Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes. Lessons from a pioneer multicentre study in Brazil.

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and its associated factors in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicentre study was conducted in 14 public clinics in ten Brazilian cities. From 1760 patients, 1712 were included (97.3 %): 953 females (55.7 %), 930 (54.3 %) Caucasians, aged 29.9 ±11.9 years and with diabetes duration of 15.4 ± 9.2 years. CAN was evaluated using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of CAN was 23.4 %. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression showed CAN associated with age, smoking, lower socioeconomic status, higher yearly medical appointments, insulin therapeutic regimens, higher levels of HbA1c, total cholesterol, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, presence of retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease and a tendency to be associated with severe hypoglycemia. Lower health-related quality of life was also found in univariate analysis in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1D presented an important prevalence of CAN that was associated with other diabetes-related chronic complications, and also with demographic, clinical and laboratorial traditional risk factors. Considering lack of formal policy, our data could be used for guiding public health approach to awareness and CAN's screening, diagnosis and clinical management in patients with T1D in Brazil.

Beyond the acute phase: a comprehensive literature review of long-term sequelae resulting from infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases have consistently served as pivotal influences on numerous civilizations, inducing morbidity, mortality, and consequently redirecting the course of history. Their impact extends far beyond the acute phase, characterized by the majority of symptom presentations, to a multitude of adverse events and sequelae that follow viral, parasitic, fungal, or bacterial infections. In this context, myriad sequelae related to various infectious diseases have been identified, spanning short to long-term durations. Although these sequelae are known to affect thousands of individuals individually, a comprehensive evaluation of all potential long-term effects of infectious diseases has yet to be undertaken. We present a comprehensive literature review delineating the primary sequelae attributable to major infectious diseases, categorized by systems, symptoms, and duration. This compilation serves as a crucial resource, illuminating the long-term ramifications of infectious diseases for healthcare professionals worldwide. Moreover, this review highlights the substantial burden that these sequelae impose on global health and economies, a facet often overshadowed by the predominant focus on the acute phase. Patients are frequently discharged following the resolution of the acute phase, with minimal long-term follow-up to comprehend and address potential sequelae. This emphasizes the pressing need for sustained vigilance, thorough patient monitoring, strategic health management, and rigorous research to understand and mitigate the lasting economic and health impacts of infectious diseases more fully.

Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and its associated factors in an admixed Brazilian population of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The secondary one was to determine the relationship between AIDs and the occurrence of diabetes-related chronic complications (DRCC). METHODS: This cross-sectional, nationwide survey was conducted in 13 public clinics in 11 Brazilian cities. Overall, 1,760 patients were included; 967 females (55.9%), 932 (54%) Caucasians, aged 29.9 ± 11.9 years, age at diagnosis 14.8 ± 8.9 years, diabetes duration 15.5 ± 9.3 years and 12.2 ± 3.8 years of school attendance. AIDs were retrieved from medical records or self-report and stratified as follows: absence of AIDs, only autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and other AIDs including the combination with AITD (hyper or hypothyroidism). RESULTS: The prevalence of AIDs was 19.5% being AITDs (16.1%), the most frequently found. A higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and overweight or obesity was found in patients who had exclusively AITDs. A higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was observed in patients with AITDs and patients with other AIDs in combination with AITDs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was more prevalent in patients with only AITDs. Lower levels of HbA1C, were observed in patients with isolated AITDs or with other AIDs, regardless of the presence of AITD. Hierarchical multivariate analysis, showed that AIDs were associated with female gender, older age, and longer diabetes duration, self-reported color-race (White and Brown), geographic region (Brazilian North/Northeast region) and higher anti-TPO levels (≥ 35 UI/ml). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Brazilian patients with T1D, belonging to a highly ethnically admixed population, had an important prevalence of AIDs, mostly AITDs, that was associated with female gender, self-reported color-race, older age and longer diabetes duration. Moreover, these patients also had a higher prevalence of DRCC. Even though we highlight the importance of investigating the presence of AIDs at diagnosis and at regular intervals, it is unclear whether screening and early detection of additional AIDs may improve the clinical outcomes in individuals with T1D. Future prospective studies are necessary to establish the interplay between T1D, AIDs and DRCC.

Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with metabolic syndrome and fatty liver index in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. A Brazilian multicenter study.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS), fatty liver index (FLI), cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and diabetes-related chronic complications (DRCC) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This study was conducted in 14 Brazilian public clinics in ten cities, with 1,390 patients: 802 females (57.7%), 779 (56.0%) Caucasians, aged 33.6 ± 10.8 years, age at diagnosis, 16.2 ± 9.2 years, diabetes duration, 17.4 ± 9.2 years, and HbA1c 8.8 ± 2.0%. RESULTS: Overall, 825 patients (59.4%) had normal weight, and 565 had overweight/obesity; ( 429 (30.9%) presented overweight and 136 (9.8%) presented obesity). After adjustments, overweight/obesity was associated with age, family history of overweight/obesity, total daily insulin dose, hypertension, adherence to diet, type of health care insurance, use of metformin, levels of C-reactive protein, triglycerides, uric acid and HDL-cholesterol. These patients also presented a higher prevalence of MS, FLI ≥ 60, and CVRF than patients without overweight/obesity. Overweight/obesity was not associated with DRCC and with HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1D with overweight/obesity presented traditional risk factors for DRCC, cardiovascular diseases, MS, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; most of these risk factors are modifiable and can be avoided with interventions that prevent overweight/obesity.

Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of the quadriceps tendon in hemodialysis patients: comparison with non-dialyzed controls.

Objective: To evaluate the knees of individuals with renal failure who are on hemodialysis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), comparing them with those of a group of individuals with normal renal function. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, controlled study conducted between August 2018 and February 2020. The cases consisted of 15 patients who had been on hemodialysis for ≥ 5 years and did not have a quadriceps tendon rupture. The controls consisted of 15 individuals with normal renal function who were matched (1:1) to the cases for sex, age, and physical activity level. The subjects in both groups underwent MRI of the right knee only. Results: The mean ages of the cases and controls were 50 ± 15 years and 49 ± 14 years, respectively. The median time on hemodialysis was 11 years (range, 10-14 years). Serum levels of parathyroid hormone, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and creatinine were higher among the cases than among the controls, whereas serum albumin and hemoglobin were lower (p < 0.05 for all). The MRI study showed a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon in 11 of the cases and in three of the controls (p = 0.009). Knee joint effusion was observed in nine of the cases and in three of the controls (p < 0.05). The thickness, length, and width of the tendon did not differ between the groups. A hyperintense signal in the tendon was not associated with the time on hemodialysis; nor with the levels of intact parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, or alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Patients on chronic hemodialysis, even those without a tendon rupture, show a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon on MRI.

Objetivo: Avaliar joelhos de indivíduos com falência renal em hemodiálise por meio de ressonância magnética, em comparação com um grupo controle sem doença renal crônica. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, controlado, realizado entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2020. Os 15 casos consistiram de pacientes com cinco anos ou mais em hemodiálise, sem ruptura do tendão do quadríceps. Os 15 controles, sem doença renal crônica, foram pareados (1:1) por sexo, idade e nível de atividade física. Resultados: A média de idade dos casos foi 50 ± 15 anos e a dos controles, 49 ± 14 anos. A mediana do tempo em hemodiálise foi 11 anos (variação: 10-14 anos). Nos casos, os níveis séricos de paratormônio, ferritina, fosfatase alcalina, fósforo e creatinina estavam mais altos e os de albumina e hemoglobina, mais baixos (p < 0,05). Hipersinal no tendão foi demonstrado em 11 casos e três controles (p = 0,009). Derrame articular foi observado em nove casos e três controles (p < 0,05). A espessura, o comprimento e a largura do tendão não diferiram entre os grupos. Hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps não mostrou associação com o tempo em hemodiálise ou com os níveis de paratormônio intacto, hemoglobina e fosfatase alcalina. Conclusão: Pacientes em hemodiálise sem episódios de ruptura já apresentam hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps nas imagens de ressonância magnética.

Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of the quadriceps tendon in hemodialysis patients: comparison with non-dialyzed controls / Estudo morfométrico do tendão do quadríceps em pacientes em hemodiálise: avaliação por ressonância magnética e comparação com grupo controle

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the knees of individuals with renal failure who are on hemodialysis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), comparing them with those of a group of individuals with normal renal function. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, controlled study conducted between August 2018 and February 2020. The cases consisted of 15 patients who had been on hemodialysis for ≥ 5 years and did not have a quadriceps tendon rupture. The controls consisted of 15 individuals with normal renal function who were matched (1:1) to the cases for sex, age, and physical activity level. The subjects in both groups underwent MRI of the right knee only. Results: The mean ages of the cases and controls were 50 ± 15 years and 49 ± 14 years, respectively. The median time on hemodialysis was 11 years (range, 10-14 years). Serum levels of parathyroid hormone, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and creatinine were higher among the cases than among the controls, whereas serum albumin and hemoglobin were lower (p < 0.05 for all). The MRI study showed a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon in 11 of the cases and in three of the controls (p = 0.009). Knee joint effusion was observed in nine of the cases and in three of the controls (p < 0.05). The thickness, length, and width of the tendon did not differ between the groups. A hyperintense signal in the tendon was not associated with the time on hemodialysis; nor with the levels of intact parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, or alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Patients on chronic hemodialysis, even those without a tendon rupture, show a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon on MRI.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar joelhos de indivíduos com falência renal em hemodiálise por meio de ressonância magnética, em comparação com um grupo controle sem doença renal crônica. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, controlado, realizado entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2020. Os 15 casos consistiram de pacientes com cinco anos ou mais em hemodiálise, sem ruptura do tendão do quadríceps. Os 15 controles, sem doença renal crônica, foram pareados (1:1) por sexo, idade e nível de atividade física. Resultados: A média de idade dos casos foi 50 ± 15 anos e a dos controles, 49 ± 14 anos. A mediana do tempo em hemodiálise foi 11 anos (variação: 10-14 anos). Nos casos, os níveis séricos de paratormônio, ferritina, fosfatase alcalina, fósforo e creatinina estavam mais altos e os de albumina e hemoglobina, mais baixos (p < 0,05). Hipersinal no tendão foi demonstrado em 11 casos e três controles (p = 0,009). Derrame articular foi observado em nove casos e três controles (p < 0,05). A espessura, o comprimento e a largura do tendão não diferiram entre os grupos. Hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps não mostrou associação com o tempo em hemodiálise ou com os níveis de paratormônio intacto, hemoglobina e fosfatase alcalina. Conclusão: Pacientes em hemodiálise sem episódios de ruptura já apresentam hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps nas imagens de ressonância magnética.

Complicaciones crónicas y enfermedades asociadas en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Punta Brava, Cuba de enero a junio de 2019 / Chronic complications and associated diseases in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Punta Brava, Cuba from January to June 2019

Introducción: Con el envejecimiento de las poblaciones se produce un aumento de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, entre ellas la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Esta constituye un serio problema de salud pública a nivel mundial por su elevada prevalencia, crecimiento constante, complicaciones crónicas y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y las enfermedades asociadas en personas de 60 años y más en el poblado de Punta Brava. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal a partir de los gerontes con diabetes que asistieron a la consulta de Medicina Interna en el periodo de enero a junio de 2019. Con la información recopilada de las historias clínicas se creó una base de datos en Visual FoxPro 8.0. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad de 60 a 69 años y el sexo femenino. La hipertensión arterial fue la enfermedad asociada más frecuente con 86,0 por ciento, seguida por la cardiopatía isquémica con 70,6 por ciento y la enfermedad cerebrovascular con 67,0 por ciento. La polineuropatía diabética fue la complicación crónica más representativa (79,3 por ciento), seguida de la nefropatía (15,0 por ciento) que aparece a mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Predominó la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad cerebrovascular como padecimientos asociados en adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2. La polineuropatía y la nefropatía diabéticas fueron las complicaciones crónicas más frecuentes con diferencias según el sexo y relacionadas con el mayor tiempo de evolución(AU)

Introduction: The aging of populations also brings an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, which constitutes a serious public health problem worldwide due to the high prevalence, constant growth, chronic complications and mortality. Objective: To identify the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated diseases in people aged 60 years and older in Punta Brava town. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from the elderly with diabetes who attended the Internal Medicine consultation from January to June 2019. A database was created in Visual Fox Pro 8.0 with the information collected from the medical records. Results: The age group of 60 to 69 years and the female sex prevailed. Hypertension was the most frequent associated disease (86.0 percent), followed by ischemic heart disease (70.6 percent) and cerebrovascular disease (67.0 percent). Diabetic polyneuropathy was the most representative chronic complication (79.3 percent), followed by nephropathy (15.0 percent), appearing later in the course of the disease. Conclusions: Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease predominated as associated conditions in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic polyneuropathy and nephropathy were the most frequent chronic complications, with differences according to sex and related to the longest evolution time(AU)

