Bioactive Compounds from Pigmented Corn (Zea mays L.) and Their Effect on Health.

Pigmented corn is a gramineae food of great biological, cultural and nutritional importance for many Latin American countries, with more than 250 breeds on the American continent. It confers a large number of health benefits due to its diverse and abundant bioactive compounds. In this narrative review we decided to organize the information on the nutrients, bioactive compounds and phytochemicals present in pigmented corn, as well as their effects on human health. Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins are some of the most studied and representative compounds in these grasses, with a wide range of health properties, mainly the reduction of pro-oxidant molecules. Carotenoids are a group of molecules belonging to the terpenic compounds, present in a large number of pigmented corn breeds, mainly the yellow ones, whose biological activity incorporates a wide spectrum. Bioactive peptides can be found in abundance in corn, having very diverse biological effects that include analgesic, opioid and antihypertensive activities. Other compounds with biological activity found in pigmented corn are resistant starches, some fatty acids, phytosterols, policosanols, phospholipids, ferulic acid and phlobaphenes, as well as a great variety of vitamins, elements and fibers. This review aims to disseminate and integrate the existing knowledge on compounds with biological activity in pigmented corn in order to promote their research, interest and use by scientists, nutrition professionals, physicians, industries and the general population.

Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of a patient with multimorbities: experience report / Acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico em paciente com multimorbidades: um relato de experiência / Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en pacientes con multimorbilidad: informe de una experiencia

Chronic non-communicable diseases are growing global health problems. The objective of this study was to promote pharmaceutical care for a patient with multimorbidities in order to improve its quality of life. A pharmacotherapeutic follow-up was performed using the SOAP method, registered in the form of clinical evolution, along with laboratory tests, anthropometric measurements and application of validated instruments to assess pharmacological adherence, mental health and quality of life. The report deals with a female patient, 55 years old, obese and dyslipidemic, sedentary, hypertensive, diabetic and on the control phase of breast cancer. Self-medication with antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor was identified. Despite the good pharmacological adherence, the patient had decompensated diabetes, accompanied by dyslipidemia without treatment and interruption of supplements. After pharmacological and non- pharmacological interventions, the patient showed a significant improvement in the reduction of anthropometric measurements and in biochemical parameters. At the end of the follow-up, pharmaceutical care proved to be fundamental in identifying the patient's health problems, contributing to obtain a more rational pharmacotherapy.

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis são problemas de saúde globais crescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi promover a assistência farmacêutica a um paciente com multimorbidades, a fim de melhorar sua qualidade de vida. Foi realizado acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico pelo método SOAP e aplicação de instrumentos validados para avaliar adesão farmacológica, saúde mental e qualidade de vida. O relato trata de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 55 anos, obesa e dislipidêmica, sedentária, hipertensa, diabética e em fase de controle do câncer de mama. Foi identificada automedicação com antibióticos e inibidor de bomba de prótons. Apesar da boa adesão farmacológica, a paciente apresentava diabetes descompensado, acompanhada de dislipidemia sem tratamento e interrupção das suplementações. Após intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas, a paciente apresentou melhora significativa na redução das medidas antropométricas e nos parâmetros bioquímicos. Ao final do acompanhamento, a assistência farmacêutica mostrou-se fundamental na identificação dos problemas de saúde do paciente.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles constituyen un creciente problema de salud mundial. El objetivo de este estudio fue promover la asistencia farmacéutica a un paciente con multimorbilidades para mejorar su calidad de vida. Se realizó seguimiento farmacoterapéutico por el método SOAP y aplicación de instrumentos validados para evaluar adherencia farmacológica, salud mental y calidad de vida. O relato trata de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 55 anos, obesa e dislipidêmica, sedentária, hipertensa, diabética e em fase de controle do câncer de mama. Se identificó automedicación con antibióticos e inhibidor de la bomba de protones. A pesar del buen cumplimiento farmacológico, la paciente presentó diabetes descompensada, acompañada de dislipidemia no tratada e interrupción de la suplementación. Tras intervenciones farmacológicas y no farmacológicas, la paciente mostró una mejoría significativa en la reducción de las medidas antropométricas y los parámetros bioquímicos. Al final del seguimiento, la asistencia farmacéutica demostró ser fundamental en la identificación de los problemas de salud del paciente.

Burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and high fasting plasma glucose in Europe, 1990-2019: a comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019.

