A case study on variations in network structure and cross-sector alignment in two local systems serving pregnant and parenting women in recovery.

OBJECTIVE: To describe network structure and alignment across organizations in healthcare, public health, and social services sectors that serve pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorder (SUD) in an urban and a rural community. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTINGS: Two community networks, one urban and one rural with each including a residential substance use treatment program, in Kentucky during 2021. STUDY DESIGN: Social network analysis measured system collaboration and cross-sector alignment between healthcare, public health, and social services organizations, applying the Framework for Aligning Sectors. To understand the alignment and structure of each network, we measured network density overall and between sectors, network centralization, and each organization's degree centrality and effective size. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted to document alignment around shared purpose, data, financing, and governance. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: On average, overall and cross-sector network densities in both communities were similar. However, alignment was highest for data sharing and financing in the urban community and for shared purpose and governance in the rural community. Cross-sector partnerships involving healthcare organizations were more prevalent in the rural county (44% vs. 38% for healthcare/public health, 44% vs. 29% for healthcare/social services), but more prevalent for those involving public health/social services organizations in the urban county (42% vs. 24%). A single healthcare organization had the highest degree centrality (Mdn [IQR] = 26 [26-9.5]) and effective size (Mdn [IQR] = 15.9 [20.6-8.7]) within the rural county. Social services organizations held more central positions in the urban county (degree centrality Mdn [IQR] = 13 [14.8-9.5]; effective size Mdn [IQR] = 10.4 [11.4-7.9]). CONCLUSIONS: Cross-sector alignment may strengthen local capacity for comprehensive SUD care for pregnant and parenting women. Healthcare organizations are key players in cross-sector partnerships in the rural community, where one healthcare facility holds the central brokerage role. In contrast, public health agencies are key to cross-sector collaboration with social services in the urban community.

Transit and treatment: Aligning systems to address substance use in Connecticut.

OBJECTIVE: Test hypotheses that proximity to new transit improves substance use disorder treatment provider cost efficiency (i.e., economies of scale and scope). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: Connecticut substance uses disorder treatment providers/programs. A 2015 rapid transit line opening with 10 stations, near some providers/programs. Providers' annual operating costs from publicly available federal tax forms (2013-2018). Annual client counts, service-type (including substance use disorder and/or mental health, among others), and location data, for 50 providers and their programs, from Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, with an unbalanced panel of 285 provider-years. STUDY DESIGN: Economies of scale occur when the percent change in operating costs is less than the percentage change in clients. Economies of scope occur when operating costs fall as providers treat clients with multiple service needs. With our quasi-experimental, multivariate regressions approach, we test hypotheses that proximity to a new transit line enhances economies of scale and scope (i.e., lowers unit operating costs). DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Annual provider-level operating costs merged with new transit station locations and Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services program/provider-level secondary data (locations, client counts/completions/dates, service types, and average demographics). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For providers with programs within 1-mile of new transit (compared with a "control" sample beyond 1-mile of new transit), (i) a 10% increase in clients leads to a 0.12% lower operating costs per client; (ii) a 10% increase in clients completing treatment results in a 1.5% decrease in operating costs per client; (iii) a 10% increase in clients receiving treatment for multiple services causes a 0.81% lower operating costs per client; (iv) offering multiple services leads to 6.3% lower operating costs. CONCLUSIONS: New transit proximity causes operating cost savings for substance use disorder/mental health treatment providers. System alignment may benefit transit and health care sectors.

Políticas de drogas no Brasil: uma análise fenomenológica da aplicação e impactos no sistema prisional de Mato Grosso do Sul / Drugs policies in Brazil: a phenomenological analysis of the application and impacts on the prison system of Mato Grosso do Sul / Políticas de drogas en Brasil: un análisis fenomenológico de la aplicación y los impactos en el sistema penitenciario de Mato Grosso do Sul

O sistema prisional brasileiro tem sido ao longo da história, forjado por perspectivas de controle e punição, de certo modo, influenciado por políticas de drogas fundamentadas no modelo proibicionista alavancado pelos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), resultando, em desafios significativos para a superação destas medidas no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender como a política sobre drogas tem sido aplicada nas prisões de Mato Grosso do Sul, na perspectiva de seus servidores. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, descritiva, transversal, com abordagem fenomenológica desenvolvida em unidades do órgão gestor no estado, com um total aleatório de onze locais avaliados. Os principais desafios a serem superados para a aplicação da política sobre drogas nas prisões, são a ausência de normativos legais, investimentos insuficientes nos servidores prisionais, estrutura inadequada para a prestação das assistências, e ainda, a ausência de amparo institucional. Para a aplicação da política sobre drogas no sistema prisional brasileiro é necessário haver normativos específicos para a efetivação de práticas ressocializadoras voltadas a prevenção e tratamento da dependência química, assim como investimentos nos servidores prisionais, melhorias estruturais e apoio institucional. Faz-se urgente reconhecer que, a prisão não pode ser único instrumento legal às pessoas que cometeram crimes em decorrência de suas vulnerabilidades com as drogas, e que o sistema prisional precisa ser ressignificado em suas funções com atuação do Estado e da sociedade, para superar os desafios históricos e estabelecer um sistema mais justo e respeitoso dos direitos humanos.

approach developed in units of the managing body in the state, with a random total of eleven locations evaluated. The main challenges to be overcome for the application of drug policy in prisons are the absence of legal regulations, insufficient investment in prison staff, an inadequate structure for providing assistance, and also the absence of institutional support. For the application of drug policy in the Brazilian prison system, it is necessary to have specific regulations for the implementation of resocializing practices aimed at preventing and treating chemical dependency, as well as investments in prison staff, structural improvements and institutional support. It is urgent to recognize that prison cannot be the only legal instrument for people who have committed crimes as a result of their vulnerability to drugs, and that the prison system needs to be given new meaning in its functions with the action of the State and society, to overcome historical challenges and establish a fairer and more respectful system for human.

