Predicting Black Parents' Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment: A Moderated-Mediation Model of Frequency and Valence of Childhood Experiences.

Child corporal punishment (CP) may lead to child physical abuse, which is a public health concern in the United States. The present study examined major risk factors predicting attitudes toward CP among a sample of Black parents (N = 394), including frequency and valence of experiences of CP during childhood, outcome expectancies of CP, and perceptions of self-efficacy and response efficacy of non-physical discipline strategies. Structural equation modeling results revealed that the indirect associations between CP frequency and attitudes through self-efficacy and response efficacy were moderated by CP valence. Results extend the literature and point to the need for incorporating information about efficacy of evidence-based non-physical discipline strategies into intervention messages targeting prevention of child physical abuse.

Behavioral and Biological Indicators of Risk and Well-Being in a Sample of South African Youth.

Self report measures have been widely used in research to illustrate high rates of exposure to violence among youth in trauma-saturated regions, such as Cape Town, South Africa. To better understand the risk and resilience factors of youth who have been exposed to, witnessed, or directly experienced violence, the current study used a multi-method assessment in a naturalistic setting that included heart rate variability (an index of regulatory flexibility and cardiovascular health), a computerized risk-taking task, and self report measures. Youth (N = 83) from Cape Town, South Africa, participated in a psychobiological assessment. Findings suggest elevated age-adjusted heart rate variability compared to age related norms, which is indicative of overregulation of behavior and emotion. Additionally, youth, all of whom had witnessed or experienced violence at least once, demonstrated a low risk taking and reward seeking propensity. Low risk taking in the context of elevated heart rate variability may reflect youth's affective and behavioral inhibition, suggestive of stress among children who have an overgeneralized threat response. These results both demonstrate the feasibility of psychophysiological research in community youth settings, and counter the traditional narrative that there is an overarching lack of capacity to regulate and a high propensity to risk in violence-exposed youth. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-021-00426-1.

Abuse of Girls During Childhood and Its Impacts on the Health of Their Adult Lives: A Systematic Review.

Child abuse is a global problem for public health as it negatively affects people and society. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) associates the adverse experience during childhood with a series of long-term impacts on health. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of child abuse on females' health, including physical, mental, and social health. The methodology used in this specific review is to carry out a systematic search in electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Crossref) in published articles between 2004 and 2021. The exclusion criteria were all review papers, such as literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. We also excluded papers that were not written in the English language. Consequently, the inclusion criteria were written in English, original articles, and prospective, case-control, cross-sectional studies that investigated childhood abuse of girls and the health effects in adulthood. Initially, from a total of 796 papers returned by the search, 415 were rejected due to duplicate articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. In addition, 316 articles were rejected due to nonrelevance to the study's subject. However, from the first 796 papers, 18 met the conditions to be included in the review. We found that females exposed to childhood abuse were more likely to suffer from eating disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, phobias, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, early menarche, sleep disorders, metabolism disorders, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, chronic pain, and early mortality, which are physical and mental conditions in females' adulthood related to child abuse. The conclusions of this work show that it is a primary need to give emphasis on combating child abuse and timely management when this is a fact.

Moralidades de género y violencias contra la niñez: Las interpretaciones sobre las violencias en los sistemas de protección de la infancia / Gender moralities and violence against children: interpretations on violence in child protection systems / Moralidades de gênero e violência contra crianças: interpretações da violência nos sistemas de proteção infantil

Resumen El derecho de los niños a una vida libre de violencias es una categoría disputada y polisémica. En este artículo se analizan las diferentes interpretaciones sobre tal derecho y las formas de abordar las violencias que tiene lugar en el marco de las actuales contiendas en torno a la generización del estado. Para ello, se describen las principales características de las transformaciones en la interpretación y tratamiento de las violencias de género y hacia la niñez, y se analizan las diferentes posturas en pugna que emergieron a partir de un caso de extrema violencia contra un niño que tuvo una enorme repercusión en Argentina.

Abstract Children's right to life without violence is disputed and polysemic. In this article we analyze different interpretations about such right, and the modes of intervention about violence against children in the midst of political debates about the "gender of the state". To do so, we describe the main transformations in the interpretations and treatment of gender violence and violence against children, and we analyze the different perspectives emerging around a case of extreme violence against a child that was virally diffused in the media.

