ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. La epistemología, rama de la filosofía que estudia el proceso de investigación y su producto el conocimiento científico, implica ámbitos de la ciencia con enfoque positivismo y postpositivismo, interpretativismo, teoría crítica; y, transcomplejo, cada uno de ellos con los elementos paradigmáticos de: ontología, epistemología y metodología, su conocimiento y aplicabilidad en los diferentes ámbitos es fundamental porque sus enfoques generan ciencia. OBJETIVO. Desarrollar capacidades intelectuales en bases contextuales y teóricas en epistemología de la investigación social, indispensables para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica y del conocimiento científico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con población y muestra conocida de 30 modalidades de publicación, periodo junio a julio 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: fuentes secundarias de información bibliográfica validadas en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales. La técnica de observación fue en buscadores bibliográficos PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Diccionario de Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud y la Real Academia Española. La tarea de revisar la literatura de investigación comprendió la identificación, selección, análisis crítico, descripción escrita, interpretación, discusión y conclusión de la información que existe sobre la epistemología de la investigación social, tema, que se registró con aplicación de un gestor de referencias bibliográficas, tipo Microsoft Word. RESULTADOS. Se logró obtener capacidades intelectuales al estructurar la cronológica de la epistemología de la investigación social, del conocimiento científico y nuevas perspectivas para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica. CONCLUSIÓN. Las perspectivas se orientan a integrar paradigmas pasados y futuros con visión de transcomplejidad, espacios organológicos de una gran red, conformación de cibercomunidades de investigación, uso de método integrador, nuevo lenguaje en equipos multidisciplinarios, agentes como el foco principal de la teoridad epistémica en espacio, tiempo y la relación entre las cosas.
INTRODUCTION. Epistemology, a branch of philosophy that studies the research process and its product, scientific knowledge, involves areas of science focussed in with positivism and postpositivism, interpretivism, critical theory; and, transcomplex, each one of them with the paradigmatic elements of: ontology, epistemology and methodology, their knowledge and applicability in the different fields is fundamental because their approaches generate science. OBJECTIVE. Develop intellectual capacities on contextual and theoretical bases in the epistemology of social research, essential for professional practice in the field of scientific research and scientific knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive study, with population and a known sample of 30 publication modalities, period June to July 2020. The inclusion criteria were: secondary sources of bibliographic information validated in the field of social sciences. The observation technique was in bibliographic search engines PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Dictionary of Descriptors in Health Sciences and the Royal Spanish Academy. The task of reviewing the research literature included the identification, selection, critical analysis, written description, interpretation, discussion and conclusion of the information that exists on the epistemology of social research, subject, which was registered with the application of a reference manager bibliographic, Microsoft Word type. RESULTS. Intellectual capacities were obtained by structuring the chronology of the epistemology of social research, scientific knowledge and new perspectives for professional practice in the field of scientific research. CONCLUSION. The perspectives are aimed at integrating past and future paradigms with a vision of transcomplexity, organological spaces of a large network, formation of research cyber communities, use of integrative method, new language in multidisciplinary teams, agents as the main focus of epistemic theory in space, time and the relationship between things.
Subject(s)
Thinking/classification , Cognitive Science , Interdisciplinary Research , Knowledge Discovery , Social Validity, Research , Social Learning , Philosophy, Medical , Concept Formation/classification , Knowledge , Ecuador , Knowledge ManagementABSTRACT
Objetivo: indagar por las ideas previas que presentan los estudiantes de Odontología, que se encuentran cursando entre V a X semestre, respecto al manejo ambulatorio de infecciones odontogénicas IO- en niños. Métodos: se aplicó un estudio cualitativo-interpretativo con la participación de 60 estudiantes. Las respuestas dadas en una entrevista semiestructurada, la cual contó con ocho preguntas guía abiertas, fueron la unidad de análisis. El procedimiento tuvo cuatro fases. En la primera, preparatoria, se construyó el marco teórico-conceptual como base para interpretar lo manifestado por los estudiantes y se elaboraron las preguntas-guía; para la segunda fase, de recolección de información, se realizaron las entrevistas semiestructuradas presenciales, para ello, los participantes se citaron individualmente en la oficina de investigación. Durante la fase analítica se establecieron las categorías previas: concepto, etiología, evolución, manejo ambulatorio, vías de diseminación, tratamiento farmacológico. La información recabada se vació, depuró y codificó para hacer la exploración con técnica interpretativa y análisis de contenido. En la cuarta fase, de reporte, se presentó un informe con los resultados. Resultados: los estudiantes reconocen que esta enfermedad afecta a pacientes de cualquier edad, sexo y con condición sistemática comprometida. Conclusiones: se requiere una estrategia educativa que permita afianzar el manejo ambulatorio de las IO desde lo propuesto por la ciencia para lograr un aprendizaje significativo. Se requiere enfatizar en el manejo ambulatorio del paciente con infección odontogénica.