El sistema penitenciario brasileño ha sido, a lo largo de la historia, forjado por perspectivas de control y castigo, en cierta medida, influenciadas por políticas de drogas basadas en el modelo prohibicionista apalancado por los Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU.), resultando en importantes desafíos para la superación de estas medidas en Brasil. El objetivo del estudio fue comprender cómo se ha aplicado la política de drogas en las prisiones de Mato Grosso do Sul, desde la perspectiva de sus funcionarios. El estudio es de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo, transversal, con enfoque fenomenológico desarrollado en unidades de la entidad gestora del estado, con un total aleatorio de once localidades evaluadas. Los principales desafíos a superar para la aplicación de la política de drogas en las prisiones son la ausencia de regulaciones legales, una inversión insuficiente en personal penitenciario, una estructura inadecuada para brindar asistencia y también la ausencia de apoyo institucional. Para la aplicación de la política de drogas en el sistema penitenciario brasileño, es necesario contar con regulaciones específicas para la implementación de prácticas resocializadoras destinadas a prevenir y tratar la dependencia química, así como inversiones en personal penitenciario, mejoras estructurales y apoyo institucional. Es urgente reconocer que la prisión no puede ser el único instrumento jurídico para las personas que han cometido delitos producto de su vulnerabilidad a las drogas, y que el sistema penitenciario necesita resignificarse en sus funciones con la acción del Estado y la sociedad, para superar desafíos históricos y establecer un sistema más justo y respetuoso de los derechos humanos.

Association between prescription drug monitoring programs use mandates and prescription stimulants received by Medicaid enrollees.

INTRODUCTION: Prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) use mandates are an important policy tool to curb nonmedical opioid use. However, data are scarce about their efficacy on other commonly used prescription drugs such as stimulants. METHODS: We used 2010-2020 state-level secondary data from Medicaid State Drug Utilisation Data and quasi-experimental difference-in-differences research design to estimate the association between PDMP use mandates and population-adjusted stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate) prescribing outcomes: (i) number of prescriptions filled; and (ii) total amount reimbursed in US dollars. To account for heterogeneity in mandates across US states, two policy variables were considered: limited and expansive. Limited PDMP use mandates require prescribers or dispensers to check the PDMP only when prescribing/dispensing opioids or benzodiazepines, while expansive PDMP use mandates are non-specific to opioids/benzodiazepines and require prescribers or dispensers to check the PDMP when prescribing/dispensing targeted controlled substances in Drug Enforcement Agency Schedule II-V. The sample included 49 US states and the District of Columbia. Nevada was excluded since it implemented the PDMP mandate before the period of analysis. RESULTS: The state-wide implementation of the PDMP use mandate, either limited or expansive, was not associated with the number of prescriptions filled or the total amount reimbursed in US dollars for stimulants among Medicaid enrollees. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no evidence for the associations between PDMP use mandates and stimulant prescribing among Medicaid enrollees. Future works are encouraged to replicate the study in other populations and with longer post-period analysis when the impact of the mandates might be more successfully materialised.

Shared decision making in patients with substance use disorders: A one-year follow-up study.

Patient-centered care in therapeutic processes has been associated with better clinical outcomes, however, it remains a poorly studied aspect in Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The study aimed to evaluate patient's preferences, perceived participation in treatment decisions and activation level; and how they predict retention, pharmacological adherence and substance use during one-year follow-up. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between independent variables, along with a wide number of sociodemographic and clinical covariates, and outcomes. Most patients prefer a shared or passive role when making decisions about their treatment, and showed concordance between their preferred and perceived roles. In the univariate models, perceiving more involvement than desired showed a higher likelihood of treatment discontinuation at 12 months, and substance use at 6 and 12 months. No significant associations were found between the remaining decisional variables or the degree of activation with the assessed outcomes. A majority of SUD patients prefer and perceive to be involved in the decision-making process about their treatment. Patients perceiving more involvement than desired might experience an excess of responsibility that could negatively influence treatment continuation and substance use. Limitations of the study preclude any definitive conclusion, and more research is needed to confirm these results.

Horticultura terapêutica em um grupo de reabilitação da dependência química no Brasil / Therapeutic Horticulture in a Rehabilitation Group for Chemical Dependency in Brazil / Horticultura terapéutica en un grupo de rehabilitación de la dependencia química en Brasil

A prática da horticultura para benefício terapêutico é utilizada nas abordagens clínicas, que demonstram a melhoria da qualidade de vida e a redução dos índices de estresse biológico, como uma modalidade de Reabilitação Baseada na Comunidade (rbc). Este documento avalia a implementação de um projeto de economia solidária no contexto de um grupo de reabilitação para pessoas com dependência química. Trata-se de um estudo de avaliação qualitativa da implementação de tecnologias sociais (quintais produtivos), baseado no método da inserção ecológica, em um grupo de reabilitação e pre-venção terciária a dependência química de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial no Brasil. Os participantes foram quinze pessoas, das quais doze eram do sexo masculino e três do sexo feminino, com idades entre 30 e 60 anos. Foi realizada análise documental dos prontuários do serviço, diário de campo, fotografias e filmagens das oficinas, reuniões, visitas domiciliares, visitas técnicas e dos mutirões. Os dados foram analisados seguindo os critérios da Avaliação Multicultural: Dimensionamento Dinâmico Individual e Contextual. Os resultados indi-caram que a implementação dos quintais produtivos fortaleceu os vínculos familiares e institucionais, por meio da rede de apoio construída em torno do projeto. Concluise que os quintais produtivos são eficientes para a geração de renda, segurança alimentar e nutricional e ações de ressocialização como uma estratégia terapêutica complementar de RBC.

