temporal de Anatomía Patológica para estudiar las autopsias de los fallecidos por la COVID-19 (más de 400). Los certificados médicos de defunción, documentos de inestimable valor, en Cuba se reparan de acuerdo a los resultados de las autopsias, para elevar su calidad. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados de las autopsias con diagnósticos de COVID-19, comparadas con los certificados médicos de defunción. Métodos: Se evaluaron los diagnósticos de causas de muerte de 65 autopsias del año 2020 con sus certificados médicos de defunción. Los diagnósticos fueron procesados en el Sistema Automatizado de Registro y Control de Anatomía Patológica. Se analizaron las causas directas de muerte, causas básicas de muerte, causas de muerte intermedias y causas de muerte contribuyentes. Se definió la coincidencia total de ambos diagnósticos, coincidencia parcial, no coincidencia o discrepancia diagnóstica y datos insuficientes. Resultados: Las discrepancias diagnósticas de causa básica y directa de muerte son 46,2 % y 60,0 % del total de casos y 19,4 % y 64,5 % cuando la COVID-19 fue causa básica de muerte. Las elevadas cifras de discrepancias diagnósticas, se corresponden con las reportadas en estudios previos, tanto en diagnósticos clínicos como en los certificados médicos de defunción. Conclusiones: Existe elevadas cifras de discrepancias diagnósticas en los resultados de las autopsias con diagnósticos de COVID-19, comparadas con los certificados médicos de defunción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been the largest in the current century and the reason for numerous scientific works. In Cuba, the Temporary Group of Pathological Anatomy has been established to study the autopsies of those who died from COVID-19 (more than 400). The medical death certificates, documents of inestimable value, in Cuba are repaired according to the results of the autopsies, to raise their quality. Objectives: To evaluate the results of autopsies with COVID-19 diagnoses, compared to medical death certificates. Methods: The diagnoses of causes of death of 65 autopsies of the year 2020 were evaluated with their medical death certificates. The diagnoses were processed in the Automated System for the Registration and Control of Pathology. Direct causes of death, basic causes of death, intermediate causes of death, and contributing causes of death were analyzed. The total agreement of both diagnoses was defined, partial agreement, diagnostic mismatch or discrepancy, and insufficient data. Results: Diagnostic discrepancies of basic and direct cause of death are 46.2 % and 60.0 % of all cases and 19.4 % and 64.5 % when COVID-19 was basic cause of death. The high figures for diagnostic discrepancies correspond to those reported in previous studies, both in clinical diagnoses and in medical death certificates. Conclusions: There are high numbers of diagnostic discrepancies compared with the results of autopsies with COVID-19 diagnoses, compared to medical death certificates.

Nivel de conocimientos sobre certificados de defunción en médicos recién egresados / Level of knowledge about death certificates in recently graduated physicians

Objetivo: Precisar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el llenado correcto de certificados de defunción en médicos que inician servicio rural urbano marginal de salud (SERUMS). El estudio: Diseño descriptivo transversal. Población: asistentes al curso de inducción SERUMS: 86 recién egresados. Instrumento: cuestionario con preguntas basadas en la "Guía Técnica para el correcto llenado de certificados de defunción 2018" Ministerio de Salud. Hallazgos: 23% del total tiene nivel pésimo, 41% malo, 34% regular y 2% bueno; la mayoría no sabe precisar la causa básica de muerte y 98% no considera como causa básica la circunstancia del accidente y 85% desconocen sobre SINADEF. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos sobre el llenado correcto de certificado de defunción es muy bajo con gran desconocimiento para ubicar causa básica de muerte.

Objetive:specifythelevelofknowledgeaboutthecorrect completion of death certificates in doctors who start the rural urban marginal health service (SERUMS). descriptive cross-The study:sectional design. Population: attending the SERUMS induction course: 86 recent graduates. Instrument: questionnaire with questions based on the "Technical Guide for the correct completion of death certificates 2018" Ministry of Health. 23% of the total have a terrible Findings:level, 41% bad, 34% fair and 2% good; the majority do not know how to specify the basic cause of death and 98% do not consider the accident circumstance as the basic cause and 85% do not know about SINADEF. Conclusions:The level of knowledge about the correct completion of the death certificate is very low with great ignorance to locate the basic cause of death.