Overweight/obesity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes belonging to an admixed population. A Brazilian multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated risk factors in Brazilian adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its association with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: This study was performed in 14 Brazilian public clinics in ten cities, with 1,760 patients. 367 were adolescents (20.9%):184 females (50.1%), 176 (48.0%) Caucasians, aged 16.4 ± 1.9 years, age at diagnosis 8.9 ± 4.3 years, diabetes duration 8.1 ± 4.3 years, school attendance 10.9 ± 2.5 years and HbA1c 9.6 ± 2.4%. RESULTS: 95 (25.9%) patients presented overweight/obesity, mostly females. These patients were older, had longer diabetes duration, higher levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, higher prevalence of family history of hypertension, hypertension, undesirable levels of LDL-cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome compared to eutrophic patients. No difference was found regarding ethnicity, HbA1c, uric acid, laboratorial markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase). CONCLUSIONS: Almost one quarter of our patients presented overweight/obesity. These patients had higher prevalence of traditional risk factors for micro and macrovascular diabetes-related chronic complications such as diabetes duration, hypertension, high levels of LDL-cholesterol and metabolic syndrome. The majority of the patients with or without overweight/obesity presented inadequate glycemic control which is also an important risk factor for micro and macrovascular diabetes-related chronic complications. No association was found between overweight/obesity with diabetic CKD, DR and laboratorial markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The above-mentioned data point out that further prospective studies are urgently needed to establish the clinical prognosis of these young patients.

Comportamiento y manejo actual de la infección por virus de la hepatitis B / Behavior and current management of hepatitis B virus infection

RESUMEN Introducción: Las hepatitis virales son un problema de salud a nivel mundial, provocan elevada mortalidad y morbilidad. A pesar de los avances en la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hepatitis B, esta enfermedad es todavía preocupación de las autoridades sanitarias. Objetivo: Realizar una actualización acerca del comportamiento y manejo actual de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica durante abril y mayo de 2021, se consultaron 211 artículos en idioma inglés y español en las bases de datos como SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs y Medigraphic, de ellos se utilizaron 30 citas. Se empleó la combinación de términos y operadores booleanos y métodos teóricos como: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción e histórico-lógico. Resultados: Se abordó el comportamiento de la infección causada por el virus de la hepatitis B, se hizo hincapié en su epidemiología, características morfológicas y funcionales que permiten su infectividad, evolución y manifestaciones clínicas, complicaciones, tratamiento y perspectivas actuales. Conclusiones: La historia natural de la infección es dinámica y las manifestaciones clínicas dependen de diversos factores. La infección por el virus de la hepatitis B puede causar complicaciones como: la cirrosis hepática y el carcinoma hepatocelular y su principal vía de transmisión es la parenteral. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de técnicas serológicas. Es imprescindible la atención diferenciada a los grupos con riesgo y, aunque se cuenta con una vacuna eficaz, aún existen casos y se han desarrollado tratamientos con resultados positivos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a global health problem, causing high mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B, this disease is still a concern of health authorities. Objective: Toupdate on current behavior and management of hepatitis B virus infection. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out during April and May 2021, consulting 211 articles in English and Spanish from databases such as SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs and Medigraphic, of which 30 citations were used. The combination of Boolean terms and operators and theoretical methods such as: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical were used. Results: The behavior of the infection caused by the hepatitis B virus was addressed, emphasizing its epidemiology, morphological and functional characteristics that allow its infectivity, evolution and clinical manifestations, complications, treatment and current perspectives. Conclusions: The natural history of infection is dynamic, and clinical manifestations depend on various factors. Hepatitis B virus infection can cause complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and its main route of transmission is parenterally. The diagnosis is made mainly through serological techniques. Differentiated care for groups at risk is essential and, although there is an effective vaccine, there are still cases and treatments have been developed with positive results.