Objective: To investigate the previous ideas of dental students from the 5th to the 10th semester about the outpatient management of odontogenic infections in children. Methods: Qualitative-interpretive study, with the participation of 60 students. The unit of analysis was the answers given in a semi-structured interview that had eight open-ended questions. The procedure had four phases: Preparatory where the theoretical-conceptual framework was built as a basis for interpreting what was stated by the students, the guiding questions were elaborated. Information gathering: The face-to-face semi-structured interviews were carried out; the participants were cited individually in the research office. Analytical: they were established as previous categories: concept, etiology, evolution, outpatient management, routes of dissemination, pharmacological treatment. The information collected was emptied, refined and encoded, to make the exploration with interpretive technique and content analysis and Report: a report was submitted with the results. Results: The students recognize that this disease affects patients of any age, sex and with a compromised systemic condition. Conclusions: An educational strategy is required that allows to consolidate the outpatient management of IO them from what is proposed by science to achieve meaningful learning. In the case of antibiotic therapy, students are clear about what is done and how long it will last. Emphasis is required on the outpatient management of the patient with odontogenic infection, as long as a good diagnosis is made.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Research Design , Focal Infection, Dental , Therapeutics , Cognitive Science , LearningABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo parte da discussão entre a visão representacional computacional da cognição contraposta ao enfoque enativo da ciência cognitiva, que defende que o conhecimento é fruto da afetação do corpo pelo ambiente. Discute as consequências dessa visão enativa para a compreensão da neuroética, entendida não como conjunto de parâmetros éticos para as experiências científicas nas neurociências, mas como compreensão neuronal científica do agir moral. A explicação neuronal da ética parte de neuroimagens como expressões de emoção, mas reduzir a moralidade às emoções é discutível, pois juízos emocionais, baseados na proximidade afetiva, destoam de normas éticas de base universal. Outro ponto crítico dessa visão é o artificialismo de suas experimentações, devido ao esquecimento do mundo cotidiano de afetações do corpo, enfoque trazido pelo enativismo da ciência cognitiva.
Abstract This article starts with the discussion between the representational computational cognitive framework versus the enactive perspective of the cognitive science, which argues that knowledge is the result of the body's interaction with its environment. It discusses the consequences of this enactive perspective for the understanding of neuroethics, read not as a set of ethical parameters for scientific experiments in neurosciences, but as a neural scientific understanding of the moral action. The neural explanation of ethics comprehends neuroimaging as expressions of emotion, but reduce morality to emotions is debatable, since emotional judgments, based on affective proximity, diverge from ethical and universal norms. Another critical point of this framework is the artificiality of its tests, caused by neglecting the environmental effects on daily life, approach brought by the enactive approach.
Resumen El articulo parte de la discusión acerca de la visión representacional de la cognición contrapuesta a un enfoque enactivo de la ciencia cognitiva, que defiende que el conocimiento se origina de la afectación del cuerpo por el mundo ambiente. En una segunda parte discute las consecuencias de esta visión enactiva para la comprensión de la neuroética, entendida no como parámetros éticos para las experiencias científicas en las neurociencias, sino como comprensión neuronal científica del actuar moral. Interesa discutir esta segunda concepción. La explicación neuronal de la ética parte de neuroimágenes, como expresiones de emociones. Reducir la moralidad a las emociones es discutible, porque existen disonancias entre juicios emocionales, basados en la proximidad afectiva, y normas éticas de base universal. Otro punto crítico de esta visión es el carácter artificial de sus experimentaciones, causado por el olvido del mundo cotidiano de las afectaciones, enfoque traído por el enactivismo de la ciencia cognitiva.
Subject(s)
Social Environment , Neurosciences , Cognitive Science , EthicsABSTRACT
Resumen: La Ciencia Cognitiva de la Religión es un campo de investigación interdisciplinario que surge en los años 1990s, congregando distintas disciplinas y métodos. Su interés es explicar los procesos cognitivos que subyacen a las creencias y prácticas religiosas, así como situar las mismas en la historia natural y evolutiva de nuestra especie. En el presente artículo se describirá dicho campo interdisciplinario en sus aspectos principales, así como en dos de sus líneas centrales de investigación: la epidemiología de las creencias religiosas, y el estudio cognitivo de los rituales religiosos. Ambas líneas de investigación estudian el problema de cómo las ideas y prácticas religiosas interactúan con la memoria y otros procesos cognitivos, tratando de explicar laamplia dispersión de los fenómenos religiosos en el mundo.
Abstract: The Cognitive Science of Religion is an interdisciplinary research field born in the 1990s. It combines different disciplines and methods, united by the common interest of explaining the cognitive processes underlying religious beliefs and practices, and situating them in the natural evolutionary history of the human species. In the current article, the essential features of this interdisciplinary field will be described, including a presentation of two of its most important research foci: the epidemiology of religious beliefs, and the cognitive study of religious rituals. Both lines of research are concerned with how religious ideas and practices interact with memory and other cognitive processes, trying to explain the widespread occurrence of religious phenomena around the world.
Resumo: A Ciência Cognitiva da Religião é um campo de pesquisa interdisciplinar que surgiu na década de 1990, e reúne diferentes disciplinas e métodos. Seu interesse é explicar os processos cognitivos que fundamentam a crenças e práticas religiosas e colocá-los na história natural e evolutiva de nossa espécie. Este artigo descreve esse campo interdisciplinar e seus principais aspectos. Nós descrevemos duas das suas principais linhas de pesquisa: a epidemiologia das crenças religiosas, e o estudo cognitivo de os rituais religiosos. As duas linhas de investigação estudam o problema de como as idéias e práticas religiosas afetar a memória e outros processos cognitivos, tentando explicar a grande dispersão dos fenómenos religiosos no mundo.