Flexibilização legislativa para a certificação de hospitais sem fins lucrativos no Brasil / Legislative flexibilization for cerification of non-profits hospitals in Brazil

Para as entidades beneficentes de assistência social que prestam serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde, a Constituição Federal de 1988 previu a concessão de imunidade tributária, desde que atendidos os requisitos previstos em lei. Ocorre que há uma primeira dificuldade em estabelecer os conceitos de entidade filantrópica e entidade beneficente de assistência social, bem como as diferenças entre eles. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão e uma reflexão sobre a diferença doutrinária entre os conceitos de filantropia e beneficência social, discutir o processo histórico de certificação dos hospitais sem fins lucrativos que prestam serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde para obtenção de imunidade tributária e identificar as consequências disso para a seguridade social (previdência, saúde e assistência social) no Brasil. Esta reflexão se faz de suma importância, principalmente em momentos de escassez de recursos financeiros em que há tentativas de fragilizar o sistema de seguridade social do país. A Constituição Federal de 1988 adotou o termo "entidade beneficente de assistência social" para a concessão de imunidade tributária, conceito que se distingue do de filantropia por envolver três características essenciais da assistência social: serviços de natureza essencial, gratuidade e acesso generalizado a quem necessita. Essa ampliação de conceito e as flexibilizações legislativas ocorridas ao longo dos anos para permitir a concessão de certificado ­ e, consequentemente, a obtenção de imunidade tributária ­ prejudicam a arrecadação de recursos para a seguridade social e podem ocasionar desvantagens para o Sistema Único de Saúde.

For charitable social assistance entities that provide services to the Brazilian Nacional Health System, the Federal Constitution of 1988 provided for the concession of tax immunity, as long as the requirements established by Law were met. There is a first difficulty in establishing the concepts of philanthropic entity and charitable entity of social assistance, as well as the differences between them. The objective of this paper was to conduct a review and a reflection on the doctrinal difference between the concepts of philanthropy and social charity, discuss the historical process of certification of non-profit hospitals that provide services to the Brazilian National Health System, to obtain tax immunity and identify the consequences of this for social security (pension, health and social assistance). This reflection is of utmost importance, especially in times of scarcity of financial resources, in which there are attempts to weaken the social security system of the country. The Federal Constitution of 1988 adopted the term "social assistance beneficent entity" for the concession of tax immunity, a concept that is distinguished from philanthropy because it involves three essential characteristics of social assistance: services of an essential nature, gratuitousness, and generalized access to those in need. This broadening of the concept and the legislative flexibilities that have occurred over the years to allow the concession of the certificates - and, consequently, the obtainment of tax immunity - impairs the collection of resources for social security and can cause disadvantages for the Brazilian National Health System.

El certificado médico de defunción en urgencias: aspectos éticos y legales / Medical death certificates in the emergency department: ethical and legal issues

En el complejo contexto de la atención a la muerte y al duelo, muchos médicos de urgencias deben realizar el certificado médico de defunción (CMD), el último acto médico con el paciente. El médico debe cumplimentar el CMD en aquellos casos que se descarte la muerte judicial. En las urgencias y emergencias médicas es habitual encontrar conflictos y dudas relacionadas con el CMD. Este artículo analiza los principales aspectos éticos y legales relacionados con el CMD en urgencias. Los principios éticos que hay que tener en cuenta ante un conflicto con el CDM son: lealtad con el enfermo, veracidad, no dañar y uso racional de los recursos. Para mejorar la gestión de la atención a la muerte en urgencias, se debe mejorar la formación de los profesionales sobre el CMD con el fin de que conozcan cuándo certificar, cómo hacerlo y sus requisitos legales. (AU)

The last medical act many emergency physicians must do in the context of caring for a dying patient and mourning relatives is to issue a medical death certificate (MDC). The physician is charged with filling in the MDC in cases that do not involve judicial certification. Ethical conflicts and doubts about the cause of death are common when MDCs are issued in emergencies. This paper analyzes the main ethical and legal issues related to MDCs in this setting. The ethical precepts to bear in mind when a conflict or doubt arises are loyalty to the patient, truthfulness, doing no harm, and using public resources wisely. Physician management of processes surrounding death in the emergency department can be improved by providing staff with better training so that they understand how and when to issue a MDC and what legal requirements are involved. (AU)

Medical death certificates in the emergency department: ethical and legal issues. / El certificado médico de defunción en urgencias: aspectos éticos y legales.

The last medical act many emergency physicians must do in the context of caring for a dying patient and mourning relatives is to issue a medical death certificate (MDC). The physician is charged with filling in the MDC in cases that do not involve judicial certification. Ethical conflicts and doubts about the cause of death are common when MDCs are issued in emergencies. This paper analyzes the main ethical and legal issues related to MDCs in this setting. The ethical precepts to bear in mind when a conflict or doubt arises are loyalty to the patient, truthfulness, doing no harm, and using public resources wisely. Physician management of processes surrounding death in the emergency department can be improved by providing staff with better training so that they understand how and when to issue a MDC and what legal requirements are involved.