Horticulture for therapeutic benefit is used in clinical approaches has, demonstrated improvements in the quality of life and the reduction of biological stress indexes, as a modality of Community-Based Rehabilita-tion (cbr). This paper evaluates the implementation of a solidarity economy project in the context of a rehabili-tation group for people with chemical dependency. This was a qualitative evaluation study of the implementation of social technologies (productive backyards), based on the ecological engagement method in a rehabilitation and tertiary prevention group of chemical dependency of a psychosocial care center in Brazil. The participants were fifteen people, twelve of whom were male and three female, aged between 30 and 60 years. Documental analyses of the records of the service, field diary, and photographs and filming of the workshops, meetings, home visits, technical visits, and community meetings were performed. The data were analyzed following the criteria of the Multicultural Evaluation: Dynamic Individual and Contextual Dimensioning. The results indicated that the implementation of the productive gardens strengthened family and institutional links through the support network built around the project. It is concluded that the productive backyards are efficient for income generation, food and nutritional security, and resocialization actions as a complementary thera-peutic strategy of CBR

La práctica de la horticultura para el beneficio terapéutico se utiliza en enfoques clínicos que demuestran la mejora de la calidad de vida y la reducción de los índices de estrés biológico, como una modalidad de rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (rbc). Este trabajo evalúa la implementación de un proyecto de economía solidaria en el contexto de un grupo de rehabilitación para personas con dependencia química. Se trata de un estudio de evaluación cualitativa de la implementación de tecnologías sociales (patios productivos), basado en el método de inserción ecológica en un grupo de rehabilitación y prevención terciaria de la dependencia química de un centro de atención psicosocial en Brasil. Participaron 15 personas, 12 de las cuales eran hombres y 3 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 60 años. Se realizó un análisis documental de los registros del servicio, el diario de campo, las fotografías y la filmación de los talleres, las reuniones, las visitas domiciliarias, las visitas técnicas y las reuniones comunitarias. Los datos se analizaron siguiendo los criterios de la Evaluación multicultural: dimensionamiento dinámico individual y contextual. Los resultados indicaron que la puesta en marcha de los huertos productivos fortaleció los vínculos familiares e institucionales, a través de la red de apoyo construida en torno al proyecto. Se concluye que los patios productivos son eficientes para la generación de ingresos, la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y acciones de resocialización como estrategia terapéutica complementaria de la RBC

Therapeutic relationships between Veterans and buprenorphine providers and effects on treatment retention.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which there was any therapeutic relationship between Veterans and their initial buprenorphine provider and whether the presence of this relationship influenced treatment retention. DATA SOURCES: National, secondary administrative data used from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 2008-2017. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. The primary exposure was a therapeutic relationship between the Veteran and buprenorphine provider, defined as the presence of a previous visit or medication prescribed by the provider in the 2 years preceding buprenorphine treatment initiation. The primary outcome was treatment discontinuation, evaluated as 14 days of absence of medication from initiation through 1 year. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Adult Veterans (age ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with opioid use disorder and treated with buprenorphine or buprenorphine/naloxone within the VHA system were included in this study. We excluded those receiving buprenorphine patches, those with documentation of a metastatic tumor diagnosis within 2 years prior to buprenorphine initiation, and those without geographical information on rurality. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 28,791 Veterans were included in the study. Within the overall study sample, 56.3% (n = 16,206) of Veterans previously had at least one outpatient encounter with their initial buprenorphine provider, and 24.9% (n = 7174) of Veterans previously had at least one prescription from that provider in the 2 years preceding buprenorphine initiation. There was no significant or clinically meaningful association between therapeutic relationship history and treatment retention when defined as visit history (aHR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.02) or medication history (aHR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Veterans initiating buprenorphine frequently did not have a therapeutic history with their initial buprenorphine provider, but this relationship was not associated with treatment retention. Future work should investigate how the quality of Veteran-provider therapeutic relationships influences opioid use dependence management and whether eliminating training requirements for providers might affect access to buprenorphine, and subsequently, treatment initiation and retention.

Impactos da dependência química na dinâmica familiar: contribuições a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica / Impacts of chemical dependency on family dynamics: contributions from a systemic perspective

A dependência química é um problema de saúde pública que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, incluindo cerca de três milhões de brasileiros, de acordo com o II Levantamento Nacional de Álcool e Drogas. Além dos efeitos devastadores sobre a saúde física e mental do indivíduo, a dependência química também pode ter um impacto significativo na dinâmica familiar. A abordagem sistêmica, no campo da psicologia, considera a família como um sistema complexo e dinâmico, no qual cada membro influencia e é influenciado pelos outros. Nessa perspectiva, a dependência química é compreendida como um problema que afeta não apenas o indivíduo, mas toda a família, gerando desequilíbrios e disfunções na dinâmica familiar. Vários estudos destacam a importância da abordagem sistêmica para auxiliar na compreensão dos impactos da dependência química na dinâmica familiar. Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar os impactos da dependência química na dinâmica familiar a partir da perspectiva sistêmica, além de discutir as possibilidades de intervenção apontando estratégias para lidar com esta condição, minimizando assim seus impactos. Espera-se ainda que a discussão apresentada contribua para uma melhor compreensão sobre como a dependência química afeta a dinâmica familiar e a qualidade de vida de seus membros, apresentando estratégias eficazes para ajudar as famílias a lidarem com essa situação desafiadora.