Asociación entre conocimientos y actitudes preventivas sobre complicaciones crónicas en diabéticos de un policlínico peruano / Association between knowledge and preventive attitudes about chronic complications in diabetics in a Peruvian polyclinic

Introducción: Hay escasos estudios realizados para valorar la asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos sobre la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y las actitudes que tienen los pacientes para mejorar el control de su enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes preventivas sobre las complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 de Chiclayo, Perú. Se indagó la asociación entre actitudes preventivas y nivel de conocimientos, además se exploró asociación con edad, sexo, nivel de instrucción, instrucción diabetológica previa, antecedentes familiares, hospitalizaciones previas, tiempo de enfermedad. Resultados: De 150 pacientes, el 60 por ciento fueron mujeres. El 40,0 por ciento presentó un nivel de conocimientos intermedio y un 84,7 por ciento reportaron actitudes preventivas favorables. Se encontró que los pacientes con nivel de conocimiento adecuado tenían 43 por ciento mayor frecuencia de presentar actitudes preventivas favorables (razón de prevalencia = 1,43). Los pacientes que tenían entre 7 a 15 años de enfermedad resultaron asociados positivamente a tener actitudes preventivas favorables (razón de prevalencia = 1,32). Conclusiones: Los pacientes diabéticos con conocimientos adecuados sobre su enfermedad tienen actitudes preventivas favorables frente a su padecimiento y sus complicaciones crónicas. Adicionalmente, los pacientes diagnosticados entre 7 - 15 años atrás tienen mejores actitudes preventivas(AU)

Introduction: There are few studies carried out to assess the association between the level of knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus and the attitudes that patients have to improve the control of their disease. Objective: To determine the association between the level of knowledge and preventive attitudes about chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in patients with type 2 diabetes in Chiclayo, Peru. The association between preventive attitudes and level of knowledge was investigated, as well as the association with age, sex, level of education, previous diabetic education, family history, previous hospitalizations, time of illness. Results: Of 150 patients, 60 percent were women. 40.0 percent presented an intermediate level of knowledge and 84.7 percent reported favorable preventive attitudes. It was found that patients with an adequate level of knowledge had a 43 percent higher frequency of presenting favorable preventive attitudes (Prevalence ratio = 1,43). Patients who had between 7 and 15 years of disease were positively associated with having favorable preventive attitudes (Prevalence ratio = 1,32). Conclusions: Diabetic patients with adequate knowledge about their disease have favorable preventive attitudes towards their condition and its chronic complications. In addition, patients diagnosed between 7 - 15 years ago have better preventive attitudes(AU)

Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.

Diabetes-related chronic complications in Brazilian adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A multicenter cross-sectional study.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of diabetes-related chronic complications (DRCCs) and its associated factors in Brazilian adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This nationwide study was conducted in 14 public clinics in 10 cities, with 1,760 patients, 367 adolescents, with 328 eligible for this study. Evaluated DRCCs were retinopathy (DR), chronic kidney disease (CKD), peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). RESULTS: Among eligible patients, 184 were females (50.1%), age range 13-19 years, HbA1c 9.6% ± 2.4, aged 8.9 ± 4.3 years at diagnosis and diabetes duration of 8.1 ± 4.3 years. 103 (31.4%) patients presented any type of DRCC. CKD was found in 46 (14.0%), CAN in 41(12.5%), DR in 28 (8.5%) and DPN in 16 (4.9%) patients. One, two or three DRCCs were observed in 79 (24.1%), 19 (5.8%) and 5 (1.5%) patients, respectively, and were associated with longer diabetes duration, higher HbA1c and diastolic blood pressure levels (dBP), use of renin angiotensin inhibitors and lower adherence to diet. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients presented some kind of DRCC, associated with diabetes duration, glycemic control, dBP, adherence to diet. Educational programs should start from the diagnosis to avoid DRCCs in this young population.

Avaliação das complicações em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 atendidos em uma clínica particular especializada e ambulatório público de Joinville ­ SC / A screening of type 1 Diabetes' complications in a private clinic and a public health care center in Joinville ­ SC