ABSTRACT
The research aimed at identifying factors related to physical activity and cognitive health in elderly living in long-stay institutions. It is a populational based cross sectional study with 191 individuals aged ≥60 years. It was analyzed sociodemographic variables and the ones related to health. Crude multivariable analysis were run upon Poisson regression, estimating the ratios of gross and adjusted prevalence and calculated the confidence intervals of 95 % at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The average age was 79,7 years (±9,8). In the adjusted model, the rate of prevalence of physical activity was 1.94 times higher among elderly people without dementia symptoms. The findings reinforce the need for ongoing incentive to physical activity practice for institutionalized elderly, since the reduction or slowing up the complications resulting from dementia and better understanding of the overall picture of health.
A pesquisa objetivou identificar fatores relacionados à atividade física e à saúdecognitiva em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência. Trata-se deum estudo transversal de base populacional com 191 indivíduos com idade ≥60anos. Foram analisadas as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relacionadas à saúde.A análise multivariada bruta foi realizada na regressão de Poisson, estimando asrazões de prevalência bruta e ajustada e calculando os intervalos de confiança de95% a um nível de significância de p ≤ 0,05. A média de idade foi de 79,7 anos (±9,8). No modelo ajustado, a taxa de prevalência de atividade física foi 1.94 vezesmaior entre idosos sem sintomas de demência. Os achados reforçam a necessidadede incentivo contínuo à prática de atividade física para idosos institucionalizados,desde a redução ou diminuição das complicações decorrentes da demência emelhor compreensão do quadro geral da saúde.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Cognition , Homes for the AgedABSTRACT
The research aimed at identifying factors related to physical activity and cognitive health in elderly living in long-stay institutions. It is a populational based cross sectional study with 191 individuals aged ≥60 years. It was analyzed sociodemographic variables and the ones related to health. Crude multivariable analysis were run upon Poisson regression, estimating the ratios of gross and adjusted prevalence and calculated the confidence intervals of 95 % at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The average age was 79,7 years (±9,8). In the adjusted model, the rate of prevalence of physical activity was 1.94 times higher among elderly people without dementia symptoms. The findings reinforce the need for ongoing incentive to physical activity practice for institutionalized elderly, since the reduction or slowing up the complications resulting from dementia and better understanding of the overall picture of health.
A pesquisa objetivou identificar fatores relacionados à atividade física e à saúde cognitiva em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com 191 indivíduos com idade ≥60 anos. Foram analisadas as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relacionadas à saúde.A análise multivariada bruta foi realizada na regressão de Poisson, estimando as razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada e calculando os intervalos de confiança de 95% a um nível de significância de p ≤ 0,05. A média de idade foi de 79,7 anos (±9,8). No modelo ajustado, a taxa de prevalência de atividade física foi 1.94 vezes maior entre idosos sem sintomas de demência. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de incentivo contínuo à prática de atividade física para idosos institucionalizados,desde a redução ou diminuição das complicações decorrentes da demência e melhor compreensão do quadro geral da saúde.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Cognition , Homes for the AgedABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to obtain reliability and validity evidence for the questionnaire of illness representation, the impact of epilepsy, and stigma (QIRIS) for use with adolescents and adults in Brazil. QIRIS consists of 14 questions grouped in three domains (attribution of meaning, impact of disease, and stigma) and was applied to 57 adults with epilepsy. QIRIS internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach’s α = 0. 866). Significant and strong correlation was found between issues belonging to the same domain, as expected. Three domains have highly significant and positive correlations with the instrument’s total score, indicating evidence of content validity. We conclude that QIRIS has psychometric properties and can facilitate a systematic evaluation of the patient’s representation according to a biopsychosocial approach that may contribute to clinical practice based on scientific evidence.
RESUMO Este estudo buscou evidências de confiabilidade e validade para o questionário de representação da doença, impacto da epilepsia e estigma (QIRIS), para uso em adolescentes e adultos no Brasil. O QIRIS consiste de 14 questões agrupadas em 3 domínios (atribuição de significados, impacto da doença e estigma) e foi aplicado em 57 adultos com epilepsia. A consistência interna do QIRIS foi satisfatória (α de Cronbach = 0,866). Foi encontrada forte e significante correlação entre as questões com o mesmo domínio.Os três domínios têm correlações altamente significativas e positivas com a pontuação total do instrumento, indicando evidências de validade de conteúdo. Concluímos que o QIRIS tem propriedades psicométricas que facilitam uma avaliação sistemática de representação do paciente de acordo com uma abordagem biopsicossocial, além de contribuir para uma prática clínica baseada em evidências científicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Sickness Impact Profile , Epilepsy/psychology , Social Stigma , Psychometrics , Quality of Life/psychology , Self Concept , Brazil , Reproducibility of Results , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Resumo Introdução: Distúrbios do Trato Urinário Inferior (DTUI) de causa funcional são disfunções vesicais sem defeitos anatômicos ou neurológicos. O diagnóstico é principalmente clínico, com sintomas padronizados pela International Children's Continence Society. Poucos estudos relacionam qualidade de vida destes pacientes ao nível cognitivo e aproveitamento escolar. Objetivos: Avaliar marcos do controle miccional, dificuldades cotidianas, qualidade de vida (QV), nível cognitivo e desempenho escolar de crianças portadoras de DTUI. Método: Série de casos de pacientes acompanhados na Nefrologia Pediátrica de hospital terciário com avaliação da QV (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - Peds-QL), Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) e teste de matrizes progressivas de Raven. Resultados: Meninas de classe social menos favorecida foram 90,9% das crianças elegíveis. A média de idade foi 9,1 ± 4,8 anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram urge-incontinência (81%), manobras de contenção (77,3%) e enurese (59,1%) associados à síndrome do distúrbio de eliminações (63,6%). Cuidadores consideravam as perdas urinárias e/ou sintomas como voluntários, brigavam e/ ou batiam na criança. As crianças já tinham sido submetidas a situações constrangedoras e advertências de professores, escondiam sintomas e/ou roupas sujas. O escore médio de QV foi 71,0 ± 12,6 com menor média na dimensão escolar. No TDE 55% tiveram desempenho inferior e nas Matrizes de Raven 60% estavam intelectualmente em nível médio. Observaram-se escores menores de QV no nível médio e inferior do TDE e capacidade intelectual média/abaixo da média nas Matrizes de Raven. Conclusão: DTUI pode influenciar negativamente relações familiares e sociais, desempenho escolar e qualidade de vida das crianças portadoras.
