MICA and KIR: Immunogenetic Factors Influencing Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Digestive Clinical Form of Chronic Chagas Disease.

Tissue damage observed in the clinical forms of chronic symptomatic Chagas disease seems to have a close relationship with the intensity of the inflammatory process. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the MICA (MHC class I-related chain A) and KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) polymorphisms are associated with the cardiac and digestive clinical forms of chronic Chagas disease. Possible influence of these genes polymorphisms on the left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients with chronic Chagas heart disease was also evaluated. This study enrolled 185 patients with positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi classified according to the clinical form of the disease: cardiac (n=107) and digestive (n=78). Subsequently, patients with the cardiac form of the disease were sub-classified as with LVSD (n=52) and without LVSD (n=55). A control group was formed of 110 healthy individuals. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP). Statistical analyzes were carried out using the Chi-square test and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was also calculated to evaluate the risk association. MICA-129 allele with high affinity for the NKG2D receptor was associated to the LVSD in patients with CCHD. The haplotype MICA*008~HLA-C*06 and the KIR2DS2-/KIR2DL2-/KIR2DL3+/C1+ combination were associated to the digestive clinical form of the disease. Our data showed that the MICA and KIR polymorphisms may exert a role in the LVSD of cardiac patients, and in digestive form of Chagas disease.

Avaliação de biomarcadores séricos e suas relações com marcadores de remodelamento cardíaco e da fibrose miocárdica na cardiopatia chagásica crônica / Assessment of serum biomarkers and their relationships with markers of cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in chronic chagasic heart disease

A cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) é responsável pela maior morbidade e pelo pior prognóstico da doença de Chagas, além de ser a mais fibrosante das cardiopatias. Na doença de Chagas, predizer quais fatores se correlacionam com progressão da doença, morbidade e mortalidade constitui um desafio. Existe a necessidade de dispor de biomarcadores de risco simples, quantitativos e econômicos, que agreguem valor adicional aos métodos convencionais, auxiliando no diagnóstico e prognóstico de pacientes com CCC. Objetivos: Neste estudo, avaliamos os biomarcadores séricos ­ galectina-3 (Gal-3), metaloproteinases (MMP-9 e MMP-2) e seus respectivos inibidores (TIMP-1 e TIMP-2), peptídeos C-terminal do colágeno (PICP e CTXI) e correlacionamos esses biomarcadores com o remodelamento cardíaco e com a fibrose miocárdica na CCC5, através de variáveis ecocardiográficas (VEd, FEVE e relação E/e'). Métodos: Amostras de sangue de pacientes chagásicos nas formas indeterminada (FCI) e cardiomiopatia chagásica grau 5 (CCC5) e de indivíduos não infectados (NI) pelo T. cruzi foram utilizadas. A dosagem dos marcadores foi realizada pela técnica Luminex™ Xmap e por ELISA usando o kit Quantibody®. Para as análises de correlações foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) onde foi medido o grau da correlação linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram maior concentração de MMP-9 entre FCI (p<0,001) e CCC (p<0,05) comparado a NI. Para TIMP-1, verificou-se maior concentração em FCI (p<0,05) e CCC (p<0,05) comparados a NI. Constatou-se maior concentração de MMP- 2 confrontando CCC com FCI (p<0,01). Igualmente, houve maior concentração de TIMP-2 em relação a CCC com FCI (p<0,001). Não foi observada diferença estatística quanto à concentração de PICP e CTXI. E quanto à Gal-3, houve maior concentração em CCC5 (n=50) confrontados com FCI (n=61) (p<0,001). Os dados também demostraram uma correlação positiva entre MMP-2 e TIMP-2 (r=0,7283 e p<0,0001) no grupo CCC5 , uma correlação inversamente proporcional entre Gal-3 e FEVE (r=- 0,5961 e p <0,01) e correlação diretamente proporcional em pacientes com CCC5 (r=0,6656 e p < 0,01). Conclusão: Deste modo, nosso estudo concluiu que entre as moléculas avaliadas, a Gal-3 é um potencial marcador de remodelamento cardíaco e fibrose miocárdica na CCC5.

Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is responsible for the highest morbidity and the worst prognosis for Chagas disease, in addition to being the most fibrous of heart diseases. In Chagas' disease, predicting which factors correlate with disease progression, morbidity and mortality is a challenge. There is a need to have simple, quantitative and economic risk biomarkers, which add additional value to conventional methods, assisting in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with CCC. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated serum biomarkers - galectin-3 (Gal-3), metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) and their respective inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), C-terminal collagen peptides (PICP and CTXI) and correlated these biomarkers with cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in CCC 5, through echocardiographic variables (VEd, LVEF and E / e 'ratio). Methods: Blood samples from chagasic patients in the indeterminate form (FCI) and grade 5 chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC5) and from individuals not infected (NI) by T. cruzi were used. The dosage of the markers was performed by the Luminex ™ Xmap technique and by ELISA using the Quantibody® kit. For correlation analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used where the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables was measured. Results: The results showed a higher concentration of MMP-9 between FCI (p <0.001) and CCC5 (p <0.05) compared to NI. For TIMP-1, there was a higher concentration in FCI (p <0.05) and CCC5 (p <0.05) compared to NI. A higher concentration of MMP-2 was found confronting CCC with FCI (p <0.01). Likewise, there was a higher concentration of TIMP-2 in relation to CCC5 with FCI (p <0.001). There was no statistical difference regarding the concentration of PICP and CTXI. As for Gal-3, there was a higher concentration in CCC (n = 50) compared to FCI (n = 61) (p <0.001). The data also demonstrated a positive correlation between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (r = 0.7283 and p <0.0001) in the CCC5 group, an inversely proportional correlation between Gal-3 and LVEF (r = -0.5961 and p < 0.01) and directly proportional correlation in patients with CCC5 (r = 0.6656 and p <0.01). Conclusion: Thus, our study concluded that among the evaluated molecules, Gal-3 is a potential marker of cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in CCC 5.

Insuficiencia cardíaca en miocardiopatía chagásica crónica

Acorde al último reporte epidemiológico de la Organización Mundial de la Salud del año 2015, en Argentina existen 1,5 millones de personas infectadas por el Trypanosoma cruzi y alrededor de 370.000 pacientes con distintas manifestaciones de la enfermedad de Chagas. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar una de las manifestaciones clínicas más graves e invalidantes de esta enfermedad: la miocardiopatía chagásica crónica. Esta patología, que presenta una distribución geográfica dispar en la Argentina, comparte varias características comunes con otras formas etiológicas de insuficiencia cardíaca, aunque su epidemiología, presentación clínica y respuesta al tratamiento médico, eléctrico y quirúrgico le otorgan una distinción particular y en muchos casos, poco conocida. Por tal motivo, existe en la comunidad médica, un creciente interés en alcanzar un mayor conocimiento de esta enfermedad a fin de implementar manejos y decisiones terapéuticas, que si bien demostraron beneficio en otras poblaciones de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, aun no han sido adecuadamente avaladas para su aplicación en insuficiencia cardíaca chagásica. Muchas de las indicaciones e intervenciones se basan en experiencia más que evidencia científica. Es por ello que esta revisión es un desafío oportuno para optimizar el tratamiento y pronóstico de esta población.

According to the last epidemiological report of the World Health Organization in 2015, in Argentina there are 1.5 million people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and around 370,000 patients with different manifestations of Chagas disease. The objective of this review is to analyze one of the most serious and invalidating clinical manifestations of this disease: chronic chagasic myocardiopathy. This pathology, which has a disparate geographical distribution in Argentina, shares several common characteristics with other etiological forms of heart failure, although its epidemiology, clinical presentation and response to medical, electrical and surgical treatment give it a particular distinction and in many cases, little known. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the medical community to achieve greater knowledge of this disease in order to implement management and therapeutic decisions, which although they have shown benefit in other populations of patients with heart failure, have not yet been adequately endorsed. for its application in chagasic heart failure. Many of the indications and interventions are based on experience rather than scientific evidence. That is why this review is a timely challenge to optimize the treatment and prognosis of this population.