Introduction: With population aging rampant globally, Europe faces unique challenges and achievements in chronic disease prevention. Despite this, comprehensive studies examining the diabetes burden remain absent. We investigated the burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, alongside high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG), in Europe from 1990-2019, to provide evidence for global diabetes strategies. Methods: Disease burden estimates due to type 1 and type 2 diabetes and HFPG were extracted from the GBD 2019 across Eastern, Central, and Western Europe. We analyzed trends from 1990 to 2019 by Joinpoint regression, examined correlations between diabetes burden and Socio-demographic indices (SDI), healthcare access quality (HAQ), and prevalence using linear regression models. The Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) was used to described diabetes risks. Results: In Europe, diabetes accounted for 596 age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 people in 2019, lower than globally. The disease burden from type 1 and type 2 diabetes was markedly higher in males and escalated with increasing age. Most DALYs were due to type 2 diabetes, showing regional inconsistency, highest in Central Europe. From 1990-2019, age-standardized DALYs attributable to type 2 diabetes rose faster in Eastern and Central Europe, slower in Western Europe. HFPG led to 2794 crude DALYs per 100,000 people in 2019. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes burdens correlated positively with diabetes prevalence and negatively with SDI and HAQ. High BMI (PAF 60.1%) and dietary risks (PAF 34.6%) were significant risk factors. Conclusion: Europe's diabetes burden was lower than the global average, but substantial from type 2 diabetes, reflecting regional heterogeneity. Altered DALYs composition suggested increased YLDs. Addressing the heavy burden of high fasting plasma glucose and the increasing burden of both types diabetes necessitate region-specific interventions to reduce type 2 diabetes risk, improve healthcare systems, and offer cost-effective care.

Health Providers' Perceptions and Experiences of Using mHealth for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases: Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health (mHealth) technology has great potential for addressing the epidemic of chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) by assisting health providers (HPs) with managing these diseases. However, there is currently limited evidence regarding the acceptance of mHealth among HPs, which is a key prerequisite for harnessing this potential. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to investigate the perceptions and experiences of HPs regarding the barriers to and facilitators of mHealth use for CNCDs. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (via Ovid) for studies that assessed the perceptions and experiences of HPs regarding the barriers to and facilitators of mHealth use for CNCDs. Qualitative studies and mixed methods studies involving qualitative methods published in English were included. Data synthesis and interpretation were performed using a thematic synthesis approach. RESULTS: A total of 18,242 studies were identified, of which 24 (0.13%) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 6 themes related to facilitators were identified, namely empowering patient self-management, increasing efficiency, improving access to care, increasing the quality of care, improving satisfaction, and improving the usability of the internet and mobile software. Furthermore, 8 themes related to barriers were identified, namely limitation due to digital literacy, personal habits, or health problems; concern about additional burden; uncertainty around the value of mHealth technology; fear of medicolegal risks; lack of comfortable design and experience; lack of resources and incentives; lack of policy guidance and regulation; and worrisome side effects resulting from the use of mHealth. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the understanding of the beneficial factors of and obstacles to mHealth adoption by HPs for CNCDs. The findings of this study may provide significant insights for health care workers and policy makers who seek ways to improve the adoption of mHealth by HPs for CNCDs.

Relación de las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles y Ejercicio Físico en la Población Chilena entre los años 2015-2016 / Risk of Retention of Secretions in Patients with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Introducción. Las prevalencias de la inactividad física, el sedentarismo y el sobrepeso y obesidad han aumentado sus índices durante los últimos años en Chile, lo que conlleva al desarrollo y aparición de diversas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como por ejemplo, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus e inclusive enfermedades respiratorias, las cuales repercuten negativamente en la población y deterioran la calidad de vida de las personas, independientemente el sexo y el rango etario. El ejercicio físico es una de las principales herramientas utilizadas por diversos profesionales de la salud como método de prevención y tratamiento en la población afectada, inclusive representa una alternativa de menor costo. Objetivo. Relacionar el ejercicio físico de alta y mediana intensidad con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en personas mayores a 18 años residentes en Chile durante el periodo 2015-2016. Métodos. Análisis cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de base secundaria ENCAVI 2015-2016, de residentes en Chile mayores de 18 años y con al menos una de las siguientes condiciones de salud: Hipertensión arterial, Diabetes Mellitus y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas no transmisibles. Resultados. Todas las variables presentan relaciones significativas (p<0,005) (HTA, DM, enfermedades respiratorias, edad, horas sentado, ejercicio físico de moderada y alta intensidad. Sin embargo, las variables de ejercicio físico moderada intensidad y enfermedades respiratorias (p=0,578) y las variables de sexo y horas sentado (p=0,005) no presentan relación significativa. Discusión. El ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad es el que tiene mejor respuesta ante las diferentes patologías según diferentes autores, por otro lado, en la recopilación de datos podemos encontrar que este tipo de ejercicio es efectivo en la Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusiones. Según los datos analizados, mientras mayor frecuencia de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad (en días) y ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad (en horas) se realice durante los últimos días de la semana, los diagnósticos de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (HTA, DM) y enfermedades respiratorias se verán controladas, mientras que, cuando existe menor frecuencia del ejercicio físico realizado durante los últimos días de la semana, tiende a existir mayor diagnóstico.