Abstract Introduction: Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) are voiding dysfunctions without anatomical or neurological defects. The diagnosis is primarily clinical, with symptoms standardized by the International Children's Continence Society. Few studies relate quality of life of patients with cognitive and school performance. Objective: To evaluate milestones of bladder control, daily problems, quality of life (QoL), cognitive function and school performance of children with LUTD. Methods: Case series of patients followed in the Pediatric Nephrology tertiary hospital with assessment of QoL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - PedsQoL version 4), School Performance Test (TDE) and Raven Progressive Matrices test. Results: Girls of lower social class were (90.9%) of eligible children. The mean age was 9.1 ± 4.8 years old. The most common symptoms were urge incontinence (81%), holding maneuvers (77.3%) and enuresis (59.1%) associated with the elimination disorder syndrome (63.6%). Caregivers considered volunteers urinary losses and/ or symptoms, and fought and/or beat the child. Children had been subjected to embarrassing situations such as warnings of teachers, they hid symptoms and/or the dirty clothes. Mean score of QoL was 71.0 ± 12.6 with the lowest mean score on the school dimension. In TDE 55% had lower performance and in Raven Matrices 60% were intellectually in the medium level. It was observed lower QoL scores in the medium and lower level of TDE and average intellectual capacity/below average in Raven matrices. Conclusion: LUTD may negatively affect family and social relationships, school performance and QoL of children with the dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Quality of Life , Urination Disorders/psychology , Cognition , Academic Performance , Urination Disorders/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: Relacionar a auto-eficácia metacognitiva com o golpe Ground and Pound de atletas de MMA. Método: Realizou um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, onde participaram deste estudo todos os 10 atletas de MMA do sexo masculino da Senna Academia de Lutas, com média de idade de 19.07±5.93 e peso de 67.05±3.68. Resultados: Foi identificado um índice de correlação de Pearson de r=0.96, evidenciando-se um p<0.001. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que existe uma ótima correlação da auto-eficácia metacognitiva com a correta execução do golpe Ground and Pound dos atletas de MMA.
Objective: Relate the metacognitive self-efficacy with the coup Ground and Pound MMA athletes. Methods: Conducted a quantitative study, descriptive, which in this study all 10 male MMA athletes Senna Fights Academy, with a mean age of 19.07 ± 5.93 and 67.05 ± 3.68 Weight. Results: One Pearson's correlation coefficient was identified r=0.96, showing a p<0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a great correlation between self-efficacy metacognitive with the correct execution of the coup Ground and Pound of MMA athletes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Martial Arts/psychology , Athletic Performance , Metacognition , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Decision Making , Cognitive TrainingABSTRACT
A pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender os conceitos de David Ausubel e a sua interferência na aprendizagem enquanto construção cognitiva, no campo da Psicopedagogia. O método utilizado no presente estudo foi a Pesquisa Qualitativa Explicativa, com visão interpretativa e crítica, tanto dos fatores como dos autores pesquisados. Dentre os resultados obtidos é possível informar que, a ação psicopedagógica tem maior sucesso com a prática da pesquisa continuada. A pesquisa oferece uma reflexão sobre o referencial teórico, a fim de trazer benefícios para a prática profissional psicopedagógica. Conclui-se que, para Ausubel, o sujeito já tem uma história, sendo esta a base para uma aprendizagem significativa. O profissional deve estar atento ao fazer intervenção, levando em consideração a formação da estrutura cognitiva do indivíduo, trazendo importantes contribuições para diversas áreas do conhecimento, principalmente, para o campo da Psicopedagogia.