Resumo O direito das crianças a uma vida livre de violência é uma categoria controversa e polissêmica. Este artigo analisa as diferentes interpretações deste direito e as formas de abordar a violência no âmbito das atuais disputas sobre gênero e Estado. Para tanto, são descritas as principais características das transformações na interpretação e tratamento da violência de gênero e da violência contra crianças, e as diferentes posições conflitantes que surgiram a partir de um caso de violência extrema contra uma criança que teve um enorme impacto na Argentina.

Adaptação de um programa de prevenção à violência contra criança para versão remota / Adaptation of a program to prevent violence against children into a remote model / Adaptación de un programa de prevención de la violencia contre el niño para una versión remota

Trata-se de um estudo transversal sobre o processo de adaptação do Programa ACT paraEducar Crianças em Ambientes Seguros para a versão remota. O processo de adaptação foi constituído por quatro etapas: (1) elaboração do roteiro com as adaptações para a aplicação na versão remota, (2) avaliação da proposta por seis juízas especialistas; (3) realização de modificações e alterações necessárias, e; (4) integração dos resultados para desenvolvimento da versão final. Os dados foram analisados de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa. As modificações do Programa ACT na versão remota foram consideradas adequadas pelas juízas, sendo realizadas adaptações de atividades por meio de plataformas digitais, como Google Meet, Google Forms, entre outras. Foi sugerido que contatos com entidades governamentais e não-governamentais fossem realizados a fim de incluir pais e cuidadores que não possuíssem acesso a equipamento e suporte tecnológico. A versão remota possibilitará disseminar o programa, incluindo cuidadores de diferentes locais do Brasil (AU).

This is a transversal study about the process of adapting the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program to a remote version. The adaptation process consisted of four stages: (1) elaboration of the script with adaptations for application in the remote version; (2) evaluation of the proposal by six expert judges; (3) necessary modifications and alterations; and (4) integration of the results as part of the development of the final version. The results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The modifications of the ACT Program in the remote version were considered adequate by the judges, with adaptations of activities being carried out through digital platforms, such as Google Meet, Google Forms, among other digital platforms. A suggestion was made regarding contacting governmental and non-governmental entities in order to include parents and caregivers who do not have access to equipment and technological support. This remote version willmake possible the wide dissemination of the program, including caregivers from different parts of Brazil (AU).

Se trata de un estudio transversal sobre el proceso de adaptación del Programa de ACT para Educar Niños en Ambientes Seguros para la versión remota. El proceso de adaptación fue constituido por cuatro etapas: (1) elaboración del guion con las adaptaciones para la aplicación en la versión remota; (2) evaluación de la propuesta por seis jueces especialistas; (3) realización de modificaciones y alteraciones necesarias; y (4) integración de los resultados para desarrollo de la versión final. Los datos fueron analizados de manera cuantitativa y cualitativa. Las modificaciones del Programa de ACT en la versión remota fueron consideradas adecuadas por las juezas, siendo realizadas adaptaciones de actividades por medio de plataformas digitales, como Google Meet, Google Forms, entre otras. Fue sugerido que contactos con entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales fueran realizados a fin de incluir padres y cuidadores que no tuvieran acceso a equipo y soporte tecnológico. La versión remota posibilitará diseminar ampliamente el programa, incluyendo cuidadores de diferentes lugares de Brasil (AU).

PROFILE ANALYSIS OF CHILD VIOLENCE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GOIÂNIA-GOIÁS / ANÁLISE DO PERFIL DA VIOLÊNCIA INFANTIL NO MUNICÍPIO DE GOIÂNIA-GOIÁS

Child violence is considered a serious public health problem, and with this several efforts are made to solve this situation. This study aimed to characterize the sociodemographic aspects related to child violence in the city of Goiânia-GO and to verify the spatial distribution and temporal tendency in relation to the differences in the number of notifications of child violence. This is a descriptive-analytical study, based on the notifications of violence available in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN NET), against children aged 0 to 11 years, 11 months and 29 days, which occurred in the municipality of Goiânia/Goiás, from 2010 to 2021. The results pointed to the higher prevalence of reports of violence by negligence. In relations with the violence studied, children aged 1 to 3 years, the most affected, female, the main place of occurrence is the victim's residence and the peripheral regions of the municipality of Goiânia-GO were more sensitive to child violence. In view of the findings, children are exposed to violence in various ways, and the period of growth and development is threatened by the event of violence.