Background. The prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight and obesity have increased their rates in recent years in Chile, which leads to the development and appearance of various chronic non-communicable diseases, such as for example, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and even respiratory diseases, which have a negative impact on the population and deteriorate the quality of life of people, regardless of gender and age range (7). Physical exercise is one of the main tools used by various health professionals as a method of prevention and treatment in the affected population, even representing a lower cost alternative. Objetive. To relate high and medium intensity physical exercise with chronic non-communicable diseases in people over 18 years of age residing in Chile during the period 2015-2016. Methods. Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of the ENCAVI 2015-2016 secondary base of residents in Chile over 18 years of age and with at least one of the following health conditions: High blood pressure, Diabetes Mellitus and chronic non-communicable respiratory diseases. Results. All the variables present significant relationships (p<0.005) (HTN, DM, respiratory diseases, age, hours sitting, moderate and high intensity physical exercise. However, the variables of moderate intensity physical exercise and respiratory diseases (p=0.578) and the variables of sex and sitting hours (p=0.005) do not present a significant relationship. Discussion. Moderate intensity physical exercise is the one that has the best response to different pathologies according to different authors, on the other hand, in data collection we can found that this type of exercise is effective in Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusions. According to the data analyzed, the greater the frequency of high-intensity physical exercise (in days) and moderate-intensity physical exercise (in hours) performed during the last days of the week, the diagnoses of chronic non-communicable diseases (HTN, DM) and respiratory diseases will be controlled, while, when there is less frequency of physical exercise carried out during the last days of the week, there tends to be a greater diagnosis.

Relación entre la composición corporal y el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en mujeres mayores activas de Chillán (Chile) / Relationship between body composition and the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases in active older women from Chillán (Chile)

FUNDAMENTOS: En Chile, las personas mayores representan el 18% de la población. En mujeres, el proceso de envejecimientoimpacta sobre la composición corporal, además de coexistir con otras patologías como enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles(ECNT). El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal con la presencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles enmujeres mayores activas de la ciudad de Chillán. MÉTODOS: La muestra quedó compuesta por 284 mujeres pertenecientes a centros de adultos mayores de Chillán. La composi-ción corporal se determinó por bioempidenciometría. La información sociodemográfica, las patologías prevalentes, los síndromesgeriátricos y la actividad física se recabó mediante cuestionario validado. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva einferencial en el softwareSTATA 15.0 con un α<0,05. RESULTADOS: De la muestra, el 63% tenía menos de setenta y cinco años, 77,5% presentó una escolaridad por debajo de los doceaños, el nivel socioeconómico predominante fue bajo, y la mala percepción de salud fue referida mayoritariamente al igual que eluso regular de medicamentos. La hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la hipercolesterolemia fueron prevalentes con un 70,4% y un 48,2%,respectivamente. El Índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 29,7±4,8 y el 71,8% tenía malnutrición por exceso. El grupo mayor a setentay cinco años presentó más grasa corporal (MGT) y agua extracelular (AEC). La HTA se relacionó con mayor IMC, MGT, CMB (Circun-ferencia Media del Brazo), CP (Circunferencia de Pantorrilla) y AEC (p<0,05), mientras que la Diabetes mellitus con el IMC y la CMB. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertensión es la patología más frecuente y se relaciona con mayor IMC, MGT, CMB, CP y AEC, siguiéndole laDMII, que se relaciona con el IMC y la CMB.

BACKGROUND: In Chile, the elderly represent 18% of the population. In women, the aging process impacts body composition, inaddition to the coexistence of other pathologies such as chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of the study was torelate body composition to the presence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in active older women in the city of Chillán. METHODS: The sample consisted of 284 women belonging to senior centers in Chillán. Body composition was determined by bioim-pedanciometry. Sociodemographic information, prevalent pathologies, geriatric syndromes and physical activity were determined bymeans of a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics inSTATA 15.0 software with an α<0.05. RESULTS: Of the sample, 63% were under seventy-five years of age, 77.5% had less than twelve years of schooling, the predomi-nant socioeconomic level was low, and the poor perception of health was mainly referred to as well as the use of regular medication.Arterial hypertension (AHT) and hypercholesterolemia were prevalent with 70.4% and 48.2% respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was29.7±4.8 and 71.8% had excess malnutrition. The group older than seventy-five years presented more body fat (BMF) and extracellularwater (ECW). AHT was related to higher BMI, TGM, MBC (Mean Arm Circumference), PC (Calf Circumference) and ECW (p<0.05), whileDiabetes mellitus was related to BMI and MBC. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is the most frequent pathology and is related to higher BMI, MGT, CMB, CP and ECW, followed by DM2which is related to BMI and CMB.(AU)

Increased Cardiovascular Mortality in Ecuador during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), represented a high burden for low and middle-income countries. Patients with NCDs are at higher risk of COVID-19 and suffer worse clinical outcomes. We present mortality trends for myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, hypertension (HT), and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from 2005 to 2021 in Ecuador. The greatest increase in mortality observed in the pandemic was in AMI, T2DM, and HT. Factors related to COVID-19, health services, and patients with NCDs could contribute to these important increases in mortality.