En el complejo contexto de la atención a la muerte y al duelo, muchos médicos de urgencias deben realizar el certificado médico de defunción (CMD), el último acto médico con el paciente. El médico debe cumplimentar el CMD en aquellos casos que se descarte la muerte judicial. En las urgencias y emergencias médicas es habitual encontrar conflictos y dudas relacionadas con el CMD. Este artículo analiza los principales aspectos éticos y legales relacionados con el CMD en urgencias. Los principios éticos que hay que tener en cuenta ante un conflicto con el CDM son: lealtad con el enfermo, veracidad, no dañar y uso racional de los recursos. Para mejorar la gestión de la atención a la muerte en urgencias, se debe mejorar la formación de los profesionales sobre el CMD con el fin de que conozcan cuándo certificar, cómo hacerlo y sus requisitos legales.

Registros nacionais de anomalias congênitas no mundo: aspectos históricos e operacionais / Registros nacionales de anomalías congénitas en el mundo: aspectos históricos y operativos / National congenital anomaly registers in the world: historical and operational aspects

Objetivo: Identificar registros de anomalias congênitas com cobertura nacional existentes no mundo, destacando suas principais características históricas e operacionais. Métodos: Revisão documental, mediante busca na base Medline/Pubmed e consulta a dados provenientes de relatórios, documentos oficiais e sítios eletrônicos. Foram incluídos trabalhos com relato de pelo menos um registro nacional. Resultados: Foram identificados 40 registros nacionais de anomalias congênitas em 39 países diferentes. Todos os registros incluídos no estudo localizavam-se em países de renda alta ou média superior, com concentração na Europa. A maior parte dos registros foi de base populacional, de notificação compulsória e com tempo limite para notificação de até 1 ano de idade. O registro brasileiro apresentou a maior cobertura anual. Conclusão: Os registros discutidos apresentaram características diversas, relacionadas à realidade de cada país. Os resultados apresentados fornecem subsídios para a temática da vigilância das anomalias congênitas, sobretudo em locais onde se deseja implementar tal atividade.

Objetivo: Identificar registros de anomalías congénitas con cobertura nacional existentes en el mundo, destacando sus principales características históricas y operativas. Métodos: Revisión documental de literatura en la base de datos Medline/Pubmed y datos de informes, documentos oficiales y sitios web. Se incluyeron trabajos con informes de al menos un registro nacional. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 registros nacionales de anomalías congénitas en 39 países diferentes. Todos los registros incluidos se ubicaron en países de ingresos altos y medianos altos, con una concentración en Europa. La mayoría de los registros eran de base poblacional, con notificación obligatoria y un límite de tiempo de notificación de hasta 1 año. El registro brasileño presentá la cobertura anual más alta. Conclusión: Los registros discutidos presentaban características diferentes y relacionadas con la realidad de cada país. Los resultados presentados proporcionan subsidios para la vigilancia de anomalías congénitas, especialmente en lugares que deseen implementar dicha actividad.

Objective: To identify registers of congenital anomalies with national coverage currently available around the world, highlighting their main historical and operational characteristics. Methods: This was a documentary study by means of a Medline database search (via PubMed) and searches involving reports, official documents and websites. Studies reporting at least one national registry were included. Results: 40 registers of national congenital anomalies were identified in 39 different countries. All registers included in the study were concentrated in upper-middle or high-income countries located in Europe. Most of the registers were population-based, compulsory notification and with a time limit for notification of up to 1 year of age. The Brazilian register showed the highest annual coverage. Conclusion: The registers analyzed showed different characteristics, related to the reality of each country. The results presented provide support for the theme of congenital anomalies surveillance, especially in places where such activity is intended to be implemented.

Análise do preenchimento de declarações de óbito em Catanduva, São Paulo / Analysis of the filling of death certificates in Catanduva, São Paulo, Brazil / Análisis del llenado de las declaraciones de defunción en Catanduva, São Paulo, Brasil

Resumo A declaração de óbito é documento-base do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde e abrange dados qualiquantitativos de cunho ético, jurídico e epidemiológico. Os registros do Ministério apresentam inconsistências provocadas por diversos fatores, principalmente relacionados à formação acadêmica dos profissionais e ao seu acesso às orientações de órgãos competentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os principais erros no preenchimento das declarações de óbito registradas nos hospitais-escola de Catanduva/SP entre 2014 e 2017. Dos 805 documentos analisados, 167 (20,7%) estavam incompletos; 59 (7,3%) utilizavam termos inadequados; 42 (5,2%) apresentavam siglas e abreviações; 27 (3,4%) foram redigidos com caligrafia ilegível; e 2 (0,2%) continham rasuras. Apesar da baixa frequência de erros, a análise demonstrou déficit no conhecimento e/ou descuido com a ética médica, o que compromete a qualidade dos registros de saúde pública.