A violência infantil é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública, e com isso diversos esforços são realizados na tentativa de solucionar esta situação. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar os aspectos sociodemográficos relacionados a violência infantil no município de Goiânia-GO e verificar a distribuição espacial e tendência temporal em relação às diferenças do número de notificações de violência infantil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivoanalítico, baseado nas notificações de violência disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN NET), contra crianças na faixa etária entre 0 e 11 anos, 11 meses e 29 dias, ocorridas no município de Goiânia/Goiás, no período de 2010 a 2021. Os resultados apontaram para a maior prevalência de notificações da violência por negligência. Em relações as violências estudadas, as crianças de a 1 a 3 anos as mais acometidas, do sexo feminino, o principal local de ocorrência é a residência da vítima e as regiões periféricas do município de Goiânia-GO foram mais sensíveis a violência infantil. Diante dos achados as crianças estão expostas a violências de diversas formas, tendo o período de crescimento e desenvolvimento ameaçados pelo evento de violência.

Attitudes Towards School Violence: A Qualitative Study With Spanish Children.

School violence is a social issue of particular interest both for intervention and research. Attitudes towards violence have been reported in the literature as relevant variables for evaluation, prevention, and intervention in this field. This study aims to examine in-depth attitudes toward school violence. The sample consists of 96 participants from Spanish Elementary Education and Compulsory Secondary Education schools. A qualitative study was conducted through focus groups and thematic analysis of the data. The results identify a habitual set of attitudes towards violence in children. These are related to violence as a way to feel better or increase self-esteem, as leisure or fun, perceived as legitimate, when violence is exercised against those who are different, when it has no consequences, to resolve conflicts, to socialize, and to attract the attention of peers. These results could serve as a basis for the creation of evaluation tools, as well as the design of prevention and intervention plans based on attitude modification.

The Gender Perspective on Parent-to-child Aggression: Gender and Gender-constellations.

Parent-to-child aggressive behavior is a common risk factor for children's health. Gender is correlated also to the odds of using aggression and the odds of being a victim of aggression. Yet, only few studies have considered the constellation of perpetrator's and victim's gender as a factor of parental aggression. The current study addresses parent-to-child aggressive behavior while focusing on the constellation of perpetrator's and victim's gender (i.e., mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, father-son). It utilizes a community sample of Israeli university students (N = 508), 78% of which are female, on average 25.67 years of age (SD = 8.29). The participants reported the incidence and frequency of verbal and physical aggressive behavior of their parents against them during the years of middle school. The results show gender and gender-constellation to be significantly correlated with parental aggression. Overall, sons were more likely to suffer both verbal and physical aggression from their parents than daughters were. Only paternal verbal and physical aggression was more common against daughters, and only maternal verbal and physical aggression was more common against sons. Parental verbal and physical aggression from both parents were more common against sons. For all types and forms of parental aggression, daughters reported higher frequencies. These results suggest that while parent's gender might predict their overall aggressive behavior, and child's gender might predict their overall odds to be victimized by parental aggression, gender-constellation might create gender-specific selective patterns of parental aggressive behavior. Thus, the theoretical contribution of this study is in emphasizing that gender-constellations have an explanatory value beyond gender alone. These findings might be valuable to assess the risk of daughters and sons to suffer parental aggression, and for practitioners to provide apt professional response.

Child Labor in the State of Amazonas: Invisibility of the Notification System / Trabalho infantil no estado do Amazonas: a invisibilidade do sistema de notificação