Chemical dependency is a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide, including around 3 million Brazilians, according to the II National Survey on Alcohol and Drugs. In addition to the devastating effects on the physical and mental health of the individual, chemical dependency can also have a significant impact on family dynamics. The systemic approach, in the field of psychology, considers the family as a complex and dynamic system, in which each member influences and is influenced by others. From this perspective, chemical dependency is understood as a problem that affects not only the individual but also the entire family, generating imbalances and dysfunctions in family dynamics. Several studies highlight the importance of the systemic approach to help understand the impacts of chemical dependency on family dynamics. This article aims to explore the impacts of chemical dependency on family dynamics from a systemic perspective, as well as to discuss intervention possibilities by pointing out strategies to deal with this condition, thus minimizing its impacts. It is also expected that the presented discussion will contribute to a better understanding of how chemical dependency affects family dynamics and the quality of life of its members, presenting effective strategies to help families deal with this challenging situation.

Profile of Women Seeking Treatment for Substance Use Disorder in Tertiary Care Government De-Addiction Centre.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing trend among women using substance. However, very few women seek treatment for substance use disorder in Government de-addiction centre. There is limited literature available regarding the same. AIM: To examine the profile of women seeking treatment for substance use disorder in Government De-addiction Centre, Bengaluru. METHODS: The study was retrospective in nature. All the female patients who sought in-patient treatment from centre for addiction medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru from Apr 2015- Sept 2016 were included in the study. Method of data collection: Content analysis was used to collect the secondary data from the hospital record. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency distribution was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean age of women who sought treatment for substance use disorder in the centre was 42 ±14 years. The mean age at initiation of alcohol was 27 ±9 years, alcohol dependence was 34 ±10.6 years. Majority (65%) belonged below poverty line. 59% were married and living with their spouse. 55% of them sought treatment either on their own or brought by family members, 38% referred by the psychiatrist. More than one-third (36%) had primary school education. Nearly one-third (27%) of them had repeated admissions more than once. More than one-third of them (34%) were homemakers, nearly one-fourth (24%) of them were lost their previous job, 6% of them students and professionals respectively. CONCLUSION: The majority (68%) of women had diagnosis of alcohol dependence, nicotine (44%), benzodiazepine (14%), opioid dependence (11%), cannabis dependence (1.6%), less than 1% had other forms behavioural addictions.

Therapeutic Approaches to Opioid Use Disorder: What is the Current Standard of Care?

Opioid use disorder is a frequent cause of suffering to communities worldwide. Therapeutic approaches to opioid use disorder include screening, appropriate assessment and diagnosis, consideration of level of care, acute management of overdose or withdrawal, treatment with medications, psychotherapeutic approaches, and community support. People who struggle with addiction to opioids often suffer deeply from direct and indirect consequences of use. Subsequently, it is critical that all medical providers understand the appropriate treatment options for opioid use disorder. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic options available for treatment of this chronic disease.

Grau de dependência à nicotina de pacientes atendidos para tratamento do tabagismo em universidade pública / Nicotine dependence degree of patients treated for smoking addiction at a public university / Grado de dependencia a la nicotina de pacientes tratados por fumar en una universidad pública

OBJETIVO: identificar o grau de dependência à nicotina e dados sociodemográficos segundo o gênero dos pacientes atendidos pelo projeto de extensão Educando e Tratando o Tabagismo promovido por uma universidade pública. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, com dados provenientes de 361 prontuários de pacientes que participantes do projeto no período de 2014 a 2018. Realizou-se o teste de Fagerström, por meio do qual classificou-se os pacientes com grau de dependência: muito baixo, baixo, médio, elevado e muito elevado de acordo com a soma dos pontos obtidos nas questões aplicadas. RESULTADOS: a predominância no grau de dependência a nicotina foi observada no sexo feminino com maiores percentuais de classificação para dependência elevada e muito elevada, 33,5% e 25,3% respectivamente. Entre os homens verificou-se grau de dependência elevado 28,1% e baixo 21,9%. Contatou-se que o grau de dependência química a nicotina esteve associada a dependência física (valor-p=0,002) e psicológica (valor-p=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: a evidência de maior frequência de indivíduos com alto grau de dependência química à nicotina demonstra a importância da associação de terapias medicamentosas com abordagens cognitivas comportamentais por meio de intervenções de enfermagem, relacionadas ao controle e cessação do tabagismo por meio da educação em saúde.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the nicotine dependence degree and sociodemographic data according to the gender of the patients assisted by the Educating and Treating Smoking extension project promoted by a public university. METHOD: a cross-sectional study, with data from 361 medical records of patients participating in the project from 2014 to 2018. The Fagerström test was performed, through which patients with a degree of dependence were classified as follows: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, according to the sum of the points obtained in the applied questions. RESULTS: predominance in the nicotine dependence degree was observed in women with higher percentages of classification for high and very high dependence, 33.5% and 25.3% respectively. Among men, a high degree of dependence was found to be 28.1% and low, 21.9%. It was found that the degree of chemical dependence on nicotine was associated with physical (p-value = 0.002) and psychological (p-value = 0.003) dependence. CONCLUSION: the evidence for a higher frequency of individuals with a high chemical dependence degree for nicotine demonstrates the importance of combining drug therapies with cognitive behavioral approaches through Nursing interventions, related to controlling and quitting the smoking addiction through health education.