Cardiovascular Disease and Its Implication for Higher Catastrophic Health Expenditures Among Households in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) impose an enormous and growing economic burden on households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Like many chronic health conditions, CVD predisposes families to catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), especially in SSA due to the low health insurance coverage. This study assessed the impact of CVD on the risks of incurring higher CHE among households in Ghana and South Africa. Methods: The World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE), Wave 1, implemented 2007-2010, was utilized. Following standard procedure, CHE was defined as the health expenditure above 5%, 10%, and 25% of total household expenditure. Similarly, a 40% threshold was applied to household total nonfood expenditure, also referred to as the capacity to pay. To compare the difference in mean CHE by household CVD status and the predictors of CHE, Student's t-test and logistic regression were utilized. Results: The share of medical expenditure in total household spending was higher among households with CVD in Ghana and South Africa. Households with CVD were more likely to experience greater CHE across all the thresholds in Ghana. Households who reported having CVD were twice as likely to incur CHE at 5% threshold (odds ratio [OR], 1.946; confidence interval [CI], 0.965-1.095), 3 times as likely at 10% threshold (OR, 2.710; CI, 1.401-5.239), and 4 times more likely to experience CHE at both 25% and 40% thresholds, (OR, 3.696; CI, 0.956-14.286) and (OR, 4.107; CI, 1.908-8.841), respectively. In South Africa, households with CVD experienced higher CHE across all the thresholds examined compared with households without CVDs. However, only household CVD status, household health insurance status, and the presence of other disease conditions apart from CVD were associated with incurring CHE. Households who reported having CVD were 3 times more likely to incur CHE compared with households without CVD (OR, 3.002; CI, 1.013-8.902). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CVD predisposed households to risk of higher CHE. Equity in health financing presupposes that access to health insurance should be predicated on individual health needs. Thus, targeting and prioritizing the health needs of individuals with regard to healthcare financing interventions in SSA is needed.

Effects and possible mechanisms of intermittent fasting on health and disease: a narrative review.

The imbalance between energy intake and expenditure in an environment of continuous food availability can lead to metabolic disturbances in the body and increase the risk of obesity and a range of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Intermittent fasting (IF) is one of the most popular nonpharmacological interventions to combat obesity and chronic noncommunicable diseases. The 3 most widely studied IF regimens are alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and the 5:2 diet. In rodents, IF helps optimize energy metabolism, prevent obesity, promote brain health, improve immune and reproductive function, and delay aging. In humans, IF's benefits are relevant for the aging global population and for increasing human life expectancy. However, the optimal model of IF remains unclear. In this review, the possible mechanisms of IF are summarized and its possible drawbacks are discussed on the basis of the results of existing research, which provide a new idea for nonpharmaceutical dietary intervention of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Demandas e utilização de serviços de saúde entre imigrantes de uma região metropolitana do nordeste do Brasil / Demandas y uso de servicios de salud entre inmigrantes de uma región metropolitana del noreste de Brasil / Demands and use of health services among immigrants from a metropolitan region in northeastern Brazil

Resumo Objetivo analisar as demandas e a utilização dos serviços de saúde por imigrantes na Região Metropolitana de Aracaju, Sergipe. Método recrutaram-se, pelo método bola de neve, 186 imigrantes, alocados em clusters relacionados à renda per capita do país de origem e países da América Latina ou não. Utilizou-se questionário auto aplicado sobre as condições e práticas de saúde. Resultados imigrantes de países com renda baixa e média baixa (IMB) são mais jovens, com menor tempo de permanência no Brasil, possuem ensino fundamental/médio, exercem atividade laboral sem carteira de trabalho assinada e renda de até um salário mínimo (p<0,05). Imigrantes da América Latina (IAL) possuem aproximadamente duas vezes mais chances de ter alguma doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT), comparados aos imigrantes de outros países (IOP). A idade e o tempo de permanência no Brasil influenciam na autoavaliação da saúde, na busca por serviços de saúde e ter alguma DCNT (p<0,05). O Sistema Único de Saúde foi o mais buscado tanto na chegada ao Brasil quanto nos últimos 12 meses, principalmente pelos IMB e IAL (p<0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática observaram-se diferenças dentro dos subgrupos de imigrantes, principalmente em termos de padrões de utilização, ressaltando a importância da competência transcultural na assistência.