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the characteristics of reported cases of child labor in general and to compare official reported child labor data with data on sexual exploitation and occupational accidents involving children and adolescents between 2017 and 2021. Methods: Descriptive study based on data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System about child labor, work accidents and sexual exploitation of children and adolescents aged between 5 and 17 years. Annual disease notification rates were calculated and grouped by mesoregions of the state of Amazonas. Results: From 2017 to 2021, there were 312 reports of situations of child labor, being 46.8% involving children and 53.2% involving adolescents. Of these notifications, 20 corresponded to child labor itself, 141 to child and adolescent sexual exploitation, and 151 to work-related accidents involving children and adolescents. The South and Center regions were the ones that most underreported child sexual exploitation as child labor. The Southwest and South mesoregions, on the other hand, were the ones that most underreported work accidents involving children and adolescents as child labor. Conclusion: Child labor in Amazonas basically stems from sexual exploitation and, even though it is underreported, it is frequent, although uneven between regions. Confronting the problem in the state necessarily involves improving the information system in order to acknowledge the actual dimension of the problem and then define intervention measures and logistics.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características dos casos notificados de trabalho infantil em geral e comparar dados oficiais notificados de trabalho infantil com dados de exploração sexual e acidentes de trabalho envolvendo crianças e adolescentes entre 2017 e 2021. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com base nos dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação sobre trabalho infantil, acidente de trabalho e exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes com idades entre 5 e 17 anos. Foram calculadas taxas de notificação anuais dos agravos e agregadas por mesorregião do estado do Amazonas. Resultados: No período de 2017 a 2021, houve 312 notificações de situações envolvendo trabalho infantil, sendo 46,8% com crianças e 53,2% com adolescentes. Dessas notificações, 20 correspondiam ao trabalho infantil propriamente dito, 141 de exploração sexual infantojuvenil e 151 casos de acidente de trabalho envolvendo crianças e adolescentes. As mesorregiões sul e centro foram as que mais subnotificaram exploração sexual infantojuvenil como trabalho infantil. Já as mesorregiões sudoeste e sul foram as que mais sub-registraram acidentes de trabalho envolvendo crianças e adolescentes como trabalho infantil. Conclusão: O trabalho infantil no Amazonas decorre basicamente de exploração sexual e, mesmo subnotificado, é de ocorrência frequente, porém desigual entre as regiões. O enfrentamento do agravo no estado passa, obrigatoriamente, pelo aperfeiçoamento do sistema de informação a fim conhecer a real dimensão do problema para, então, definir medidas e logística de intervenção.

Rede de proteção a crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência na visão dos profissionais / Red de seguridad para niños y adolescentes en situación de violencia a juicio de profesionales / Safety net for children and adolescents under situation of violence through the view of professionals

Objetivo analisar o conhecimento dos profissionais da rede de proteção sobre crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência e a funcionalidade, desdobramentos e desfechos dessa rede. Método estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 16 profissionais dos serviços que compõem a rede de proteção. A coleta dos dados deu-se por entrevista semiestruturada, realizada no período de dezembro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019; os dados foram analisados com base no conceito temático de rede. Resultados os profissionais têm conhecimento sobre a violência contra a criança e o adolescente e também a alguns aspectos da rede de proteção no que concerne aos serviços ofertados, conceitos e desfechos; entretanto, desconhecem os protocolos de fluxos dos serviços existentes dentro da própria rede de proteção. Considerações finais observa-se a necessidade de maior conhecimento por parte dos profissionais sobre o funcionamento da rede de proteção, para uma atuação mais efetiva no combate à violência.

Objetivo analizar el conocimiento de los profesionales de la red de protección sobre niños y adolescentes en situaciones de violencia y la funcionalidad, consecuencias y resultados de esta red. Método estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cualitativo realizado con 16 profesionales de los servicios que componen la red de protección. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevista semiestructurada, realizada de diciembre de 2018 a enero de 2019; datos fueron analizados sobre la base del concepto temático de red. Resultados los profesionales tienen conocimientos sobre la violencia contra los niños y adolescentes y también algunos aspectos de la red de protección con respecto a los servicios ofrecidos, conceptos y resultados; sin embargo, desconocen los protocolos de flujos de servicios existentes dentro de la propia red de protección. Consideraciones finales se observa la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento por parte de los profesionales sobre el funcionamiento de la red de protección, para una acción más eficaz en la lucha contra la violencia.

Objective analyzing the knowledge of the professionals of the protection network about children and adolescents under situation of violence and the functionality, consequences and outcomes of this network. Method a descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried out with 16 professionals from the services that make up the protection network. Data were collected by semi-structured interview, conducted from December 2018 to January 2019; data were analyzed based on the thematic concept of network. Results professionals have knowledge about violence against children and adolescents and some aspects of the protection network about the services offered, concepts and outcomes; however, they are unaware of the protocols of flows of existing services within the protection network itself. Final considerations it is observed the need for greater knowledge on the part of professionals about the functioning of the protection network, for a more effective action in combating violence.