OBJETIVO: identificar el grado de dependencia a la nicotina y los datos sociodemográficos según el género de los pacientes atendidos por el proyecto de extensión Educar y tratar el tabaquismo promovido por una universidad pública. MÉTODO: estudio transversal, con datos de 361 registros médicos de pacientes que participaron en el proyecto de 2014 a 2018. Se realizó la prueba de Fagerström, a través de la cual se clasificaron los pacientes con un grado de dependencia: muy bajo, bajo, medio, alto y muy alto de acuerdo con la suma de los puntos obtenidos en las preguntas aplicadas. RESULTADOS: el predominio en el grado de dependencia a la nicotina se observó en mujeres con porcentajes más altos de clasificación de dependencia alta y muy alta, 33.5% y 25.3% respectivamente. Entre los hombres, se encontró un alto grado de dependencia del 28,1% y bajo del 21,9%. Se encontró que el grado de dependencia química de la nicotina se asoció con el físico (valor p = 0.002) y psicológico (valor p = 0.003). CONCLUSIÓN: la evidencia de una mayor frecuencia de individuos con un alto grado de dependencia química de la nicotina demuestra la importancia de combinar las terapias farmacológicas con enfoques cognitivos conductuales a través de intervenciones de enfermería, relacionadas con el control del tabaquismo y la cesación a través de la educación sanitaria.

Internações compulsórias por processos judiciais para usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial álcool e drogas / Compulsory hospitalization by legal proceedings for users of a psychosocial Care Center - alcohol and drugs

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as características sociodemográficos e clínicas de 218 usuários de substâncias psicoativas, em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e Drogas (CAPS-ad), de Ribeirão Preto, que chegaram por mandado judicial para avaliação médica e internação compulsória. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, baseado em dados secundários do tipo transversal da abordagem quantitativa. O período avaliado se deu entre os anos de 2008 e 2019. Foram avaliadas as informações sociodemográficas, tipos de internações, diagnósticos, tipos de substâncias psicoativas usadas, requerentes no processo judicial e motivações para a abertura do processo judicial. Os resultados demonstraram que os usuários encaminhados por demanda judicial se caracterizam por serem adultos, com média de idade de 30,5 anos, variando entre 15 e 69 anos, do sexo masculino 182 (83,5%), raça/ etnia branca 146 (67,0%), viviam sem um companheiro 177 (81,2%), possuíam baixo nível de escolaridade 146 (66,1%), desempregados 140 (64,2%) e eram residentes de Ribeirão Preto 215 (98,6%). Quanto aos tipos de internações: 126 (58%) foram Internações Compulsórias, 66 (30,3%) internações voluntárias em Comunidades Terapêuticas, 69 (31,7%) internações voluntárias em hospital e 36 (16,6%) internações involuntárias. Considerando que o estudo se deu a partir da análise dos prontuários ao longo de um período de tempo, o mesmo paciente pode ter tido mais de uma internação em qualquer uma das modalidades. Em relação aos tipos de substâncias psicoativas as mais usadas foram: crack 104 (48,4%), cocaína 59 (27,4%), álcool 33 (15,3%) e a maconha 19 (8,8%). Um pouco mais da metade, 113 (54,6%) dos usuários, possuía outro transtorno mental associado ao uso de substâncias, dentre eles, a Esquizofrenia 40 (18,1%) e o Transtorno de Personalidade 25 (11,5%) foram os mais prevalecentes, seguidos de Outros Transtornos Psicóticos 20 (9,2%) e Transtorno Afetivo Bipolar 18 (8,3%). Não apresentaram outro transtorno mental associado ao uso de substâncias 99 (45,4%). O estudo aponta principalmente a dificuldade das famílias dos usuários de álcool ou de outras drogas para lidar com situações de conflito, bem como a necessidade de políticas públicas de saúde que entendam a realidade na qual esses indivíduos estão inseridos

The study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 218 users of psychoactive substances, in a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS-ad) in Ribeirão Preto who arrived by court order for medical evaluation and compulsory hospitalization. This is a retrospective study based on secondary data of the transversal type of the quantitative approach. The evaluated period took place between the years 2008 to 2019. Sociodemographic information, type of hospitalizations, diagnosis, type of psychoactive substances used; applicant in the judicial process and reasons for opening the judicial process. The results showed that the users referred by judicial demand were characterized by being adults, with an average age of 30.5 years, ranging from 15 to 69 years old, male 182 (83.5%), white race / ethnicity 146 (67.0%), lived without a partner 177 (81.2%), had a low level of education 146 (66.1%), unemployed 140 (64.2%) and were residents of Ribeirão Preto 215 (98, 6%). Regarding the types of hospitalizations: 126 (58%) were Compulsory Hospitalizations, 66 (30.3%) voluntary hospitalizations in Therapeutic Communities, 69 (31.7%) voluntary hospitalizations and 36 (16.6%) involuntary hospitalizations. Considering that the study was based on the analysis of medical records over a period of time, the same patient may have had more than one hospitalization in any of the modalities. Regarding the type of psychoactive substance most used were: crack 104 (48.4%), cocaine 59 (27.4%), alcohol 33 (15.3%) and marijuana 19 (8.8%). A little more than half, 113 (54.6%) of users had another mental disorder associated with substance use; among them, Schizophrenia 40 (18.1%) and Personality Disorder 25 (11.5%) were the most prevalent, followed by Other Psychotic Disorders 20 (9.2%) and Bipolar Affective Disorder 18 (8.3%). There was no other mental disorder associated with substance use 99 (45.4%). The study mainly points out the difficulty of the family of users of alcohol or other drugs to deal with conflict situations, as well as the need for public health policies that understand the reality in which these individuals are inserted