Resumen Objetivo fueron analizadas las demandas y el uso de los servicios de salud por los inmigrantes en la Región Metropolitana de Aracaju, Sergipe. Método fueron reclutados, mediante el método bola de nieve, 186 inmigrantes y se dividieron en agrupación es según la renta per cápita del país de origen y continente. Se utilizó un cuestionario auto aplicado sobre condiciones y prácticas de salud. Resultados los inmigrantes de países de renta baja y media baja (IMB) son más jóvenes, han pasado menos tiempo en Brasil, tien en educación primaria/secundaria, trabajan sin contrato formal y tienen una renta de hasta 1 mínimo salario (p<0,05). Los inmigrantes de Latinoamérica (LAI) tienen aproximadamente el doble de probabilidades de tener una enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ENT) em comparación con inmigrantes de otros países (IOP). La edad y el tiempo de permanencia en Brasil influyen en la autoevaluación de la salud, la búsqueda de servicios de salud y el tener algunas ENT (p<0,05). El Sistema Único de Salud (Sistema Único de Saúde) fue el más buscado tanto a su llegada a Brasil como en los últimos 12 meses, principalmente por el IMB y la IAL (p<0,05). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se observaron diferencias dentro de los subgrupos de inmigrantes, principalmente en términos de sus patrones de uso, resaltando la importancia de la competencia intercultural em la asistencia.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to analyze the demands and use of health services by international migratory clusters in the metropolitan region of Aracaju, Sergipe. Method A total of 186 immigrants were recruited, and divided into clusters according to the country of origin and continent. An epidemiological questionnaire on health conditions and care-related. Results Low and low middle income country immigrants (LMI) are younger, with lower length of stay in Brazil, elementary education, working without a formal contract, with an income of up to 1 minimum wage (p<0.05). Latin America immigrants (LAI) are approximately twice as likely to have some Chronic noncommunicable disease (NCDs), compared to other country immigrants (OCI). Age and length of stay in Brazil influence self-rated health, search for health services and having some NCDs (p<0.05). The Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) was the most sought after both on arrival in Brazil and in the last 12 months, mainly by LMI and LAI (p<0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice Differences were observed within immigrant subgroups, mainly in terms of their use patterns and the importance for cross-cultural competence in health care.

Adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas del club de adultos mayores de un centro de salud, Ecuador / Therapeutic adherence in patients with chronic diseases of the club of older adults of a health center, Ecuador

El objetivo de esta investigación fue la determinación de la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con enfermedades crónicasdel club de adultos mayores de un centro de atención primaria de Riobamba – Ecuador, para lo cual participaron 25 pacientes previo consentimiento informado. Se empleó método subjetivo indirecto, basado en cuestionario dirigido a determinar características sociodemográficas de los pacientes, grado de adherencia terapéutica a través del test de Morisky Green y posibles factores influyentes en la adherencia, consideraron las 4 principales dimensiones establecidas por la OMS. Para análisis de resultados se utilizó SPSS-PC 24.5 Windows y niveles de significancia de 0,05 %. Los resultados mostraron un predominio de género femenino (80 %), un promedio de edad de 70,2 años y un grado de instrucción primaria en un 60 % de los pacientes. Se identificó que un 56 % de los pacientes padecían al menos dos enfermedades crónicas, resultando la hipertensión arterial la más prevalente (84 %); y un 64 % de ellos se administraban 2 a 3 medicamentos diarios. Se determinó que el 64 % de los adultos mayores eran inadherentes con el esquema terapéutico prescrito, encontrando que los factores socioeconómicos incidieron de manera totalitaria sobre los pacientes en estudio. Los factores relacionados con el equipo de salud, la terapia y los inherentes al paciente, incidieron en la adherencia terapéutica en menor proporción. (AU)

The objective of this investigation was the determination of therapeutic adherence in patients with chronic diseases of theclub of older adults of a primary care center in Riobamba-Ecuador, for which 25 patients participated with prior informedconsent. An indirect subjective method was used, based on a questionnaire aimed at determining the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, degree of therapeutic adherence through the Morisky Green test and possible influencingfactors on adherence, considered the 4 main dimensions established by the WHO.SPSS-PC 24.5 for Windows and significance levels of 0.05 % were used for results analysis. The results showed a predo-minance of female gender (80 %), an average age of 70.2 years and a degree of primary education in 60 % of thepatients. It was identified that 56 % of the patients suffered from at least two chronic diseases, with hypertension beingthe most prevalent (84 %); and 64 % of them administered 2 to 3 medications daily. It was determined that 64 % ofolder adults were inadherent with the prescribed therapeutic scheme, finding that socioeconomic factors had a total impacton the study patients. Factors related to the health team, therapy, and those inherent to the patient, influenced therapeuticadherence in a lesser proportion. The economic insufficiency to pay for the medications and the high-cost diets prescribed,turned out to be the variable with the greatest impact on therapeutic non-adherence, finding a direct relationship withthe degree of primary education that the study patients had mostly. In addition, all the variables reported in the study ascauses of non-adherence to treatment require directing actions aimed at strengthening a health system based on healthpromotion and prevention, in order to increase the quality of life of patients. (AU)

Health Determinants Associated with the Mediterranean Diet: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been shown to be a good tool for the prevention of obesity and other chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and to have a low environmental impact. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between declared morbidity, lifestyles and other sociodemographic factors with high adherence to the MD (AMD) in an adult population in southeastern Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of a sample (n = 2728) representative of a non-institutionalized population ≥16 years. The data corresponded to the 2010-11 Nutrition Survey of the Valencian Community. The AMD was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener questionnaire. The association of variables and high AMD was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression determining crude and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that age 45 years or older, living with a partner, eating between meals, and not smoking were associated with high AMD. The age groups 45-64 years and 65 years or older showed the strongest association with high AMD in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The investigation showed a generational loss of AMD. People older than 45 years and living in company are more likely to adhere to DM, the risk group being young people living alone and smokers.