Abstract The death certificate is the main document for the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, covering quantitative and qualitative aspects of ethical, legal and epidemiological nature. The records of the Ministry present inconsistencies caused by many factors, especially those related to poor academic training and access to guidelines published by entities. This study sought to identify the main errors in filling death certificates registered in a teaching hospital in Catanduva, São Paulo, Brazil, from 2014 to 2017. Of the 805 certificates, 167 (20.7%) were incomplete, 59 (7.3%) had inadequate terms, 42 (5.2%) acronyms and abbreviations, 27 (3.3%) illegible handwriting, and 2 (0.2%) erasures. Despite the low frequency of errors, the analysis found deficits in knowledge and/or neglect of medical ethics, which compromise the quality of public health records.

Resumen La declaración de defunción es un documento base del Sistema de Información sobre la Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud, que incluye datos cualicuantitativos de carácter ético, legal y epidemiológico. Los registros del Ministerio presentan inconsistencias resultantes de diversos factores, sobre todo relacionados con la formación académica de los profesionales y con el acceso a las orientaciones de los órganos competentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los principales errores en el llenado de las declaraciones de defunción registradas en los hospitales escuela de Catanduva, São Paulo, Brasil, en el período entre el 2014 y el 2017. De los 805 documentos analizados, 167 (20,7%) estaban incompletos; 59 (7,3%) empleaban términos inadecuados; 42 (5,2%) presentaban siglas y abreviaturas; 27 (3,4%) estaban escritos con una caligrafía ilegible; y 2 (0,2%) contenían tachones. A pesar de la baja frecuencia de errores, el análisis demostró un déficit en el conocimiento o negligencia en cuanto a la ética médica, lo que compromete la calidad de los registros de salud pública.

Análisis de la confección de los certificados de asistencia de primera intención del lesionado. Matanzas 2015 / Analysis of the preparation of the first intention assistance certificates of the injured party. Matanzas 2015

Resumen Dentro de las actuaciones medicolegales de mayor trascendencia en el delito de lesiones se encuentra la asistencia de primera intención del lesionado con la correspondiente certificación médica inicial. La confección en Cuba del certificado de asistencia de primera intención de un lesionado dista mucho de ser la adecuada, comprobado por diversos trabajos de autores nacionales y extranjeros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de la confección de los certificados de este tipo, realizados en el municipio de Matanzas, Cuba, en el año 2015 para lo cual se utilizaron variables como la descripción anatómica de las lesiones y el pronóstico medicolegal. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizaron métodos estadísticos como valores porcentuales y tablas de frecuencia. Los resultados obtenidos arrojaron como conclusiones que el desconocimiento de la clasificación de las lesiones según el código penal, las dificultades en la descripción anatómica y en el pronóstico médico legal de las lesiones constituyen las principales deficiencias detectadas.

Abstract Among the most important medical legal actions in the crime of injuries is the first intention assistance of the injured party with the corresponding initial medical certification. The preparation in Cuba of the certificate of first intention assistance of an injured person is far from being adequate, proven by various works by national and foreign authors. The objective of this research is to analyze the preparation of certificates of this type, carried out in the municipality of Matanzas, Cuba, in 2015, for which variables such as the anatomical description of the injuries and the medical-legal prognosis were used. . For the analysis of the results, statistical methods such as percentage values and frequency tables were used. The results obtained yielded as conclusions that the ignorance of the classification of injuries according to the penal code, the difficulties in the anatomical description and in the legal medical prognosis of the injuries constitute the main deficiencies detected.