Emotional violence in childhood and health conditions, risk-taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among young adults in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Globally, over 1 billion children are victims of violence against children annually. Studies examining the health consequences of childhood violence have mostly focused on childhood physical violence (PV) and sexual violence (SV). Recent evidence suggests that childhood emotional violence (EV) may also be deleterious to the health and wellbeing of victims. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the independent association between EV and some health conditions, risk taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among Nigerian young adults ages 18-24 years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Data from 2014 Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey (n = 4,203), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of individuals ages 13-24 were used. METHODS: Childhood EV was defined as EV victimization before age 18 perpetrated by a parent, adult caregiver or other adult relative. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between EV in childhood and mental distress in the past 30 days, ever self-harm behaviors and history of sexually transmitted infections; risk behaviors such as having multiple sex partners in the past 12 months; and ever violence perpetration. RESULTS: After controlling for study covariates, EV in childhood was associated with mental distress in both males and females, and self-harm behaviors in females; excessive alcohol use and infrequent condom use in males, and multiple sexual partners in females; and PV perpetration in males and SV perpetration in females. CONCLUSION: EV in childhood is associated with some health conditions, risk taking behaviors, and violence perpetration. Implementing programs that address all forms of violence in childhood, including EV may benefit children.

Repercussions of family violence: oral history of adolescents / Repercusiones de la violencia intrafamiliar: historias orales de adolescentes / Repercussões da violência intrafamiliar: história oral de adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the repercussions of the experience of family violence from the oral history of adolescents. Method: Qualitative study based on the Oral History method, conducted from interviews with adolescents enrolled in a public school in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. The data were systematized according to the thematic analysis and supported by theoretical references on family violence and adolescence. Results: Family violence implies physical illness associated with the damage caused by physical aggression and somatization of violent events, as well as compromising mental health, provoking feelings of deep sadness, self-injury behavior and suicidal ideation. All of these factors impair interpersonal relationships, school performance, as well as making them more vulnerable to alcohol intake. Final Considerations: The study indicates signs suggestive of grievance, from which the professionals should proceed the investigation in order to refute or confirm the experience of the phenomenon, as well as intervene in the cases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las repercusiones derivadas de la violencia intrafamiliar a partir de historias orales de adolescentes. Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa basada en el método de la Historia Oral, realizada mediante entrevistas a alumnos adolescentes de una escuela pública de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Se sistematizaron los datos según el análisis temático con respaldo en referenciales teóricos sobre violencia intrafamiliar y adolescencia. Resultados: La violencia intrafamiliar trae como consecuencia enfermedades asociadas a la agresión física padecida, somatizando el penoso evento y comprometiendo la salud mental, ya que suscita sentimientos de profunda tristeza, comportamiento de autolesión e ideas suicidas. Todos estos factores perjudican las relaciones interpersonales, el rendimiento escolar y propician el uso del alcohol. Consideraciones Finales: El estudio señala la existencia del agravio, a partir del cual los profesionales deben realizar investigaciones en el sentido de refutar o confirmar la vivencia del fenómeno e intervenir en los casos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as repercussões da vivência de violência intrafamiliar a partir da história oral de adolescentes. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada no método da História Oral, realizada a partir de entrevistas com adolescentes matriculadas(os) em uma escola pública de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram sistematizados conforme a análise temática e respaldados em referenciais teóricos sobre violência intrafamiliar e adolescência. Resultados: A violência intrafamiliar implica adoecimento físico associado aos danos decorrentes da agressão física e à somatização do evento violento, bem como compromete a saúde mental, suscitando sentimentos de tristeza profunda, comportamento de autolesão e ideação suicida. Todos esses fatores prejudicam as relações interpessoais, o desempenho escolar, bem como vulnerabiliza para o uso de álcool. Considerações Finais: O estudo aponta sinais sugestivos do agravo, a partir dos quais os profissionais deverão proceder a investigação no sentido de refutar ou confirmar a vivência do fenômeno, bem como intervir diante dos casos.