Efectos del Ejercicio Físico Aeróbico sobre los Factores de Riesgo Modificables que Predisponen a un Segundo Evento de Accidente Cerebrovascular. Revisión Sistemática / Effects of Aerobic Physical Exercise on Modifiable Risk Factors that Predispose to a Second Stroke Event. Systematic review

Introducción. El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es una condición de salud que ha aumentado su prevalencia en los últimos años, la cual se encuentra intrínsecamente asociada a la presencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), como lo son la diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e hipertensión, las que, de no ser controladas tras la instauración del primer episodio, predisponen a la afección de un segundo evento de ACV. Es sabido que el ejercicio físico aeróbico juega un rol fundamental en el control de las ECNT, junto con otros factores, como lo son los cambios de hábitos y adherencia a los tratamientos farmacológicos. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos que tiene el ejercicio físico aeróbico en población secuelada de un ACV sobre las ECNT que predisponen a sufrir un segundo evento cerebrovascular. Método. Se realizó una exhaustiva búsqueda en las bases de datos EBSCO, Scielo, PubMed y PEdro, utilizando las palabras claves "stroke and modifiable risk factors and aerobic physical exercise"; obteniendo un total de 56438 artículos. Para la selección, se consideraron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: pacientes entre 45 y 65 años con secuelas de ACV de más de 6 meses, que analizaran el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las ECNT tras un evento cerebrovascular. Resultados. Se seleccionaron tres artículos científicos tipo ensayo clínico aleatorizados controlados, los cuales analizan los efectos que produce el ejercicio físico aeróbico sobre las ECNT tras un ACV. Entre los resultados con mayor significancia estadística (P entre 0.01 y 0.05) se encuentra el aumento en el consumo peak de oxígeno y el aumento en el colesterol HDL. Conclusiones. Es indispensable sistematizar la información de los programas de rehabilitación neurológica, que permitan levantar datos de las intervenciones, y así poder potenciar el ejercicio físico aeróbico de forma segura para poder controlar las ECNT subyacentes y así prevenir futuros eventos cerebrovasculares.

Background. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a health condition that has suspected its prevalence in recent years, which is intrinsically associated with the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which, if not controlled after the establishment of the first episode, predispose to the condition of a second stroke event. It is known that aerobic physical exercise plays a fundamental role in the control of NCDs, along with other factors, such as changes in habits and adherence to pharmacological treatments. Objective. To analyze the effects of aerobic physical exercise in the population after a stroke on NCDs that predispose to a second cerebrovascular event. Method. An exhaustive search was carried out in the EBSCO, Scielo, PubMed and PEdro databases, using the keywords "stroke and modifiable risk factors and aerobic physical exercise"; obtaining a total of 56438 articles. For selection, consider the following inclusion criteria: patients between 45 and 65 years of age, stroke sequelae of more than 6 months, who will analyze the effect of physical exercise on NCDs after a cerebrovascular event. Results. Three controlled randomized clinical trial were selected, which analyze the effects produced by aerobic physical exercise on NCDs after a stroke. Among the results with the highest statistical significance (P between 0.01 and 0.05) is the increase in peak oxygen consumption and the increase in HDL cholesterol. Conclusion. It is essential to systematize the information on neurological rehabilitation programs, to collect data from the interventions, and thus be able to promote aerobic physical exercise safely to control the underlying NCDs and thus prevent future cerebrovascular events.

Influência dos indicadores econômicos na distribuição espacial de internações relacionadas as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis / Influence of economic indicators on the spatial distribution of hospitalizations related to chronic noncommunicable diseases / Influencia de los indicadores económicos en la distribución espacial de las hospitalizaciones relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição das Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária relacionadas às Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e verificar a correlação com as variáveis econômicas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, utilizando dados secundários coletados por meio do levantamento nas fichas de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar no período de 2015 a 2018 e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e correlação de Pearson. A geocodificação e geoprocessamento foram realizadas nos softwares ArcGis e Google Earth Pro. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da instituição. Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações (21% e 25%), referente, respectivamente, às variáveis renda do setor censitário e renda per capita, sugerem que quanto maior a renda, menor será o número de internação. Conclusão: O aumento do coeficiente de ICSAP em regiões de baixa renda, indica que a renda consiste em um fator determinante no processo saúde-doença.

Objective: to analyze the distribution of hospitalizations for conditions relating to chronic noncommunicable diseases and amenable to primary care in São Carlos, São Paulo and to ascertain correlations with economic variables. Method: this ecological study used secondary data collected from the survey of hospitalization authorization (AIH) forms in the period from 2015 to 2018, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation. Geocoding and geoprocessing were performed using ArcGis and Google Earth Pro software. The study was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: 21% and 25% correlations were found with, respectively, census tract income and per capita income, suggesting that the higher the income, the lower the number of hospitalizations. Conclusion: the increase in the coefficient for such hospitalizations in low-income regions indicates that income is a determining factor in the health-disease process.