The research aimed to understand the concepts of David Ausubel and his interference in learning as cognitive construction in the field of educational psychology. The method used in this study was the Explanatory Qualitative Research with both interpretive and critical view of the factors as to the authors surveyed. Among the results we got it can be informed that the psycho-pedagogical action is most successful with the practice of continued research. The research offers a reflection on the theoretical framework in order to bring benefits to the psychology educational professional practice. We conclude that to Ausubel, the person has already a story, which is the basis for meaningful learning. The physician must be attentive when making an intervention, taking into account the formation of the cognitive structure of the individual, bringing important contributions to many areas of knowledge, particularly to the field of educational Psychology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cognitive Science , Learning , Psychology, Educational , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
A pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender os conceitos de David Ausubel e a sua interferência na aprendizagem enquanto construção cognitiva, no campo da Psicopedagogia. O método utilizado no presente estudo foi a Pesquisa Qualitativa Explicativa, com visão interpretativa e crítica, tanto dos fatores como dos autores pesquisados. Dentre os resultados obtidos é possível informar que, a ação psicopedagógica tem maior sucesso com a prática da pesquisa continuada. A pesquisa oferece uma reflexão sobre o referencial teórico, a fim de trazer benefícios para a prática profissional psicopedagógica. Conclui-se que, para Ausubel, o sujeito já tem uma história, sendo esta a base para uma aprendizagem significativa. O profissional deve estar atento ao fazer intervenção, levando em consideração a formação da estrutura cognitiva do indivíduo, trazendo importantes contribuições para diversas áreas do conhecimento, principalmente, para o campo da Psicopedagogia.(AU)
The research aimed to understand the concepts of David Ausubel and his interference in learning as cognitive construction in the field of educational psychology. The method used in this study was the Explanatory Qualitative Research with both interpretive and critical view of the factors as to the authors surveyed. Among the results we got it can be informed that the psycho-pedagogical action is most successful with the practice of continued research. The research offers a reflection on the theoretical framework in order to bring benefits to the psychology educational professional practice. We conclude that to Ausubel, the person has already a story, which is the basis for meaningful learning. The physician must be attentive when making an intervention, taking into account the formation of the cognitive structure of the individual, bringing important contributions to many areas of knowledge, particularly to the field of educational Psychology.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Learning , Cognitive Science , Psychology, Educational , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
O problema da naturalização da consciência surge como parte de um projeto contemporâneo de uma ciência natural da mente, que visa abarcar todas as dimensões do que geralmente se considera como constituindo o mental. O principal paradigma desse projeto é fornecido pelo programa interdisciplinar de investigação,coletivamente denominado ciência cognitiva. Entretanto, mesmo que os seus resultados de pesquisa tenham sido consideráveis, o tradicional problema mente-corpo se recoloca sob forma de uma lacuna explicativa que permanece entre os dados disponíveis sobre as estruturas neuronais ou a atividade cerebral e os conteúdos da introspecção ou fenômenos da consciência. Devido às dificuldades apresentadas pelo caráter subjetivo destes últimos, o recurso à fenomenologia pareceu necessário, desde que acompanhado de um projeto de naturalização da mesma. Esse projeto permitiria, em princípio,uma compreensão integral dos processos mentais, incluindo a consciência e suas bases neurais, assim como o meio em que ocorrem e o modo como se relacionam com o mundo físico. O objetivo deste artigo é, primeiro, apresentar sucintamente o desenvolvimento histórico dessa questão e os principais problemas filosóficos que ela coloca. A seguir,discute-se a possibilidade de complementação desse programa de naturalização a partir da abordagem dos fenômenos da consciência desenvolvida pela filosofia merleau-pontyana.Pode-se argumentar, de fato, que esta última(AU)
The problem of naturalizing consciousness arises as part of a contemporary project for a natural science of the mind aiming at encompassing the whole scope of what is usually regarded as mental. This projects main paradigm is providedby the interdisciplinary research program collectively known as cognitive science. This program has been considerably successful in its research results; however, the traditional mindbody problem reappears within it as a remainingexplanatory gap between available data related to neuron structures or brain activity and the content of introspection or conscious phenomena.Due to the difficulties brought about by the subjective character of consciousness, a resort to phenomenology seemed necessary, if it was followed by a project for its naturalization. This project was supposed to allow, at least in principle,a thorough understanding of mental processes, including consciousness and its neural bases, as well as the milieu where they take place and themanner they relate to the physical world. The first objective of this paper is to briefly describe the historical development of this problem and themain philosophical questions raised by it. Next, it discusses the contribution that Merleau-Pontys approach to conscious phenomena can provideto this naturalization program. Indeed, it can be argued that his philosophy possess the features required for a fruitful epistemological dialoguewith contemporary projects for a natural science of the mind(AU)
Subject(s)
Conscience , Interdisciplinary ResearchABSTRACT
O problema da naturalização da consciência surge como parte de um projeto contemporâneo de uma ciência natural da mente, que visa abarcar todas as dimensões do que geralmente se considera como constituindo o mental. O principal paradigma desse projeto é fornecido pelo programa interdisciplinar de investigação,coletivamente denominado ciência cognitiva. Entretanto, mesmo que os seus resultados de pesquisa tenham sido consideráveis, o tradicional problema mente-corpo se recoloca sob forma de uma lacuna explicativa que permanece entre os dados disponíveis sobre as estruturas neuronais ou a atividade cerebral e os conteúdos da introspecção ou fenômenos da consciência. Devido às dificuldades apresentadas pelo caráter subjetivo destes últimos, o recurso à fenomenologia pareceu necessário, desde que acompanhado de um projeto de naturalização da mesma. Esse projeto permitiria, em princípio,uma compreensão integral dos processos mentais, incluindo a consciência e suas bases neurais, assim como o meio em que ocorrem e o modo como se relacionam com o mundo físico. O objetivo deste artigo é, primeiro, apresentar sucintamente o desenvolvimento histórico dessa questão e os principais problemas filosóficos que ela coloca. A seguir,discute-se a possibilidade de complementação desse programa de naturalização a partir da abordagem dos fenômenos da consciência desenvolvida pela filosofia merleau-pontyana. Pode-se argumentar, de fato, que esta última
