Checklist and provisional atlas of singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Bulgaria, based on bioacoustics.

BACKGROUND: The singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Bulgaria were poorly known. There are published records for 14 species: Cicada orni, Lyristes plebejus, Cicadatra atra, Cicadatra hyalina, Cicadatra persica, Cicadetta montana, Cicadetta mediterranea, Dimissalna dimissa, Oligoglena tibialis, Tympanistalna gastrica, Pagiphora annulata, Saticula coriaria, Tibicina haematodes and Tibicina steveni. NEW INFORMATION: Two species from this list were doubtful in the beginning of our study, since Tympanistalna gastrica is distributed in central and southern Portugal and Saticula coriaria is a north African species.We checked three major institutional collections housed in Sofia, Bulgaria: the National Museum of Natural History (SOFM), the Institute of Zoology (ZISB) and the Biology Faculty of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BFUS). We confirmed 11 of the species mentioned in literature, except Cicadetta mediterranea and found two additional species: Cicadatra platyptera and Cicadetta macedonica (the specimens in BFUS were bioacoustically confirmed).Based on this knowledge, we further investigated the singing cicadas of Bulgaria with the use of morphological and bioacoustic methods in the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2019. We were not able to confirm the presence of Cicadatra persica and Cicadetta mediterranea, but found three additional species: Cicadetta brevipennis s. lat., Cicadetta cantilatrix and Tettigettula pygmea. Using the bioacoustic methods, we also detected unknown singing patterns, which could belong to three or four additional taxa, which need to be described.The Bulgarian fauna of singing cicadas at the moment consists of 16 confirmed and 3-4 potential species.

A revision of the Australian cicada genus Punia Moulds, 2012 (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) with the description of four new species.

Punia minima (Goding Froggatt, 1904) from the Northern Territory is redescribed and the female described for the first time. Four new species found across the monsoonal north of Australia are documented: P. hyas sp.n., P. limpida sp.n., P. kolos sp.n. and P. queenslandica sp.n. A key to all five species is provided and their phylogenetic relationships discussed.

New genus and species of Leptopsaltriini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae) from China and Vietnam, with colour-changing behaviour reported for the first time in Cicadoidea.

One new cicada genus Versicolora gen. nov. and two new species, V. ziyongi sp. nov. from China and V. bellula sp. nov. from China and Vietnam, are described. The new genus is placed in the tribe Leptopsaltriini of the subfamily Cicadinae. The relationship of this new genus to other related taxa is discussed. Versicolora ziyongi sp. nov. camouflages itself on the bark of the host-plants and gradually changes its body colour when captured. This colour-changing behaviour is recorded for the first time in Cicadoidea, which provides innovative information for ecomorphological study of this remarkable species and other cicadas that potentially exhibit this behaviour.

A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification.

A molecular phylogeny and a review of family-group classification are presented for 137 species (ca. 125 genera) of the insect family Cicadidae, the true cicadas, plus two species of hairy cicadas (Tettigarctidae) and two outgroup species from Cercopidae. Five genes, two of them mitochondrial, comprise the 4992 base-pair molecular dataset. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic results are shown, including analyses to address potential base composition bias. Tettigarcta is confirmed as the sister-clade of the Cicadidae and support is found for three subfamilies identified in an earlier morphological cladistic analysis. A set of paraphyletic deep-level clades formed by African genera are together named as Tettigomyiinae n. stat. Taxonomic reassignments of genera and tribes are made where morphological examination confirms incorrect placements suggested by the molecular tree, and 11 new tribes are defined (Arenopsaltriini n. tribe, Durangonini n. tribe, Katoini n. tribe, Lacetasini n. tribe, Macrotristriini n. tribe, Malagasiini n. tribe, Nelcyndanini n. tribe, Pagiphorini n. tribe, Pictilini n. tribe, Psaltodini n. tribe, and Selymbriini n. tribe). Tribe Tacuini n. syn. is synonymized with Cryptotympanini, and Tryellina n. syn. is synonymized with an expanded Tribe Lamotialnini. Tribe Hyantiini n. syn. is synonymized with Fidicinini. Tribe Sinosenini is transferred to Cicadinae from Cicadettinae, Cicadatrini is moved to Cicadettinae from Cicadinae, and Ydiellini and Tettigomyiini are transferred to Tettigomyiinae n. stat from Cicadettinae. While the subfamily Cicadinae, historically defined by the presence of timbal covers, is weakly supported in the molecular tree, high taxonomic rank is not supported for several earlier clades based on unique morphology associated with sound production.

Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in three cicada species from China (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadidae).

The ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa of three cicada species, Subpsaltria yangi, Karenia caelatata, and Platypleura kaempferi, was investigated using epifluorescence and transmission electron microscopies. This is the first investigation of the sperm ultrastructure of species in the subfamily Tibicininae and the tribe Sinosenini, represented by S. yangi and K. caelatata, respectively. The three species all produce two or three types of spermatozoa with various lengths, viz., polymegaly. The centriolar adjunct of spermatozoa in S. yangi shows a granular substructure, which is different from that of other cicada species, suggesting that spermatozoa in Tibicininae may have their own characteristics in comparison with other cicadas. The centriolar adjunct of spermatozoa of K. caelatata displays characteristics similar to that of the Cicadinae. Combined with other morphological characters, it is reasonable to remove K. caelatata and its allies (i.e., Sinosenini) from Cicadettinae to Cicadinae. The study of sperm ultrastructure, particularly in the species of Tibicininae and Sinosenini, expands the spermatological research of Cicadidae and provides more information for phylogenetic analysis of Cicadidae.

A new species of Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857 from China, with primary phylogenetic analyses of the tribe Cicadatrini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

A new species of the genus Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857, C. hei sp. nov., from Sichuan Province, China is described. A key to the species of Cicadatra from China is provided. Morphological characters for 9 taxa of the tribe Cicadatrini and for 3 outgroup taxa are examined to present the first phylogenetic reconstruction within the Cicadatrini. The monophyly of Cicadatrini is supported, and Cicadatrini is more allied to the outgroup Cicadetta of the subfamily Cicadettinae (= Tibicininae auct.) from TNT and WinClada analyses. The systematic status of the tribe Cicadatrini is discussed. The genus Cicadalna Boulard, 2006 is recognized to be a junior synonym of Emathia Stål, 1866, and Cicadalna takensis Boulard, 2006 is transferred from Cicadalna to Emathia to become Emathia takensis (Boulard, 2006) comb. nov.

A new genus and species of tettigarctid cicada from the early Miocene of New Zealand: Paratettigarctazealandica (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Tettigarctidae).

A new genus and species of primitive cicada (Hemiptera: Tettigarctidae) is described from the early Miocene of southern New Zealand. Paratettigarctazealandica gen. et sp. n. is the first cicada (Cicadoidea) fossil from New Zealand and exhibits wing venation patterns typical for the subfamily Tettigarctinae. It differs from other fossil taxa and the extant genus Tettigarcta in the early divergence of CuA2 from the nodal line in the forewing, its parallel-sided subcostal cell, the early bifurcation of vein M and long apical cells of the hindwing, and in wing pigmentation patterns.

Comparative cytogenetics of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera, Homoptera): a review.

A comprehensive review of cytogenetic features is provided for the large hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha, which currently contains approximately 42,000 valid species. This review is based on the analysis of 819 species, 483 genera, and 31 families representing all presently recognized Auchenorrhyncha superfamilies, e.i. Cicadoidea (cicadas), Cercopoidea (spittle bugs), Membracoidea (leafhoppers and treehoppers), Myerslopioidea (ground-dwelling leafhoppers), and Fulgoroidea (planthoppers). History and present status of chromosome studies are described, as well as the structure of chromosomes, chromosome counts, trends and mechanisms of evolution of karyotypes and sex determining systems, their variation at different taxonomic levels and most characteristic (modal) states, occurrence of parthenogenesis, polyploidy, B-chromosomes and chromosome rearrangements, and methods used for cytogenetic analysis of Auchenorrhyncha.

Morphology and identification of the final instar nymphs of three cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) in Guanzhong Plain, China based on comparative morphometrics.

The present investigation provides comparative morphometrics of the final instar nymphs of three dominant cicada species, i.e., Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius), Meimuna mongolica (Distant) and Platypleura kaempferi (Fabricius), in Guanzhong Plain, China. Particularly, characters on the antennae, legs, and apex of abdomen of both males and females of these three species were investigated and analyzed. In addition, the numbers of hind tibial spines of the final instar nymphs of 21 representatives of Cicadoidea were compared. The results provide useful characteristics for nymph identification of related species and for further taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of Cicadoidea.