Percepção do consumidor de proteína animal sobre o bemestar dos animais de produção em Santarém, Pará, Brasil / Animal protein consumer's perception about the living of production animals in Santarém, Pará, Brazil / Percepción del consumidor de proteína animal sobre el bienestar de los animales de producción en Santarém, Pará, Brasil

Resumo As mudanças relacionadas à saúde e bem-estar dos animais tornaram-se cada vez mais relevantes no mundo, principalmente quando questionadas pelo mercado consumidor, que cobra do manejo produtivo a garantia sanitária e a qualidade no paladar da carne. O objetivo neste estudo é identificar a percepção do consumidor de produtos de origem animal sobre o bem-estar dos animais de produção, em Santarém, Pará, bem como sua disposição em adquirir esses produtos com preços diferenciados. A pesquisa foi realizada através de um questionário padrão de caráter fechado contendo 10 (dez) perguntas objetivas, com resposta apenas de sim ou não. Foram aplicados questionários para 402 pessoas, em diferentes locais, como: feiras e praças públicas. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos entrevistados reconhecem que os produtos de origem animal fazem parte da sua dieta diária, além disso, a maioria dos consumidores não possuem conhecimento sobre a temática bem-estar animal, bem como não estão dispostos a pagar mais pelo produto com selo de qualidade, e não demonstraram interesse e/ ou preocupação com o modo de criação ou abate dos animais.

Abstract As changes related to the health and well-being of the animals used, they are increasingly relevant in the world, especially when questioned by the consumer market, which charges the productive product of health guarantee and quality in the taste of the meat. The aim of this study is to identify the consumer perception of products of animal origin about the welfare of farm animals in Santarém, Pará, as well as their selection to purchase these products at different prices. A survey was carried out using a standard closed-ended questionnaire containing 10 (ten) objective questions, with an answer only yes or no. There were questionnaires for 402 people, in different places, such as: fairs and public squares. The results pointed out to the majority of respondents recognized that animal products are part of their daily diet, in addition, most consumers are unaware of the animal welfare theme, as well as are not willing to pay more for the product with quality seal, and showed no interest and / or concern with the way animals are raised or slaughtered.

Resumen Los cambios relacionados con la salud y bienestar de los animales se convirtieron cada vez más relevantes en el mundo, principalmente cuando cuestionados por el mercado consumidor, que cobra del manejo productivo la garantía sanitaria y la calidad en el paladar de la carne. El objetivo en este estudio es identificar la percepción del consumidor de productos de origen animal sobre el bienestar de los animales de producción, en Santarém, Pará, así como su disposición en adquirir esos productos con precios diferenciados. La investigación fue realizada a través de un cuestionario patrón de carácter cerrado conteniendo 10 (diez) preguntas objetivas, con respuesta solo de sí o no. Fueron aplicados cuestionarios para 402 personas, en diferentes locales, como: ferias y plazas públicas. Los resultados apuntaron que la mayoría de los entrevistados reconocen que los productos de origen animal hacen parte de su dieta diaria, además, la mayoría de los consumidores no poseían conocimiento sobre la temática bienestar animal, así como no están dispuestos en pagar más por el producto con sello de calidad, y no demostraron interés o preocupación con el modo de creación o abate de los animales.

Renovación de las Pensiones Asistenciales No Contributivas en el año 2019 / 3 RENOVATION OF NON-CONTRIBUTIVE PENSIONS FROM THE YEAR 2019

Estudio Descriptivo. Análisis y comparación de las características de la población que concurrió al Servicio de Medicina Legal del Hospital Nacional A. Posadas, a renovar sus pensiones asistenciales a través de la confección del Certificado Médico Oficial Digital, en el año 2019, y comparándolas con las renovaciones a nivel nacional ocurridas en el año 2014

Descriptive Study. Analysis and comparison of the population´s characteristics who concur to the Legal Medicine Service at the National Hospital A. Posadas, to renovate their welfare pensions through the confection of the Digital Official Medical Certificate, year 2019, and comparing them with the national renovations which happened in 2014

Completion of the medical certificate of cause of death in Madrid: A descriptive cross-sectional study. / Cumplimentación del certificado médico de defunción en Madrid: un estudio descriptivo trasversal.

BACKGROUND: The medical certificate of cause of death is a dual-purpose document: an official registration of an individual's death and a statistical analysis of the populational causes of death. However, the completion of this document in clinical practice creates significant conflicts. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the completion and detect the main errors that occur when filling in these documents. We then compared the most important variables between the various types of documents analysed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study that analysed 513 certificates in the municipality of Madrid, Spain. The analysis included official documents (new and old versions) and hospital documents. RESULTS: The study's main finding was that 316 documents employed the term "cardiopulmonary arrest" as the immediate cause of death. In 98 other cases, other poorly defined immediate causes were listed. We were able to conclude that the hospital documents do not always have the required sections for the certificate to be legally functional. In the Professional Medical Association certificates, there is poorer completion of the current document because the document itself hinders its appropriate completion and requires better physician training to complete. CONCLUSIONS: We propose possible improvements to the official document so that it meets the legal requirements, facilitates its completion and fulfils its function. We also offer recommendations for hospitals that have their own document and suggestions for improving its completion.