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o controle metabólico e a prevalência de complicações em pacientes com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) atendidos em uma clínica privada e em um ambulatório público em Joinville ­ SC. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, onde foram analisados 64 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de DM1, sendo 25 da rede pública (RP) e 39 da privada (RPV). Observamos que na RP a idade média ao diagnóstico do DM1 foi 16,2 (±7,63) contra 12,8 (±9,80) anos na RPV, que foram realizadas em média 1,9 (±1,2) consultas nos últimos 12 meses na RP e 3,0 (±1,3) na RPV. Em relação à presença de complicações microvasculares, havia informação da presença de retinopatia em 8 de 48 pacientes (16,7%), de nefropatia em 12 de 54 pacientes (22,2%) e neuropatia em 8 de 50 pacientes (16%). Quanto ao controle metabólico, apenas 2 pacientes (8%) de RP e 10 (25%) da RPV apresentavam HbA1c < 7,0%. A maioria dos pacientes, tanto da RP quanto da RPV, atingiu a meta de colesterol total (78,3 e 86,8%), que define bom controle clínico e metabólico do diabetes tipo 1, segundo a Associação Americana de Diabetes (ADA). Os dados mostram a dificuldade de se atingir um bom controle glicêmico, independente do local de atendimento (público ou privado), embora o grupo RPV tenha apresentado um maior percentual de pacientes que atingiram as metas de bom controle clínico e metabólico do diabetes tipo 1 definidas pela ADA, inclusive menor índice de tabagismo e etilismo.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of complications and metabolic control in patients diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) treated in a private clinic and a public outpatient clinic in Joinville - Santa Catarina. A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, where 64 medical records of patients diagnosed with T1D were analyzed, 25 of which were treated in the public outpatient clinic and 39 in the private clinic. Mean age at diagnosis of T1D in the public institution was 16.2 (± 7.63) years versus 12.8 (± 9.80) years in the private institution, patients had 1.92 (± 1.22) medical appointments in the last 12 months in the public institution and 3 (± 1.32) in the private institution. We assessed the presence of microvascular complications, there was data about retinopathy in 8 of 48 patients (16.7%), nephropathy in 12 of 54 patients (22.2%) and neuropathy in 8 of 50 patients (16%). Most patients did not reach a good glycemic control: only 2 patients (8%) from public institution and 10 (25%) from private institution showed HbA1c < 7.0%. The majority of patients from public and private institution reached the American Diabetes Association (ADA) goals for total cholesterol (78.3 and 86.8%). This data confirms the difficulty of achieving good glycemic control regardless of the institution (public or private), although the private group has shown best results in clinical control with a higher proportion in patients that reached the ADA goals, including the lowest number of smokers and alcohol use.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes. A multicenter study in Brazil.

AIMS: To evaluate diagnosis, prevalence and associated factors of CKD in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in 14 public clinics in 10 Brazilian cities. From 1760 patients, 1736 were included (98.6%): 977 females (56.3%), 932 (54%) Caucasians, aged 29.9 ± 11.9 years, age at diagnosis 14.7 ± 8.9 years, diabetes duration 15.5 ± 9.3 years and 12.2 ± 3.8 years of school attendance. CKD was determined by using estimated glomerular filtration rate and by the presence of albuminuria in two out of three morning urine samples. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD was 33.7%. Overall, 28.1% of the patients could not be classified due to insufficient number of urine samples for albuminuria determination. Multivariable analysis showed that female gender, diabetes duration, high levels of HbA1c and uric acid, use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, retinopathy, high systolic blood pressure, and economic status (medium, low and very low) were associated with CKD. CONCLUSIONS: Although a high prevalence of CKD, associated comorbidities and retinopathy was observed in our study, a large number of patients are still undiagnosed, making CKD a challenge in routine clinical practice in admixed populations with T1D in a developing country like Brazil.

Morbilidad en pacientes hemodializados / Morbidity in hemodialyzed patients

RESUMEN Fundamento: cada día se incrementa el número de enfermos con una enfermedad renal crónica, tributarios de hemodiálisis, procedimiento que no está exento de producir complicaciones por la complejidad de su realización, en la que intervienen el ambiente y condiciones de la unidad de hemodiálisis, la calidad del agua empleada y el buen funcionamiento de la planta de tratamiento de esta agua. Objetivo: caracterizar la morbilidad infecciosa de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 85 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que fueron atendidos en el servicio de hemodiálisis del Hospital General Provincial Universitario Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus durante el período comprendido entre el 1ro de Octubre de 2016 al 31 de Marzo de 2018. Resultados: la mayor cantidad de casos hemodializados se correspondió con el grupo de edad mayor de 60 años del género masculino. Los factores ambientales y microbiológicos indicaron que la calidad del agua utilizada en el proceso de atención de pacientes hemodializados fue satisfactoria y el peligro de riesgo en la planta de tratamiento, en la categoría de bajo riesgo. El tipo de acceso vascular de los pacientes que con mayor frecuencia se utilizó y el de mayor morbilidad infecciosa fue el catéter transitorio. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los enfermos eran hombres en la sexta década de la vida, la calidad del agua utilizada fue adecuada, con escaso riesgo en la planta de tratamiento y el catéter transitorio mostró mayor proporción de infecciones asociadas.