Influencia del marketing social en la disminución de la violencia infantil / Influence of Social Marketing in the Reduction of Child Violence

Introducción: La violencia infantil ha sido reconocida como una de las principales problemáticas sociales contemporáneas, y se preocupan por su erradicación gobiernos, ciudadanía, organismos nacionales y multilaterales, entre otros. Constituye una prioridad de los países erradicar esta problemática que afecta principalmente al desarrollo emocional y psicológico de los menores que son víctimas de violencia. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del marketing social en la disminución de la violencia infantil. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva correlacional en una muestra de 18 escuelas fiscales de Sangolqui, Ecuador, se aplicó una encuesta dirigida a psicólogos, médicos y representantes de cada institución. Resultados: El tipo de violencia más atendida en programas y actividades sociales es la sexual, mientras que el Ministerio de Educación y el gobierno nacional son las instituciones que más desarrollan actividades sociales direccionadas a la prevención de dicha problemática. De forma general, no se evidencian correlaciones positivas ni significativas entre las variables de marketing social con otros indicadores relativos a la disminución de la violencia infantil. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican la necesidad de elevar la efectividad de los programas y actividades de marketing social dirigidos a erradicar una problemática tan sensible como la violencia infantil(AU)

Introduction: Child violence has been recognized as one of the main social problems nowadays. In view of its eradication, concern exists at the levels from governments to citizens, national and multilateral organizations, among others. It is a priority for the countries to eradicate this problem that affects, mainly, the emotional and psychological development of minors. Objective: To determine the influence of social marketing in the reduction of child violence. Methods: A correlational descriptive research was carried out with a sample of 18 fiscal schools in Sangolqui, Ecuador. A survey was conducted on psychologists, physicians and representatives of each institution. Results: The type of violence most attended in social programs and activities is sexual, while the Ministry of Education and the national government are the institutions that most develop social activities aimed at its prevention. In general, there are no positive or significant correlations between social marketing variables and other indicators related to the reduction of child violence. Conclusions: The results indicate the need to increase the effectiveness of social marketing programs and activities aimed at eradicating a problem as sensitive as child violence(AU)

Physical punishment: Sanctioned violence against children.

Australian society continues to support physical punishment of children and is currently conducting a Royal Commission unto violence against children in custody. By contrast, New Zealand has banned physical punishment of children. Australian society needs to address this issue.

A demanda de violência infantil atendidaem Delegacias da Mulher na região daGrande São Paulo / Child violence cases attended in policestations of the metropolitan regionof São Paulo, Brazil

Muito embora 2014 comemore os 25 anos da ‘Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança’ pela ONU/Unicef, o problema ainda é preocupante. No Brasil há uma grande incidência de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar dados sobre a clientela infantil atendida em um programa de atenção psicológica em delegacias de defesa da mulher da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Dentre os 549 prontuários de atendimentos realizados entre os anos de 2009 até 2013, identificaram-se 47 prontuários de atendimentos de crianças e adolescentes. Deste total, 36 prontuários (79%) eram do sexo feminino, a faixa etária esteve entre 2 até 17 anos, com média de 11 anos de idade. As principais queixas foram: violência sexual (40%) cometidas por familiares ou pessoas próximas; agressão física (em que se usa força física) e verbal (tortura e tratamento degradante; ofensas e bullying) (38%) cometidas em casa ou por vizinhos ou em escolas. A análise demonstrou que a violência ocorre principalmente no contexto familiar ou em ambientes próximos e frequentados pela criança e não em locais estranhos a ela. Salienta-se o limite deste estudo, pois os resultados referem-se a uma pequena amostra que passa por um programa de apoio psicológico, não representando o total de crianças vitimadas na região. (AU)

The year 2014 celebrates the 25th anniversary of the 'Convention on the Rights of the Child' by the United Nations and UNICEF, but the problem of child abuse is still worrying. In Brazil there is a high incidence of domestic violence against children and adolescents. Thisstudy aimed to collect data on child clientele of a psychological care program in women's police stations located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. 549 cases were registered in the years 2009 to 2013 and 47 referred to children and adolescents. Of this total 36 records (79%) were female; the age range was between 2 to 17 years, mean 11 years old. The main complaints were: sexual violence (40%) committed by family members or close friends; physical aggression (with use physical force) and verbal (torture and degrading treatment, insults and bullying) (38%) committed at home or neigh borsor in schools. The analysis showed that in these cases, violence hasalways occurred with in the family or near environments frequentedby children and not in strange places to them. It emphasizes the limitsof this study, since the results refer to a small sample that undergoes a psychological support program and does not represent the total number of children victimized in the region. (AU)

