Morphological evaluation of the distal medial striate artery. A study with cadaveric material / Evaluación morfológica de la arteria estriada medial distal. Un estudio con material cadavérico

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the morphology of the distal medial striated artery, taking into account biometric variables useful for clinical and surgical management. Methods: A descriptive transversal study was performed with a sample of brains, who underwent autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Bucaramanga-Colombia, which were evaluated using the perfusion technique of vascular structures with polyester resin. Results: The distal medial striated artery was presented in 1.4% and 4.2% duplicated in the right and left hemispheres respectively. Agenesis was presented in 2.8% in the left hemisphere. Its origin was 44.6% of the anterior cerebral artery junction site with the anterior communicating artery and was observed in 6 cases (4.2%) presented with a common trunk with the orbitofrontal artery. The main qualitative finding was the sinuous trajectory that was observed in 57.7% on the right side and 45.1% in the left hemisphere. Also, an important alteration found at the biometric analysis was hypoplasia that could be related to the decreased blood supply to the basal nuclei. The diameter was 0.5 ± 0.2 mm and its total length was 20.3 ± 4.1 mm. Conclusions: The topographical knowledge of this structure determines the vulnerability of its morphology because it can complicate surgical procedures performed in the anterior segment of the arterial circle of the brain. Besides, the observed collateral circulation contributes to the blood supply and the perfect functionality of the subcortical nervous structures.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la morfología de la arteria estriada medial distal, teniendo en cuenta variables biométricas útiles para el manejo clínico y quirúrgico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cerebros que fueron sometidos a autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Bucaramanga-Colombia, fueron evaluados mediante la técnica de perfusión de estructuras vasculares con resina de poliéster. Resultados: La arteria estriada medial distal se presentó en 1.4% y 4.2% duplicada en el hemisferio derecho e izquierdo respectivamente. Agenesia se presentó en 2.8% en el hemisferio izquierdo. Su origen fue 44.6% del sitio de unión de la arteria cerebral anterior con la arteria comunicante anterior y se observó en 6 casos (4.2%) que presentaban un tronco común con la arteria orbitofrontal. El hallazgo principal fue la trayectoria sinuosa que se observó en 57.7% en el lado derecho y 45.1% en el hemisferio izquierdo. También una alteración importante encontrada en el análisis biométrico fue la hipoplasia que podría estar relacionada con la disminución del suministro de sangre a los núcleos basales. El diámetro fue de 0.5 ±0.2 mm y su longitud total fue de 20.3 ±4.1 mm. Conclusiones: El conocimiento topográfico de esta estructura determina la vulnerabilidad de su morfología, porque puede complicar los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en el segmento anterior del círculo arterial del cerebro. Además, la circulación colateral observada contribuye al riego sanguíneo y al perfecto funcionamiento de las estructuras nerviosas subcorticales.

Imaging diagnosis of portal hypertension. / Diagnóstico por imagen de la hipertensión portal.

Portal hypertension is a clinical entity defined by a hydrostatic pressure greater than 5mm Hg in the portal territory, being clinically significant when it is greater than or equal to 10mm Hg. Starting from this threshold, complications can develop, such as the bleeding of esophageal varices, the appearance of ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy. Imaging techniques play an important role as a noninvasive method for determining whether portal hypertension is present. This article analyzes various imaging findings that can suggest the presence of portal hypertension and can help to define its etiology, severity, and possible complications.

[Reliability and validity of the modified Allen test: a systematic review and metanalysis]. / Validez y fiabilidad del test modificado de Allen: una revisión sistemática y metanálisis.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the modified Allen test in screening for collateral circulation deficits in the palm and for predicting distal hand ischemia. We performed a systematic review of the literature indexed in 6 databases. We developed a search strategy to locate studies comparing the Allen test to Doppler ultrasound to detect circulation deficits in the hand, studies assessing the incidence of ischemic events on arterial puncture after an abnormal Allen test result, and studies of Allen test interobserver agreement. Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Nine assessed the validity of the test as a screening tool for detecting collateral circulation deficits. From data published in 3 studies that had followed comparable designs we calculated a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 93% for the Allen test. Four studies that assessed the ability of the test to predict ischemia did not predict any ischemic hand events following arterial puncture in patients with abnormal Allen test results. A single study assessing the test's reliability reported an interobserver agreement rate of 71.5%. This systematic review and metanalysis allows to conclude that the Allen test does not have sufficient diagnostic validity to serve as a screening tool for collateral circulation deficits in the hand. Nor is it a good predictor of hand ischemia after arterial puncture. Moreover, its reliability is limited. There is insufficient evidence to support its systematic use before arterial puncture.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del test modificado de Allen como prueba de cribado para déficits en la circulación colateral palmar y como predictor de isquemia distal de la mano. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura a través de 6 bases de datos. Se elaboraron protocolos de búsqueda para localizar estudios que comparasen el test de Allen con la ecografía Doppler para detectar déficits de la circulación colateral de la mano; que evaluasen la incidencia de eventos isquémicos cuando la arterioclisis se realizaba ante un test de Allen anormal y que estudiasen la concordancia interobservador del test. En total, 14 artículos cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda. Nueve estudios evaluaron la validez del test como prueba de cribado para déficits de circulación colateral. En base a 3 estudios de metodología análoga, se calculó una sensibilidad y especificidad del test del 77% y 93%, respectivamente. Cuatro estudios que valoraban la capacidad del test para predecir isquemia no objetivaron ningún evento isquémico de la mano tras arterioclisis cuando el test de Allen era anormal. Un único estudio evaluó la fiabilidad del test, determinando una concordancia interobservador del 71,5%. Esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis permite concluir que el test de Allen no presenta una adecuada validez diagnóstica como prueba de cribado de déficits de la circulación colateral de la mano, ni resulta un buen predictor de isquemia de la mano tras una punción arterial. Además, presenta una limitada fiabilidad, por lo que no existen evidencias que sustenten su realización sistemática previa a una punción arterial.