The problem of naturalizing consciousness arises as part of a contemporary project for a natural science of the mind aiming at encompassing the whole scope of what is usually regarded as mental. This project's main paradigm is providedby the interdisciplinary research program collectively known as cognitive science. This program has been considerably successful in its research results; however, the traditional mindbody problem reappears within it as a remainingexplanatory gap between available data related to neuron structures or brain activity and the content of introspection or conscious phenomena.Due to the difficulties brought about by the subjective character of consciousness, a resort to phenomenology seemed necessary, if it was followed by a project for its naturalization. This project was supposed to allow, at least in principle,a thorough understanding of mental processes, including consciousness and its neural bases, as well as the milieu where they take place and themanner they relate to the physical world. The first objective of this paper is to briefly describe the historical development of this problem and themain philosophical questions raised by it. Next, it discusses the contribution that Merleau-Ponty's approach to conscious phenomena can provideto this naturalization program. Indeed, it can be argued that his philosophy possess the features required for a fruitful epistemological dialoguewith contemporary projects for a natural science of the mind
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Conscience , Interdisciplinary ResearchABSTRACT
Many students may read fluently but have difficulties constructing meaning from texts. Difficulties with reading comprehension have many implications at school. In particular, problems understanding texts interfere with studying and learning from text. Reading comprehension has improved in the last 30 years focusing on intervention programs that work with strategies in which metacog-nition plays a crucial role. However, recent years have seen relevant advances in the study of the relationship between working memory (WM), particularly executive processes, and reading comprehension. In this paper, we present how the last 20 years of our research has evolved regarding metacognitive intervention from text comprehension strategies, as the main idea and summarization to the intervention on WM's executive processes during reading. Thus, our more recent empirical data has shown that text comprehension can be improved after specific training on the executive functions of working memory (e.g., focusing, switching, connecting and updating mental representations, and the inhibition of irrelevant information) in Primary school students.
Muchos estudiantes pueden leer de forma fluida pero presentan dificultades para construir significados a partir de los textos. Las dificultades de compresión lectora tienen varias implicaciones en la escuela. En particular, los problemas de comprensión de textos interfieren con el estudio y el aprendizaje desde el texto. La comprensión de lectura se ha mejorado en los últimos 30 años enfocándose en los programas de intervención que trabajan con estrategias en las cuales la metacognición juega un papel crucial. Sin embargo, en años recientes han sido relevantes los avances en el estudio de las relaciones entre la memoria de trabajo (WM), particularmente el proceso ejecutivo, y la comprensión de lectura. En este artículo presentamos la manera como se ha desarrollado nuestra investigación en los últimos 20 años, en relación con intervención metacognitiva desde las estrategias de comprensión de textos, tales como la idea principal y el resumen en la intervención sobre el proceso ejecutivo de WM durante la lectura. Así, nuestros datos empíricos recientes han mostrado que la comprensión de textos puede ser mejorada después del tratamiento específico sobre las funciones ejecutivas de memoria de trabajo (e.g., enfocándose, cambiando, conectando y actualizando las representaciones mentales y la inhibición de información irrelevante) en niños de escuela primaria.
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Cognitive Science , ComprehensionABSTRACT
Recent studies reported that central processing duration influences processing order of two tasks in the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. This study examined whether the duration of response execution influences the processing of task order. For this purpose, a tone discrimination task was combined with a letter discrimination task. Both tasks were presented in random order using different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In one condition, participants responded to each stimulus with a single key press (easy response condition). In the other condition, the tone task required a single key press, whereas the letter task required a more time-consuming key press-sequence (hard response condition). The results showed that participants tend to perform the tone task first more often when the response requirement for the letter task is hard, rather than easy. This result is consistent with the notion that participants optimize response scheduling in dual-task situations.
Bajo el paradigma de periodo refractario psicológico (PRP), recientes estudios han hallado que la duración del procesamiento central influye en el orden en el que dos tareas son procesadas. En el presente trabajo se examinó si la duración de la respuesta también influye en el orden en el que dos tareas se ejecutan. Para este propósito, se utilizó una tarea de discriminación auditiva en combinación con una tarea de discriminación visual. En el experimento se varió el orden de presentación de las tareas de forma aleatoria así como se utilizaron diferentes intervalos entre estímulos (stimulus onset asynchrony; SOA) En una condición, los participantes respondieron a cada estímulo pulsando una tecla (condición de respuesta simple). En la otra condición, mientras que a la tarea auditiva se respondía de nuevo pulsando una tecla, la respuesta a la tarea visual requería pulsar una secuencia de teclas, aumentando la duración de la respuesta (condición de respuesta compleja). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes tienden a ejecutar más a menudo la tarea auditiva en primer lugar cuando la respuesta de la tarea visual es más compleja. Este resultado apoya la noción de que, en escenarios de doble tarea, los participantes pueden invertir sus respuestas si con ello optimizan su ejecución.
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Pitch Discrimination , Cognitive ScienceABSTRACT
Response times in a visual object recognition task decrease significantly if targets can be distinguished by two redundant attributes. Redundancy gain for two attributes has been commonly found, but redundancy gain from three attributes has been found only for stimuli from three different modalities (tactile, auditory, and visual). This study extends those results by showing that redundancy gain from three attributes within the same visual modality (color, form and direction of movement) is possible. It also presents evidence that the separate activation model cannot account for such a gain.