Inventário de Potencial de Abuso Infantil – CAP: evidências de validade e precisão / Child Abuse Potential Inventory – CAP: construct validity and reliability / Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil - CAP: evidencias de validez y fiabilidad

O objetivo foi investigar as evidências de validade de constructo e precisão do Inventário de Potencial de Abuso Infantil- CAP. Participaram 135 cuidadores, por meio de amostragem aleatória simples com filhos entre 2 a 12 anos. O perfil dos participantes foi: idade média do cuidador de 35,96 anos, sexo feminino (82%), casado (72,7%), escolaridade inferior a 4 anos (38,3%). A média de escore no Inventário CAP foi 180,1. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais usando a rotação Varimax, optando-se pelo modelo com 5 fatores por estar em acordo com critérios da teoria de Análise Fatorial de Componentes Principais, tendo 39,6% da variabilidade total explicada. Para investigar evidências de precisão utilizou-se o Alpha de Cronbach obtendo-se o coeficiente de 0,95. Os resultados encontrados são positivos e indicam a viabilidade de adaptação do instrumento. De todo modo, outros estudos deverão ser implementados com vistasà análise de tendências e de relações entre os resultados.

The objective was to investigate evidence of construct validity and reliability of The Child Abuse Potential Inventory- CAP. 135 caregivers of 2- 12-year old children, chosen by randomized sample, took part of the study. Participants’ profile was: mean age of the caregivers was 35.96; female (82%); married (72.7%); less than 4 years of education (38. 3%). The mean score in the CAP Inventorywas 180.1. To investigate construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis using Varimax rotation was carried out. The 5 factors’ modelwas chosen because it agreed with the selection criteria of the Principal – Components Factor Analysis and 39.6% of the total variabilitywas explained. The reliability coefficient was 0.95 using Cronbach’s Alpha. The results have showed a positive perspective in regards to the adaptation of the CAP Inventory to Brazil, further studies should be developed to allow analysis of tendencies and relationsamong results.

El objetivo fue investigar las evidencias de validez de constructo y fiabilidad del Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil- CAP. Participaron 135 cuidadores, mediante muestreo aleatorio simple con hijos entre 2 a 12 años. El perfil de los participantes fue: edad media del cuidador de 35,96 años (10,697), sexo femenino (82%), casado (72,7%), escolaridad inferior a 4 años (38,3%). El promedio depuntuaje en el Inventario CAP fue 180,1. Fueron realizadas análisis factoriales utilizando la rotación Varimax, optándose por el modelocon 5 factores por estar en conformidad con criterios de la teoría de Análisis Factorial de Componentes Principales, teniendo 39,6%de la variabilidad total explicada. Para investigar evidencias de fiabilidad se utilizó el Alpha de Cronbach obteniéndose el coeficiente de0,95. Los resultados encontrados son positivos e indican la viabilidad de adaptación del instrumento. De todos modos, otros estudios deberán ser hechos con miras al análisis de tendencias y de relaciones entre los resultados.

Inventário de Potencial de Abuso Infantil – CAP: evidências de validade e precisão / Child Abuse Potential Inventory – CAP: construct validity and reliability / Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil - CAP: evidencias de validez y fiabilidad

O objetivo foi investigar as evidências de validade de constructo e precisão do Inventário de Potencial de Abuso Infantil- CAP. Participaram 135 cuidadores, por meio de amostragem aleatória simples com filhos entre 2 a 12 anos. O perfil dos participantes foi: idade média do cuidador de 35,96 anos, sexo feminino (82%), casado (72,7%), escolaridade inferior a 4 anos (38,3%). A média de escore no Inventário CAP foi 180,1. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais usando a rotação Varimax, optando-se pelo modelo com 5 fatores por estar em acordo com critérios da teoria de Análise Fatorial de Componentes Principais, tendo 39,6% da variabilidade total explicada. Para investigar evidências de precisão utilizou-se o Alpha de Cronbach obtendo-se o coeficiente de 0,95. Os resultados encontrados são positivos e indicam a viabilidade de adaptação do instrumento. De todo modo, outros estudos deverão ser implementados com vistasà análise de tendências e de relações entre os resultados.(AU)