Objetivo: analizar la distribución de Hospitalizaciones por Condiciones Sensibles a la Atención Primaria relacionadas con Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en São Carlos-SP y verificar la correlación con variables económicas. Método: se trata de un estudio ecológico, utilizando datos secundarios recolectados a través de la encuesta en formularios de Autorización de Hospitalización (AIH) en el período de 2015 a 2018 y analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y correlación de Pearson. La geocodificación y el geoprocesamiento se realizaron utilizando el software ArcGis y Google Earth Pro. La investigación fue aprobada por el comité de ética. Resultados: se encontraron correlaciones (21% y 25%), referidas, respectivamente, a las variables 'ingresos del sector censal' e 'ingresos per cápita', sugiriendo que cuanto más altos sean los ingresos, menor será el número de hospitalizaciones. Conclusión: el aumento del coeficiente ICSAP en las regiones de bajos ingresos indica que los ingresos son un factor determinante en el proceso salud-enfermedad.

Prevalências de doenças crônicas e acesso aos serviços de saúde no Brasil: evidências de três inquéritos domiciliares / Prevalence of chronic diseases and access to health services in Brazil: evidence of three household surveys

Resumo As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) são as principais causas de morte no mundo, impactando fortemente sobre populações mais vulneráveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças nas prevalências dessas doenças, nas condições de saúde, acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil, entre 2008 e 2019. Como ferramenta analítica, foram utilizados testes de diferenças de proporções e modelos lineares generalizados, considerando amostragem complexa dos inquéritos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2008, e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), nos anos de 2013 e 2019, para testar mudanças no tempo das prevalências e estimar razões de prevalência, ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas. Houve aumento das prevalências de depressão, câncer, diabetes, distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, problemas pulmonares crônicos e problemas osteomusculares. Houve redução de artrite reumatoide, insuficiência renal crônica e doenças do aparelho circulatório. Entre os brasileiros com pelo menos uma DCNT verificou-se aumento da cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família ao longo do tempo, no entanto verificou-se redução do atendimento médico em tempo oportuno e obtenção de medicamentos prescritos gratuitamente.

Abstract Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death globally, impacting heavily on the most vulnerable populations. This study aimed to analyze changes in the prevalence of these diseases, health conditions, access, and health services in Brazil between 2008 and 2019. Tests of differences and generalized linear models were used as analytical tools, considering complex sampling from the PNAD 2008, PNS 2013, and PNS 2019 surveys, to test temporal changes in the prevalence and the prevalence ratio estimates, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. An increase in the prevalence of Depression, Diabetes, Cancers, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Chronic Pulmonary problems, and Musculoskeletal problems was observed. A decline in rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal failure, and diseases of the circulatory system was identified. Among Brazilians with at least one NCD, an increase in coverage by the family health strategy over time was observed. However, there was a reduction in timely medical care and obtaining of free prescription drugs.

High-Fat Diet with Lyophilized Acrocomia aculeata Pulp Increases High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Levels and Inhibits Adipocyte Hypertrophy in Mice.

Obesity is a relevant health hazard characterized as a chronic noncommunicable disease, with severe comorbidities that cause mortality worldwide. Acrocomia aculeata is a Brazilian palm with edible fruits. Its pulp contains fibers, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), such as oleic acid and carotenoids. In this context, our study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of the lyophilized A. aculeata pulp added at the rates of 1%, 2%, and 4% to a high-fat (HF) diet (rich in saturated fats and cholesterol), for 90 days, in mice. The treatment with 4% pulp induced a significant increase in the biochemical parameters of serum cholesterol HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein) compared with the control. According to the evaluation of the epididymal tissue, the groups treated with A. aculeata pulp exhibited smaller fat deposits compared with the HF diet group. Therefore, we infer that the predominant components in A. aculeata, particularly fibers and MUFAs, promote beneficial effects on health parameters during simultaneous exposure to food rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, typical of the Western diet. This is the first study to correlate the presence of fatty acids from A. aculeata pulp in different proportions added in a HF diet with metabolic and histological parameters in Swiss mice.

Impact of China's zero mark-up drug policy on drug cost of NCDs' outpatients: an interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: China proposed the Zero Markup Drug Policy (ZMDP), which popularized in tertiary hospitals across the country in 2017, to control drug expenditures' rapid growth further and reduce the public's medical burden. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ZMDP on the drug cost of chronic disease outpatients in the tertiary hospital in Chongqing. METHODS: We collected and described the drug-cost data for outpatients with chronic diseases in a Chongqing's tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2019. The instantaneous and long-term changes of the outpatient volume and average drug cost after the ZMDP were evaluated using interrupted time series (ITS). We also analyzed the policy's impact under the stratification of gender, age, and basic medical insurance types. RESULTS: A total of 350,848 outpatients were collected from January 2015 to February 2019. After the ZMDP, the outpatient volume for diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (CHD) all showed a downward trend, with a decrease of 53.04 (P = 0.012), 142.19 (P < 0.01) and 12.16 (P < 0.001) per month. Simultaneously, the average drug cost decreased by 4.44 yuan (P = 0.029), 5.87 yuan (P < 0.001) and 10.23 yuan (P = 0.036) per month, respectively. By gender, the average drug cost of diabetes in males had the most considerable instantaneous change, reducing by 51.21 yuan (P = 0.017); the decline of CHD in women is the most obvious, with an average monthly decrease of 12.51 yuan (P < 0.001). By age, the instantaneous change of CHD was the greatest for those older than 65 years old, with a decrease of 102.61 yuan (P = 0.030). CHD in 46-65 years old showed the most significant reduction, with an average monthly decline of 11.70 yuan (P < 0.01). BMIUE's hypertension had the most considerable instantaneous change, which decreased 59.63 yuan (P = 0.010). BMIUE's CHD showed the most apparent downward trend, with an average monthly decrease of 10.02 yuan (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: The ITS analysis is an effective method of health policy evaluation. The implementation of the ZMDP can reduce the drug cost for chronic disease outpatients in the tertiary hospital and their economic burden. Follow-up policies still require targeted price adjustments in the health service system to adjust the drug cost-effectively.