Alcohol Rehabilitation Within 30 Days of Hospital Discharge Is Associated With Reduced Readmission, Relapse, and Death in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients admitted to the hospital for alcoholic hepatitis (AH) are at increased risk of readmission and death. We aimed to identify factors associated with readmission, alcohol relapse, and mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted with AH to a tertiary care hospital from 1999 through 2016 (test cohort, n = 135). We validated our findings in a prospective analysis of patients in a multi-center AH research consortium from 2013 through 2017 (validation cohort, n = 159). Alcohol relapse was defined as any amount of alcohol consumption within 30 days after hospital discharge. Early alcohol rehabilitation was defined as residential or outpatient addiction treatment or mutual support group participation within 30 days after hospital discharge. RESULTS: Thirty-day readmission rates were 30% in both cohorts. Alcohol relapse rates were 37% in the test and 34% in the validation cohort. Following hospital discharge, 27 patients (20%) in the test cohort and 19 patients (16%) in the validation cohort attended early alcohol rehabilitation. There were 53 deaths (39%) in a median follow-up time of 2.8 years and 42 deaths (26%) in a median follow-up time of 1.3 years, respectively. In the test cohort, early alcohol rehabilitation reduced odds for 30-day readmission (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.65; P = .01), 30-day alcohol relapse (AOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.53; P < .001), and death (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.56; P = .001). In the validation cohort early alcohol rehabilitation reduced odds for 30-day readmission (AOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-0.98; P = .04), 30-day alcohol relapse (AOR 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.73; P = .02), and death (AHR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.01-0.94; P = .04). A model combining alcohol rehabilitation and bilirubin identified patients with readmission to the hospital within 30 days with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.73. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis from two cohorts of patients admitted with AH, early alcohol rehabilitation can reduce risk of hospital readmission, alcohol relapse, and death and should be considered as a quality indicator in AH hospitalization treatment.

A utilização da música gospel como instrumento terapêutico na reabilitação de dependentes químicos em casa de recuperação do entorno do Distrito Federal / The use of music gospel as therapeutic instrument in the rehabilitation of drug addicts in house of recovery in the vicinity of Federal District

Objetivo: verificar a percepção do paciente com relação à música e o viés terapêutico deste mecanismo durante sua intervenção utilizando da música gospel como instrumento terapêutico em sua reabilitação por dependência química na casa de Recuperação Mãe do Novo Homem. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratório- descritiva com abordagem quali-quantitativa, constituída por uma amostra de 11 pessoas em tratamento por dependência química. Os dados foram coletados no mês de setembro de 2015 através de um questionário composto por vinte questões, analisando o grau de satisfação em relação ao tratamento músico-terapêutico, os efeitos por ele causados e suas fragilidades. Resultados: foi possível identificar a percepção dos pacientes em relação aos seus sentimentos, com o uso da música gospel e a espiritualidade como método paliativo no tratamento. Conclusão: a cultura musical é um fator de grande importância na formação da personalidade do ser humano, por desenvolver sentimento, autoestima, sensibilidade, autodisciplina, criatividade e vontade de ir além, entre outros benefícios

Objective: to assess the patient's perception regarding the music and the therapeutic mechanism of this bias during her speech using gospel music as a therapeutic tool in his rehab for addiction recovery in the Mother House of the New Man. Method: This is an exploratory-descriptive research with qualitative and quantitative approach, consisting of a sample of 11 people in treatment for drug addiction Data were collected in September 2015 through a questionnaire consisting of twenty questions, analyzing the degree of satisfaction with the musician-therapeutic treatment, the effects caused by it and its weaknesses. Results:Through the study was possible to identify the perception of patients regarding their feelings, with the use of gospel music and spirituality as a palliative method of treatment. Conclusion: musical culture is a factor of great importance in shaping the human personality, to develop feelings, self-esteem, sensitivity, self-discipline, creativity and willingness to go further, among other benefits

A abordagem dos termos dependência química, toxicomania e drogadição no campo da Psicologia brasileira / L'approche des termes dépendance chimique, toxicomanie et addiction aux drogues dans le domaine de la psychologie brésilienne / El enfoque de los términos dependencia química, toxicomanía y drogadicción en el campo de la Psicología brasileña / Analysis of how the terms chemical dependency, toxicomania and drug addiction are used in Psychology in Brazil

O consumo de substância psicoativa é um fenômeno abrangente na sociedade brasileira, existindo diversos modos de nomeá-lo, destacando-se: toxicomania, drogadição e dependência química. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar como a Psicologia aborda o fenômeno, bem como a compreensão desses termos. Foi realizada revisão de literatura por meio do portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes); nele foram reunidas e avaliadas publicações de revistas de Psicologia nacionais. Utilizaram-se como descritores os termos: dependência química, toxicomania, e drogadição, inseridos separadamente. Observou-se que eles podem ser utilizados como sinônimos, embora guardem algumas diferenças. O termo "dependência química" é baseado em manuais de classificação de doenças, sendo mais utilizado em relatos de pesquisa; a palavra "toxicomania" é utilizada para abordar uma relação de consumo tóxica, tanto com uma substância psicoativa quanto com outro objeto; já "drogadição" refere-se a uma relação de submissão e exclusividade com a droga.