The objective was to investigate evidence of construct validity and reliability of The Child Abuse Potential Inventory- CAP. 135 caregivers of 2- 12-year old children, chosen by randomized sample, took part of the study. Participants’ profile was: mean age of the caregivers was 35.96; female (82%); married (72.7%); less than 4 years of education (38. 3%). The mean score in the CAP Inventorywas 180.1. To investigate construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis using Varimax rotation was carried out. The 5 factors’ modelwas chosen because it agreed with the selection criteria of the Principal – Components Factor Analysis and 39.6% of the total variabilitywas explained. The reliability coefficient was 0.95 using Cronbach’s Alpha. The results have showed a positive perspective in regards to the adaptation of the CAP Inventory to Brazil, further studies should be developed to allow analysis of tendencies and relationsamong results.(AU)

El objetivo fue investigar las evidencias de validez de constructo y fiabilidad del Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil- CAP. Participaron 135 cuidadores, mediante muestreo aleatorio simple con hijos entre 2 a 12 años. El perfil de los participantes fue: edad media del cuidador de 35,96 años (10,697), sexo femenino (82%), casado (72,7%), escolaridad inferior a 4 años (38,3%). El promedio depuntuaje en el Inventario CAP fue 180,1. Fueron realizadas análisis factoriales utilizando la rotación Varimax, optándose por el modelocon 5 factores por estar en conformidad con criterios de la teoría de Análisis Factorial de Componentes Principales, teniendo 39,6%de la variabilidad total explicada. Para investigar evidencias de fiabilidad se utilizó el Alpha de Cronbach obteniéndose el coeficiente de0,95. Los resultados encontrados son positivos e indican la viabilidad de adaptación del instrumento. De todos modos, otros estudios deberán ser hechos con miras al análisis de tendencias y de relaciones entre los resultados.(AU)

Prevalência e características de escolares vítimas de bullying / Prevalence and characteristics of school age bullying victims

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de vítimas de bullying, suas características e os sintomas associados nas áreas emocionais, de conduta, hiperatividade e relacionamento. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte que avalia transtornos de leitura, escrita e aritmética em 1.075 alunos, da 1ª à 8ª série, de duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental de um bairro de classe média baixa de Pelotas (RS). Foi utilizado o questionário KIDSCAPE para avaliar a prevalência de bullying e o Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire para avaliar características comportamentais das vítimas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de bullying foi de 17,6 por cento. O tipo de intimidação mais prevalente foi o verbal, seguido do físico, emocional, racial e sexual. Após o ajuste para os fatores de confusão, o bullying se manteve associado com sexo masculino (RP 1,49 IC95 por cento 1,14-1,96), com hiperatividade (RP 1,89 IC95 por cento 1,25-2,87) e problemas de relacionamento com os colegas (RP 1,85 IC95 por cento 1,24-2,76). Entre as vítimas, 47,1 por cento também provocavam bullying. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo identificou as características comportamentais das vítimas de bullying que podem ser úteis para políticas locais de proteção aos alvos de bullying.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of bullying victims, the characteristics of those victims and their associated symptoms in the domains of emotion, behavior, hyperactivity and peer relationships. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort that assesses disorders of reading, writing and arithmetic in 1,075 students enrolled in the first to eighth grades of two public schools in a lower-middle-class neighborhood of the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The KIDSCAPE questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of bullying and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess victims’ behavioral characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullying was 17.6 percent. The most prevalent type of intimidation was verbal, followed by physical, emotional, racial and sexual. After adjustment for confounding factors, bullying was still associated with male sex (PR 1.49 95 percentCI 1.14-1.96), hyperactivity (PR 1.89 95 percentCI 1.25-2.87) and peer relationship problems (PR 1.85 95 percentCI 1.24-2.76). Among the victims of bullying, 47.1 percent had also initiated bullying. CONCLUSION: This study has identified the behavioral characteristics of bullying victims which may prove useful for local policies designed to protect the targets of bullying.