Fatores associados a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis autorrelatadas em quilombolas do semiárido baiano / Factors associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases self-reported by quilombolas in Bahia, Brazil / Factores asociados a enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles autoinformadas por quilombolas del semiárido de Bahía, Brasil

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) representam o conjunto de doenças com maior carga de morbimortalidade no Brasil. Essas doenças têm maior impacto biopsicossocial em populações mais vulnerabilizadas em suas condições de vida e saúde. Objetiva-se analisar os fatores associados a DCNT mais prevalentes em quilombolas do semiárido baiano em 2016. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 864 quilombolas, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, residentes na zona rural de Feira de Santana (BA). Os dados foram obtidos de um instrumento validado, contendo perguntas sobre condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, ambientais, de saúde, doenças e agravos. Foi ajustado o modelo de Poisson, hierarquizado para identificar os fatores associados às DCNT; dessas, as mais prevalentes foram: hipertensão arterial (22,3%), doenças cardíacas (5,9%), doenças do aparelho circulatório (7,5%) e diabetes (7,8%). Os fatores associados significativamente às DCNT no modelo hierarquizado foram: faixa etária de cinquenta anos ou mais (IC: 2,6 ­ 8,1); quantidade de cômodos da casa (IC: 0,7 ­ 0,9); não uso de medicamento (IC: 5,5 ­ 13,2); e não procura pelo serviço de saúde (IC: 0,7 ­ 0,9). Conclui-se que, embora os quilombolas apresentem fatores associados às DCNT similares aos observados na população geral, a magnitude dessas doenças nessa população apresenta maior potencial de impacto negativo na qualidade de vida desses sujeitos.

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) represent a set of health diseases with great burden of morbidity and mortality in Brazil, which have a major biopsychosocial impact in the lives and health conditions of those most vulnerable. As such, this research sought to analyze the most prevalent factors associated with NCDs in quilombolas residing in Bahia's semiarid region. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016 with 864 quilombolas, wirh 18 years of age or older, living in the rural area of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Data was collected using a validated instrument with questions about socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, and health conditions, diseases, and injuries. A hierarchical Poisson model was adjusted to identify the factors associated with NCDs. Of these, hypertension (22.3%), heart diseases (5.9%), circulatory system diseases (7.5%), and diabetes (7.8%) were the most prevalent. Being 50 years old or older (CI: 2.6 ­ 8.1), number of rooms in the house (CI: 0.7 ­ 0.9), not using medication (CI: 5.5 ­ 13.2), not looking for health services (CI: 0.7 ­ 0.9) were the factors significantly associated with the outcomes. In conclusion, although quilombolas present factors associated with NCDs similar to those observed in the general population, their magnitude has a greater potential to negatively impact the quality of life of these subjects.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ENT) representan un conjunto de enfermedades de salud con mayor morbimortalidad en Brasil. Estas enfermedades tienen un mayor impacto biopsicosocial en grupos más vulnerables en sus condiciones de vida y salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores asociados a las ENT más prevalentes en los grupos quilombolas de la región semiárida de Bahía (Brasil). Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 864 quilombolas, mayor o igual a los 18 años, residentes en el área rural de Feira de Santana, en Bahía. Los datos se obtuvieron de un instrumento validado, que contenía preguntas sobre condiciones socioeconómicas, demográficas, ambientales, de salud y enfermedades. Se utilizó el modelo jerárquico de Poisson para identificar los factores asociados a las ENT, siendo los más prevalentes: hipertensión arterial (22,3%), enfermedades cardiacas (5,9%), enfermedades del sistema circulatorio (7,5%) y diabetes (7,8%). Los factores asociados a las ENT en el modelo jerárquico fueron: grupo de edad de 50 años o más (IC: 2,6 ­ 8,1); número de habitaciones de la casa (IC: 0,7 ­ 0,9); no usar medicaciones (IC: 5,5 ­ 13,2) o buscar el servicio de salud (IC: 0,7 ­ 0,9). Se concluye que, aunque los quilombolas presentan factores asociados a las ENT similares a los observados en la población general, parece que la enfermedad en esta población presenta mayor potencial de impacto negativo sobre su calidad de vida.