De acordo o último relatório epidemiológico da Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2015, na Argentina existem 1,5 milhão de pessoas infectadas pelo Trypanosoma cruzi e cerca de 370.000 pacientes com manifestações diferentes da doença de Chagas. O objetivo desta revisão é analisar uma das manifestações clínicas mais graves e invalidantes dessa doença: miocardiopatia chagásica crônica. Esta condição, que tem uma distribuição geográfica desigual na Argentina, compartilha várias características comuns com outras formas etiológicos de insuficiência cardíaca, embora sua epidemiologia, apresentação clínica e resposta ao tratamento médico, elétrico e cirúrgico dar uma distinção especial e, em muitos casos, pouco conhecido. Portanto, há na comunidade médica, um crescente interesse na obtenção de uma melhor compreensão da doença, a fim de implementar as decisões de manejo e tratamento, que embora benefício mostrou em outras populações de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca ainda não foram adequadamente apoiados para sua aplicação na insuficiência cardíaca chagásica. Muitas das indicações e intervenções são baseadas na experiência e não na evidência científica. É por isso que esta revisão é um desafio oportuno para otimizar o tratamento e o prognóstico dessa população.

Producción de interferón gamma por linfocitos pas-positivos infiltrados en corazones de pacientes chagasicos en los sitos de lesiones / Interferon gamma production by pas-positive T Lymphocytes of chagastic patients infiltrated into human hearts in the sites of lesions

En sangre de chagásicos en trabajos previos se halló un número alto de linfocitos T productores de substancia P.A.S.- positiva, más numerosos en chagásicos con electrocardiograma anormal. Luego los hallamos infiltrados en el corazón chagásico. En este trabajo consideramos nuestra hipótesis de que esa substancia linfocitaria sería Interferongamma. Material y Métodos. Muestras de corazones de 8 chagásicos fallecidos por muerte cardiaca. Se utilizaron anticuerpos monoclonales anti-IFN gamma humano; para linfocitos T activados (CD45 ROJ, y la reacción del P.A.S, respectivamente. Las células positivas se contaron en 50 campos a 400x y el estado de miocardio se comparó con datos clínicos. También. en frotis de sangre de pacientes chagásicos con ECG anormal, investigamos inmunomarcación con anti interferon gamma y la P.A.S.-positividad, respectivamente. Resultados El mayor número de células infiltrantes intracardiacas (65-75%) resultaron positivos para IFN gamma, y similares valores para P.A.S.-positividad y para CD45 RO. En sangre hallamos 41 % ±7 de linfocitos P.A.S.-positivos: y similar de positivos para IFN-gamma. Conclusiones: Los datos muestran que los linfocitos P.A.S.-positivos de los chagásicos producen IFN-gamma tanto en sangre. Como infiltrados en tejidos cardíacos. e indican una fuerte respuesta T-helper l. También explican la gran afluencia de macrófagos en dichos tejidos cardíacos. No se vieron parásitos T. cruzi ni formas intracelulares. Esos hechos refuerzan los datos que indican existencia de autoinmunidad en Chagas. Abrimos una pregunta: ¿a que antígeno/s responden en el corazón chagásico los linfocitos T P.A.S.-positivos productores de IFN-gamma?

In the blood of chagasic patients, a high number of T-lymphocytes producers of a P.A.S.-positive substance was found, more numerous in chagasics with abnormal electrocardiogram. Further. We found such lymphocytes infiltrated in the chagasic heart. Here, we considered our hypothesis that those lymphocytes would be Interferon -gamma producer' cells. Material and Methods: Heart samples of 8 patients deceased due to chagasic heart disease (ChHD). Cuts of 5 microns were submitted to monoclonal antibodies for human Interferon-gamma; to CD45RO for activated T lymphocytes; and to the classical Periodic acid Schiff reaction (P.A.S.), respectively. In blood smears from chagasic patients with ChHD, the reactivity for anti Interferon gamma and for the P.A.S. reaction was compared, regarding the respective positive cell number. The myocardium status was compared with clinical date. Results: In hearts, 65-75% of infiltrated lymphocytes were positive for IFN-gamma; similar values were found, in seriated cuts, of P.A.S.-positive lymphocytes, as well as of CD45RO+. In blood, there were 41 % ±9 of P.A.S.positive lymphocytes, similar to positive cells for IFN-gamma. Conclusions: The data indicates that the P.A.S.-positive lymphocytes from chagasic patients are producers of IFN gamma in blood, as well as when infiltrated into the cardiac tissues. Such fact explains also the great affluence of macrophages in cardiac tissues in ChHD. The data indicate a strong response of T helper 1 type in this severe advanced stage of Chagas'disease. Either Trypanosome cruzi parasites or intracellular forms were seen in these hearts. This favours the data showing autoimmune mechanisms in this process. We open a question: to which antigen/s respond in the chagasic hearts the lymphocytes producers of IFN gamma?