L'usage de substances psychoactives est un phénomène répandu dans la société brésilienne, et on l'appelle de différentes manières, comme: toxicomanie, addiction aux drogues et dépendance chimique. Cette étude vise à étudier comment la psychologie a abordé ce phénomène, ainsi que la compréhension de ces termes. Un examen de la documentation a été réalisé avec des études sur le thème sur le portail CAPES, publiées dans laquelle revues nationales de psychologie. Les mots-clés suivants ont été utilisés : dépendance chimique, toxicomanie, addiction aux drogues, insérés séparément. Les trois termes sont utilisés comme synonymes, bien que différents les uns des autres. Le terme « dépendance chimique ¼ est basé sur les manuels de classification des maladies et est plus largement utilisé dans les rapports de recherche; le mot « toxicomanie ¼ fait référence à une relation de consommation toxique, pouvant être une substance psychoactive ou avec un autre objet; et « addiction aux drogues ¼ désigne une relation de soumission et d'exclusivité avec la drogue.

El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es un fenómeno de gran amplitud en la sociedad brasilera, y hay diversas maneras de nombrarlo, las cuales se destacan las siguientes: toxicomanía, drogadicción y dependencia química. Este estudio buscó investigar de qué modo la psicología ha abordado el fenómeno, así como la comprensión de estos tres términos. Se realizó una revisión de literatura en el portal de periódicos Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), en el cual se reunieron y evaluaron publicaciones en revistas de Psicología nacionales. Se utilizaron como descriptores los términos: dependencia química, toxicomanía, drogadicción; colocándolos por separado. Se observó que los tres términos son utilizados como sinónimos, aunque tengan diferencias. El término "dependencia química" se basa en manuales de clasificación de enfermedades, siendo más utilizado en relatos de investigación; la palabra "toxicomanía" es utilizada para describir una relación de consumo tóxica, que puede ser tanto con una sustancia psicoactiva como con otro objeto; ya "drogadicción" se refiere a una relación de sumisión y exclusividad con la droga.

The use of psychoactive substance is a widespread phenomenon in the Brazilian society, so it is named several ways, for instance, toxicomania, drug addiction and chemical dependency. The purpose of this study is to analyze how Psychology has addressed this phenomenon and used these three terms. A scientific literature review was conducted with studies on this theme on the portal of Capes (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), published in national Psychology journals. The following keywords were inserted separately for the search: chemical dependency, toxicomania, and drug addiction. The three terms are used as synonyms, although presenting minor differences between one another. "Chemical dependency" is commonly found in disease classification manuals and more widely used in research reports; "toxicomania" refers to toxic consumption which could be of a psychoactive or another substance; and 'drug addiction' refers to an exclusive submission relationship with drugs.

O referenciamento de usuários ao centro de atenção psicossocial álcool e drogas / The user referencing at the psychosocial care center alcohol and drugs

O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer, descrever e problematizar o referenciamento de usuários ao Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPS ad) em Teresina (PI). Estudo descritivo realizado no CAPS ad após a investigação de 272 prontuários do período de julho de 2013 a janeiro de 2014. Identificou-se um pequeno número de usuários oriundos da Estratégia Saúde da Família (2,94%), enquanto que a demanda espontânea e as indicações de amigos e familiares somam 53,3%, além de se ter constatado que existem vários pontos emissores de referenciamento para o usuário. Tais resultados sugerem a necessidade de uma avaliação do trabalho realizado pela Estratégia Saúde da Família frente a esta demanda, a fim de se problematizar a sua falta de integração com o CAPS ad com vistas em ações resolutivas da vigilância em saúde, as quais controlem os entraves ao referenciamento dos usuários. (AU)

The objective of this work is to know, describe and problematize the referral of users to the Alcohol and Drug Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS ad) in the city of Teresina (PI). This is a descriptive study carried out at CAPS ad after the investigation of 272 medical records from July 2013 to January 2014. A small number of users from the Family Health Strategy (2.94%) were identified, while the spontaneous demand and the referrals of friends and relatives totaled 53.3%; in addition, it was observed that there are several referral points for the user. These results suggest the need for an evaluation of the work carried out by the Family Health Strategy in response to this demand, in order to problematize its lack of integration with CAPS ad, aiming at achieving resolutive actions of health surveillance, which control the obstacles to the referral of users. (AU)

Employment implications of nurses going through peer assistance programs for substance use disorders.

Nurses constitute approximately 36% of all healthcare providers, and 2% of the labor force in the United States (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2016). However, about 8% of nurses suffer from substance use disorders ([SUD]; Kunyk, 2015) and must participate in peer assistance programs to maintain their licenses (Darbro & Malliarakis, 2012). The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of nurses with SUD participating in peer assistance programs and the subsequent employment implications. A Phenomenological approach was used to answer the research questions. Ten nurses were recruited from local support meetings and a thematic inductive approach was utilized to develop four overarching themes, which included stress from restriction, guilt and shame, gratitude for being caught, and keeping up with recovery. Understanding the challenges recovering nurses face when being incorporated into the workforce is important in implementing policies that facilitate a smooth transition.