Los tiempos de respuesta en las tareas de reconocimiento visual de objetos disminuye significativamente si los objetivos pueden ser distinguidos por dos atributos redundantes. La ganancia de redundancia para dos atributos se ha encontrado comúnmente, pero la ganancia de redundancia de tres atributos ha sido encontrada solo para estímulos desde tres modalidades diferentes (táctil, auditivo y visual). Este estudio se extiende a aquellos resultados mostrando que el aumento de la redundancia es posible en tres atributos dentro de la misma modalidad visual (color, forma y dirección del movimiento). También se presenta evidencia de que el modelo de activación separada no puede dar cuenta de una ganancia como tal.
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Psychology , Cognitive ScienceABSTRACT
To Look and speak requires a dynamic synchronization of both visual attention and linguistic processing. This study explored patterns of visual attention in a group of Hindi speaking children and adults, as they generated sentences to real photographs. Photographs contained either a single human agent performing an intransitive action, an agent performing an action with an object or two actors involved in a mutual action in the presence of an object. The eye movements were recorded as participants generated sentences for each photograph, and several dependent measures were calculated. Eye movements to subject and verb regions in each picture revealed striking differences between children and adults as far as deployment of visual attention was concerned. Adults deployed significantly higher amount of attention to the verb region during the conceptualization process and throughout viewing compared to children. Children had higher number of fixations and saccades to different regions but did not attend to the regions in a stable manner over time. The results suggest that in a verb final language like Hindi, generating sentence requires first allocation of attention to the region denoting action, and children and adults differ from each other in this process.
Mirar y hablar requieren una sincronización dinámica de la atención visual y el procesamiento lingüístico. Este estudio exploró los patrones de atención visual en un grupo de niños y adultos hablantes de Hindi cuando generaban oraciones de fotografías reales. Las fotografías contenían un único agente humano realizando una acción intransitiva, un agente realizando una acción con un objeto o dos actores implicados en una acción mutua en la presencia de un objeto. El movimiento ocular fue registrado mientras los participantes generaban oraciones para cada fotografía y se calcularon algunas medidas dependientes. El movimiento ocular para las regiones de sujeto y verbo en cada figura revelaron diferencias notables entre niños y adultos en cuanto al desempeño de la atención visual. Los adultos desplegaron una cantidad significativamente mayor de atención a la región verbo durante el proceso de conceptualización y durante todo el proceso en comparación con los niños. Los niños tuvieron mayor número de fijaciones y movimientos sacádicos de diferentes regiones, pero no atendieron a las regiones de manera estable en el tiempo. Los resultados sugieren que en un lenguaje, en donde el verbo va al final como el Hindi, se generan frases que requieren en primer lugar distribución de atención a la región que denota acción, y tanto los niños como los adultos difieren en este proceso.
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Perception , CognitionABSTRACT
A briefly presented peripheral flash is often mislocalized with a bias toward an attended object. The target mislocalization has been ascribed to the integration of location signals between a target and an attended object, and this results in the mislocalization of the target toward the attended object. It was unclear whether external objects that attract observer's attention were necessary to cause the target mislocalization. This study aimed at examining whether the target mislocalization occurred when the shift of observers' attention was induced by gaze cueing, in which observer's attention is shifted in the direction of other's gaze. This cueing paradigm requires no external object to attract attention, thus it enabled us to directly examine the necessity of external objects in the target mislocalization. Stimuli consisted of a pictorial face, a target, and a probe. First, the pictorial face was presented, and its gaze was shifted so as to look at either upper-right or upper-left. The target was successively presented for 50 msec. After a temporal interval of 0 or 2000 msec was inserted as a retention interval, the probe was presented below the target. The observers' task was to judge whether the target had appeared at the left or right side of the probe location. The target was significantly mislocalized in the direction of gaze shift only when the retention interval was 2000 msec. Moreover, reaction time for detecting a target was shorter at the gazed than non-gazed location. These results suggest that the mislocalization does not require external objects attracting attention. Neural signals of target location are possibly averaged with the attention-induced local change in neural signals, and this results in the target mislocalization toward the gazed location.
Un flash presentado brevemente de forma periférica a menudo es mal localizado con un sesgo hacia un objeto atendido. El foco de esta mala localización se ha atribuido a la integración de las señales de localización entre un blanco y un objeto que se está atendiendo, y esto da lugar a la mala localización del objetivo hacia el objeto que se atiende. No es claro si los objetos externos que atraen la atención del observador son necesarios para causar la mala localización del objetivo. Este estudio está dirigido a examinar si la mala localización de objetivo se produce cuando el cambio de la atención del observador es inducida por las pistas de mirada, en la que la mirada del observador se desplaza en la dirección de la mirada del otro. Este paradigma de pistas no requiere de ningún objeto externo para llamar la atención, así nos permite examinar directamente la necesidad de los objetos externos en la mala localización de objetivos. Los estímulos fueron una ilustración de la cara, un objetivo, y una prueba. En primer lugar, la ilustración de la cara se presentó y la mirada se desplazaba hacia la parte superior derecha o superior izquierda. El objetivo fue presentado sucesivamente por 50 mseg. Después seguía un intervalo temporal de 0 o 2000 mseg como un intervalo de retención, la prueba se presentó por debajo del objetivo. La tarea de los observadores consistió en juzgar si el objetivo apareció en el lado izquierdo o derecho de la ubicación de la prueba. El objetivo fue mal localizado significativamente en la dirección de desplazamiento de la mirada sólo cuando el intervalo de retención fue de 2,000 mseg. Por otra parte, el tiempo de reacción para la detección del objetivo fue más corto en la mirada que en la localización no mirada. Estos resultados sugieren que la mala localización no requiere objetos externos que atraigan la atención. Señales neurales de la localización de objetivo se promedian con el cambio local de atención inducida en señales neurales, lo que resulta en la mala localizacion de objetivos hacia la ubicación contemplada.