ABSTRACT Background: every day the number of patients with chronic kidney disease increases, tributaries of hemodialysis, a procedure that is not exempt from complications due to the complexity of its realization, in which the environment and conditions of the hemodialysis unit intervene, the quality of the water used for it and the proper functioning of the water treatment plant. Objective: to characterize the infectious morbidity of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, prospective study was carried out. The study population consisted of 85 patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis in University General Hospital Camilo Cienfuegos of Sancti Spíritus from October 1st, 2016 to March 31st, 2018. Results: the largest number of hemodialysis cases corresponded to the age group over 60 years of the male gender. The environmental and microbiological factors indicated that the quality of the water used in the process of care of hemodialysis patients was satisfactory and the risk of risk in the treatment plant, in the low risk category. According to the type of vascular access to the patient, the most frequently used route was the transient catheter and the highest infectious morbidity. Conclusions: most of the cases were over 60 years old, of the male gender, the water quality was satisfactory and low risk in the treatment plant, and the transient catheter was used more frequently, who presented the highest proportion of associated infections.

Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil.

AIMS: To evaluate the relationship between social determinants, health care insurance status and occurrence of diabetes-related chronic complications (DRCC) in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study conducted between August 2011 and August 2014 in 14 public clinics in 10 Brazilian cities. Data were obtained from 1760 patients, aged 29.9 ± 11.9 years, with diabetes duration of 15.5 ± 9.3 years; 55.9% female, 54.5% Caucasians, 69.7% were attended exclusively by the public Brazilian National Health Care System (BNHCS) and 30.3% had also private health care insurance. Patients' information was obtained through a questionnaire and a chart review form. RESULTS: The social determinants associated with having both private and public health care insurance were being employed, belonging to medium or high socioeconomic status, having more years of school attendance and having younger age. Regarding DRCC, patients that had private and public health care had lower rates of diabetic retinopathy and of any other DRCC. Chronic kidney disease was not associated with health care coverage status after adjusting for classical clinical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes had better clinical control and lower rates of DRCC, mainly retinopathy, when also having private health care insurance. These patients presented less frequently predictors of chronic complications such as high levels of HbA1c and blood pressure. BNHCS should change the approach for screening DRCC such as diabetic retinopathy, using methods such as telemedicine that would lead to earlier diagnosis, better outcomes and will be cost-effective sometime after its implementation.

Características clínico patológicas de la nefritis lúpica / Clinical pathological characteristics of the lupus nephritis

RESUMEN Fundamento: la nefritis lúpica es una complicación frecuente y grave asociada al lupus eritematosos sistémico. Objetivo: caracterizar la nefritis lúpica en el servicio de nefrología del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en el Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia Camagüey entre enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2017. El universo estuvo formado por pacientes con nefritis lúpica que tenían biopsia renal. Como fuente se utilizaron las historias clínicas y una planilla confeccionada para vaciar los datos. Las variables fueron: edad, sexo, raza, criterios diagnósticos, estadio histopatológico, complicaciones de la enfermedad y efectos nocivos relacionados con el tratamiento. Resultados: se encontró que cuatro de cada diez pacientes estaba entre los 30 y los 44 años, mientras que seis de cada diez fueron mujeres. La cuarta parte de la muestra fue de la raza blanca. Predominaron en los pacientes los criterios renales, cutáneos y hematológicos por ese orden. Los patrones histopatológicos observados fueron la proliferación mesangial, los cambios mínimos y la glomerulopatía membranosa. Las complicaciones más frecuentes que se presentaron fueron el síndrome nefrótico y la insuficiencia renal crónica. La gran mayoría de los pacientes estudiados presentaron como efectos nocivos del tratamiento infecciones y manifestaciones cardiovasculares. Conclusiones: fue más frecuente entre 30 a 44 años, en mujeres y en la raza blanca. Se presentó más como síndrome nefrótico e insuficiencia renal crónica. Los patrones histopatológicos más observados: la proliferación mesangial, cambios mínimos y glomerulopatía membranosa.