Relational Health in Transitions: Female Adolescents in Chemical Dependency Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent substance use (SU) remains a serious problem. Inpatient, primary care, and self-treatment models for chemical dependency (CD) yield varying degrees of success impacting the sequelae of chronic or episodic SU. Relational engagement among adolescent substance users is a long known influential factor in the development, maintenance and transformation of addictive behaviors. OBJECTIVES: Following tenets of Relational-Cultural Theory and using the Relational Health Indices for Youth (RHI-Y), a validated survey tool for adolescents, we sought to measure relational health (RH) during times of transitions during CD treatment. This article addresses use of the tool and its potential for improving addictions research and practice. METHODS: During 2015-2017 we explored differences in RH scores in adolescent girls entering inpatient CD treatment at three points: 51 at admission, 39 at discharge, and 13 at 3 months post-discharge. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model to compare changes in domain scores of RH. RESULTS: Changes in RH scores were significant in the friend domain, but not the mentor and community domains. The RHI-Y shows promise in discerning RH change during transitions in CD treatment.

Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs Produce a Limited Impact on Painkiller Prescribing in Medicare Part D.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on prescribing of opioid and nonopioid painkillers. DATA SOURCE: 2010-2013 physician-level Medicare Part D prescribing data released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Propublica. STUDY DESIGN: Using difference-in-differences models with physician-level fixed effects, the study compares prescribing in states with and without PDMPs for opioid and nonopioid analgesics, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and opioids by controlled substances Schedules II-IV. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Prescription drug monitoring programs were associated with a 5.2 percent decrease in days supply prescribed per physician for oxycodone in addition to smaller reductions for hydrocodone and opioids overall (2.8 percent and 2 percent, respectively) and a small increase in prescribing for Schedule IV opioids. PDMPs were not associated with changes for nonopioid analgesics or other opioids in Schedules II and III. The effects of PDMPs were negated in states where statutes explicitly did not require use of the PDMP. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription drug monitoring programs have a modest effect targeted at the high-profile drug oxycodone among the Medicare Part D population and an even smaller effect for hydrocodone and opioids in general. The findings suggest some substitution toward lower schedule opioids. Substantially addressing the widespread opioid abuse problem will require enhancing existing PDMPs or implementing new policies.

O carrapateiro visto de fora: olhares sobre uma cracolândia em Divinópolis, MG / An outside view of carrapateiro: looks on a crackland in Divinópolis, MG / El carrapateiro visto desde afuera: miradas sobre una crackolandia en Divinópolis, MG

Este artigo é fruto da primeira fase de uma pesquisa que busca conhecer a visão da população do entorno de uma região de uso público de drogas conhecida como "Carrapateiro", em Divinópolis, MG. Tal pesquisa se justifica pela falta de dados que embasem intervenções em locais chamados de cracolândias. Para isso, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 35 moradores/comerciantes do entorno do Carrapateiro, visando a confirmar ou refutar nossas hipóteses iniciais de preconceito, conflito e medo. Como método de análise foi utilizada a perspectiva Bardin da Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses, apresentado uma relação conflituosa entre os moradores/comerciantes do entorno do Carrapateiro e os usuários que viviam e/ou consumiam drogas no local. O medo da criminalidade e o preconceito para com os usuários também foram confirmados. Foi observado ainda o tipo de intervenção que mais representa o pensamento da população do entorno, girando entre os polos da saúde pública e da segurança pública. Por fim, ponderamos sobre a falta de responsabilização da sociedade civil em tal situação, e a apresentamos como uma forma de xenofobia.

This article is the result of the first stage of a research seeking to know the view of the neighboring population in an area where public use of drugs takes place, known as "Carrapateiro", in Divinópolis, MG. Such research is warranted by the lack of data to back intervention in places called "cracklands". To this purpose, semi-structured interviews were held with 35 residents/shopkeepers from the vicinity of Carrapateiro, aiming to confirm or refute our initial hypotheses of prejudice, conflict and fear. The Bardin view of Content Analysis was employed as the method of analysis. The results have confirmed our hypotheses, revealing an antagonistic relationship between the residents/shopkeepers from around Carrapateiro and the people who lived and/or used drugs there. The fear of crime and the prejudice towards drug users were also substantiated. Additionally, the kind of intervention mostly favored by the neighboring population was shown to revolve around public health and public safety. Finally, we considered the lack of accountability of civil society in this context, and we deem it an instance of xenophobia.

Este artículo es el resultado de la primera fase de un estudio que busca comprender la visión de una población de los alrededores de una zona de uso público de droga conocida como "Carrapateiro", en Divinópolis, MG. Esta investigación se justifica por la falta de datos que podrían apoyar una intervención en lugares conocidos como "cracolândias". Para este propósito, consistió en entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con 35 habitantes/vendedores de los alrededores del Carrapateiro, con el objetivo de confirmar o refutar nuestras hipótesis iniciales de prejuicios, conflictos y miedo. El método de análisis se utilizó fue la perspectiva Bardin de análisis de contenido. Los resultados confirmaron nuestras hipótesis, presentando una relación de confrontación entre los habitantes/vendedores de los alrededores del Carrapateiro y los usuarios que vivían y/o consumían drogas en el lugar. El miedo al crimen y los prejuicios hacia los usuarios también se confirmaron. También se observó el tipo de intervención que más representa el pensamiento de la población de los alrededores, circundando a los polos de la salud pública y la seguridad pública. Por último, reflexionamos sobre la falta de responsabilización de la sociedad civil en una situación de este tipo, y la presentamos como una forma de xenofobia.