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Perception , Cognitive ScienceABSTRACT
A series of experiments were devised to test the idea that sensorimotor systems activate during the processing of emotionally laden stimuli. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants were asked to judge the pleasantness of emotionally laden sentences while participants held a pen in the mouth. Experiments 3 and 4 were similar to the previous experiments, but the experimental materials were emotionally laden images. In Experiment 5 and 6 the same bodily manipulation used throughout the previous experiments was kept while participants judged facial expressions. The first pair of experiments replicated findings suggesting that sensorimotor systems are activated during the processing of emotionally laden language. However, follow-up experiments suggested that dual activation of both perceptual and motor systems is not always necessary. For the particular case of emotionally laden stimuli, results suggested that the perceptual system seems to drive the processing. It is also shown that a high resonance between sensorimotor properties afforded by the stimuli and the sensorimotor systems activated in the cogniser elicit emotional states. The results invite to review radical versions of embodiment accounts and rather support a graded-embodiment view.
Una serie de experimentos fueron diseñados para determinar si sistemas sensoriomotores se activan durante el procesamiento de estímulos con contenido emocional. En los experimentos 1 y 2, los participantes juzgaron cuan emocionales eran ciertas frases con contenido emocional mientras sostenían un lápiz en la boca. Los experimentos 3 y 4 fueron similares a los anteriores con la diferencia de que los materiales experimentales fueron imágenes con contenido emocional. En los experimentos 5 y 6 la misma manipulación facial fue usada mientras los participantes juzgaban expresiones faciales. El primer par de experimentos replicó estudios anteriores demostrando que sistemas sensoriomotores se activan durante el procesamiento de lenguaje con contenido emocional. Sin embargo, los experimentos subsecuentes sugirieron que la activación de sistemas perceptuales y motores no siempre son necesarios. Para el caso específico de estímulos con contenido emocional, los resultados sugirieron que el sistema perceptual está a cargo del procesamiento. También se argumenta que una resonancia alta entre los sistemas sensoriomotores asociados a los estímulos y los sistemas sensoriomotores activados en el participante, conllevan a la elicitación de estados emocionales. Los resultados invitan entonces a revisar versiones radicales de las teorías de la cognición corporeizada y en cambio sugieren adoptar versiones en las que existen grados de corporeidad.
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Cognition , LanguageABSTRACT
Osgood developed the semantic differential to bridge the phenomena from semantics and perception, and we applied its modified version to investigate current issues in cognitive science. We used two-dimensional rather than one-dimensional space to position nominal word items, and subjected data to multidimensional scaling (MDS). In Experiment 1 (paper-and-pencil) participants judged concrete and abstract nouns on seven bipolar semantic differential scales in three perceptual modalities: visual, auditory and touch. Six months later, in Experiment 2 (computer-assisted), the same participants mapped the same ten nouns on a balanced subset of two-dimensional planes. Our findings support the hypothesis that semantic space is physically constrained. MDS over one-dimensional ratings from Experiment 1 resulted in a particular two-dimensional solution. This two-dimensional combination was very similar to one of the raw two-dimensional maps from Experiment 2. We then concluded that this particular raw two-dimensional map is highly informative, as it captures almost all differences between word items in the given set of perceptual opposites. Its informativeness proved to be robust to experimental administration (paper-and-pencil vs. computer-assisted) and scale-orientations (horizontal vs. vertical). Recent theories, such as Barsalou's perceptual theory of knowledge, capture the tradition of conceptualizing all knowledge as inherently perceptual. Our results strongly support these theories.
Osgood desarrolló el diferencial semántico para investigar los fenómenos desde la semántica y la percepción, y aplicamos su versión modificada para investigar temas actuales en ciencia cognitiva. Utilizamos dos dimensiones en lugar de un espacio unidimensional para posicionar palabras nominales y datos sujetos a escalamiento multidimensional (MDS). En el experimento 1 (papel y lápiz) participantes consideraron sustantivos concretos y abstractos en siete escalas de diferencial semántico bipolar en tres modalidades per-ceptuales: visual, auditivo y táctil. Seis meses más tarde, en el Experimento 2 (asistida por ordenador), los mismos participantes asignaron los mismos diez sustantivos en un subconjunto equilibrado de planos bidimensionales. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que el espacio semántico está limitado físicamente. Las calificaciones unidimensionales sobre MDS del Experimento 1 dieron como resultado una solución de dos dimensiones particular. Esta combinación de dos dimensiones fue muy similar a uno de los mapas de dos dimensiones en bruto del Experimento 2. Se concluyó que este mapa particular de dos dimensiones es altamente informativo, ya que captura casi todas las diferencias entre las palabras en el conjunto dado de los opuestos perceptuales. Esta información demostró ser sólida a la administración experimental (papel y lápiz versus asistida por computador) y las orientaciones de la escala (horizontal y vertical). Teorías recientes, como la teoría del conocimiento perceptual de Barsalou, captura la tradición de la conceptualización del conocimiento como inherentemente perceptual. Nuestros resultados apoyan firmemente estas teorías.