ABSTRACT Background: the lupus nephritis is a frequent and serious complication associated to the systemic lupus erythematosus. Objective: to characterize the lupus nephritis in the nephrology service of the University Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech. Methods: a descriptive, transverse and retrospective study was carried out in the Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech of Camagüey from January, 2012 to December, 2017. The universe was constituted for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. As source clinical charts and forms made to empty data were used. The universe was constituted by all the patients with lupus nephritis whose biopsy was useful for the diagnosis. The variables were: age, sex, race, diagnosis criteria, histopathological stage, complications of the illness and noxious effects related with the treatment. Results: was found that four of each ten patients were between the 30 and the 44 years, while six of each ten were women. The fourth part of the sample was of the white race. The renal, cutaneous and hematologic approaches prevailed in the patients in that order. The histopathological patterns observed were the mesangial proliferation, the minimum changes and the membranous glomerulonephritis. The most frequent complications that were presented were the nephrotic syndrome and the chronic renal failure. The great majority of the studied patients presented as noxious effects of the treatment infections and cardiovascular manifestations. Conclusions: it is more frequent between 30 to 44 years, in women and in the white race. It is presented more as Nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure. The histopathological pattern more observed: the mesangial proliferation, minimum changes and membranous glomerulonephritis.

Nivel de conocimientos y aptitudes sobre complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus 2, hospital nacional PNP. Luis N. Saenz, 2016 / Level of knowledge and skills on chronic complications of diabetes mellitus 2, hospital national PNP Luis N. Saenz, 2016

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre conocimientos y aptitudes en pacientes diabéticos sobre las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus 2 en el servicio de endocrinología del Hospital Nacional PNP Luis N. Suárez el 2016. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Se encuestaron a 110 pacientes diabéticos con un cuestionario para valorar los conocimientos (10 ítems con respuesta de selección múltiple) y otro para las aptitudes (tipo Lickert modificado). Los conocimientos se clasificaron como nivel alto, medio y bajo y las aptitudes como favorables, desfavorables e indiferentes según la Escala de Estanones. Se determinó la normalidad de las puntuaciones con la Prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y las asociaciones con chi cuadrado, p<0.05 y prueba de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La edad media fue 49.85±6.97 años, 74.5% sexo femenino, 75.5% con tiempo de enfermedad entre 1-5 años, 67.3% con buena adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. El nivel de conocimientos fue: alto 28.2%, medio 49.1% y bajo 22.7%; y las aptitudes fueron: favorables 23.6%, desfavorables 58.2% e indiferentes 18.2%. No existe relación entre conocimientos y aptitudes (p=0.247). Sólo se encontró asociación estadística entre conocimiento y tratamiento farmacológico (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes diabéticos tienen un nivel de conocimiento medio sobre sus complicaciones crónicas y sus aptitudes fueron predominantemente desfavorables. Es necesario realizar estrategias educativas para mejorar los conocimiento y las aptitudes de los diabéticos.

Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge and aptitude in diabetic patients regarding the chronic complications of diabetic mellitus 2 in the endocrinology service of National Hospital PNP Luis N. Saenz. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, transverse and correlational study. 110 diabetic patients were surveyed with a questionnaire to assess the knowledge (10 items with a multiple choice response) and another one for the skills (modified Lickert type). The knowledge was classified as high, medium and low level and the skills as favorable, unfavorable and indifferent according to the Estanones Scale. The normality of the scores with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and associations with chi-square, p <0.05 and Pearson's correlation test were determined. Results: The mean age was 49.85 ± 6.97 years, 74.5% female, 75.5% with disease time between 1-5 years, 67.3% with good adherence to pharmacological treatment. The level of knowledge was: high 28.2%, medium 49.1% and low 22.7%; And the skills were: favorable 23.6%, unfavorable 58.2% and indifferent 18.2%. There is no relation between knowledge and skills (p = 0.247). Only statistical association was found between knowledge and pharmacological treatment (p <0.05). Conclusion: Diabetic patients have an average level of knowledge about their chronic complications and their abilities were predominantly unfavorable. It is necessary to carry out educational strategies to improve the knowledge and skills of diabetics.