Description and key to the fifth-instars of some Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants in Brazil

Fifth-instars of the cicada species Dorisiana drewseni (Stål), Dorisiana viridis (Olivier), Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius), Fidicinoides pronoe (Walker) and Carineta fasciculata (Germar) are described and illustrated. Moreover, a key to the nymphs of these species along with Quesada gigas (Olivier) is also provided.

Primeiro registro de Fidicinoides picea (Walker, 1850) e Fidicinoides poulaini Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 no Brasil / First report of Fidicinoides picea (Walker, 1850) and Fidicinoides poulaini Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 in Brazil

As cigarras são importantes pragas de diversas culturas, entre plantas cultivadas e ornamentais. Estudos de taxonomia e morfologia de insetos são primordiais para pesquisas etológicas e para o emprego de métodos de controle. Ao estudar coleções entomológicas de cigarras, foi constatado o primeiro registro de ocorrência de Fidicinoides picea e Fidicinoides poulaini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) no Brasil, espécies coletadas nos Estados do Pará e de Manaus, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as descrições morfológicas da cabeça, do tórax, do abdome e da asa.

The cicadas are important pests of several cultivations, since cultivated until ornamental plants. Taxonomy and morphology studies of insects are primordial in researches of behavior and for the employment of control methods. Studying entomological collections of cicadas, it was verified the first report of occurrence of Fidicinoides picea and Fidicinoides poulaini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Brazil, species collected in States of Pará and Manaus and are presented, morphologic descriptions of the head, thorax, abdomen and wing.

Descrição das ninfas de Quesada gigas (Olivier) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associadas ao cafeeiro / Description of the nymphs of Quesada gigas (Olivier) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants

Neste trabalho, as ninfas de Quesada gigas (Olivier) são descritas e ilustradas. Uma chave para o reconhecimento dos cinco ínstares ninfais é também apresentada. Foram analisados exemplares coletados em cafezais dos municípios de São Sebastião do Paraíso, Monte Santo de Minas e Patrimônio (Minas Gerais), Franca e Casa Branca (São Paulo). As amostras encontram-se preservadas em álcool a 80 por cento e depositadas na Coleção Entomológica do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV-UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Os caracteres analisados foram: antenas, tecas alares, perna anterior, ápice da tíbia meso e metatorácicas e ápice abdominal do macho/fêmea. Foi adotada uma fórmula para indicar a configuração que é apresentada pelas estruturas presentes no fêmur anterior. Ninfas de Q. gigas de primeiro ínstar apresentam fórmula femoral 2-1-0, de segundo ínstar 2-1-3, de terceiro ínstar 2-1-5, de quarto ínstar 2-1-6 e as de quinto ínstar 2-2-8. O primeiro número refere-se à somatória dos dentes posteriores e dentes acessórios, o segundo ao número de dentes intermediários e o terceiro aos dentes do pente femoral. As estruturas apresentadas pelo fêmur protorácico constituem caracteres morfológicos adequados para a identificação dos ínstares ninfais de cigarras.

In this work, the nymphs of Quesada gigas (Olivier) are described and illustrated. A key for the recognition of its five nymphal instars is also provided. Specimens were collected in coffee plantations in São Sebastião do Paraíso, Monte Santo de Minas and Patrimônio (State of Minas Gerais); Franca and Casa Branca (State of São Paulo). They are preserved in alcohol 80 percent and deposited at the collection of the Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (FCAV/UNESP) in Jaboticabal. The characters analyzed were: antenna, wing buds, fore legs, apex of the meso and metathoracic tibiae and abdominal apex of male/female. A formula was adopted to indicate the number and sequence of the teeth of the prothoracic femur. Q. gigas nymphs present the following formula: first instar: 2-1-0, the second: 2-1-3, the third: 2-1-5, the fourth: 2-1-6 and the fifth instar: 2-2-8. First number refers to the sum of posterior and acessory teeth, the second one refers to the number of intermediate teeth and the third refers to the teeth of femoral comb. The structures of the prothoracic femur are reliable morphological characters that can be used to identify and determine the cicada nymph instars.