Impact of Coronary Collaterals on Long-term Prognosis in Patients Treated With Primary Angioplasty.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effect of coronary collateral circulation (CC) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CC before reperfusion with primary angioplasty (PA) on the long-term prognosis of these patients. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of a cohort of 947 patients treated with PA and TIMI grade ≤ 1 flow in a single center from 2005 to 2013. Propensity score matching was used to create 2 groups of 175 patients each, matched by the degree of CC (Rentrop 0-1 vs Rentrop 2-3). In the matched cohort, we determined the impact of CC on total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and a combined adverse cardiovascular event endpoint for a median follow-up of 864 (interquartile range, 396-1271) days. RESULTS: Of a total of 947 patients included, 735 (78%) had Rentrop 0 to 1 and 212 (22%) had Rentrop 2 to 3. During follow-up, 105 patients died, 71 from cardiovascular causes. In the matched cohort, the total mortality rate was similar between the 2 groups (Rentrop 0-1 [8.8%] vs Rentrop 2-3 [6.3%]; HR = 1.22; 95%CI, 0.50-2.94; P = .654). There were no differences in cardiovascular mortality (Rentrop 0-1 [4.6%] vs Rentrop 2-3 [2.3%]; sHR = 0.49; 95%CI, 0.14-1.62; P = .244) or the composite endpoint including cardiovascular death, reinfarction, target vessel revascularization, and coronary artery bypass surgery (Rentrop 0-1 [18.8%] vs Rentrop 2-3 [13.1%]; sHR = 0.68; 95%CI, 0.40-1.15; P = .157). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary series, the presence of good CC before PA was not associated with better long-term clinical outcomes.

Persistencia y repermeabilización del conducto de Cuvier izquierdo / Persistence and restoration of the patency of the left duct of Cuvier

La hepatopatía crónica favorece la redistribución del flujo hacia la circulación sistémica. Si bien es poco frecuente, la repermeabilización de los conductos venosos embrionarios causa el aumento de la presión en la circulación portal. Nuestro objetivo es dar a conocer la persistencia y permeabilidad del conducto venoso de Cuvier izquierdo y su presentación en imágenes

The increased pressure in the portal circulation due to a chronic liver disease favours the redistribution of the flow to the systemic circulation. Although rare, reperfusion of embryonic venous channels may be a possibility. The aim of this article is to determine the persistence and the patency of the ductus venosus, called the left duct of Cuvier, and its presentation in images

Persistencia y repermeabilización del conducto de Cuvier izquierdo

La hepatopatía crónica favorece la redistribución del flujo hacia la circulación sistémica. Si bien es poco frecuente, la repermeabilización de los conductos venosos embrionarios causa el aumento de la presión en la circulación portal. Nuestro objetivo es dar a conocer la persistencia y permeabilidad del conducto venoso de Cuvier izquierdo y su presentación en imágenes.(AU)

The increased pressure in the portal circulation due to a chronic liver disease favours the redistribution of the flow to the systemic circulation. Although rare, reperfusion of embryonic venous channels may be a possibility. The aim of this article is to determine the persistence and the patency of the ductus venosus, called the left duct of Cuvier, and its presentation in images.(AU)

[Vascular assessment in stroke codes: role of computed tomography angiography]. / Evaluación vascular en el código ictus: papel de la angio-tomografía computarizada.

Advances in imaging studies for acute ischemic stroke are largely due to the development of new efficacious treatments carried out in the acute phase. Together with computed tomography (CT) perfusion studies, CT angiography facilitates the selection of patients who are likely to benefit from appropriate early treatment. CT angiography plays an important role in the workup for acute ischemic stroke because it makes it possible to confirm vascular occlusion, assess the collateral circulation, and obtain an arterial map that is very useful for planning endovascular treatment. In this review about CT angiography, we discuss the main technical characteristics, emphasizing the usefulness of the technique in making the right diagnosis and improving treatment strategies.

The PLAU P141L single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which is encoded by the PLAU gene, plays a prominent role during collateral arterial growth. We investigated whether the PLAU P141L (C > T) polymorphism, which causes a mutation in the kringle domain of the protein, is associated with coronary collateral circulation in a cohort of 676 patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS: The polymorphism was genotyped in blood samples using a TaqMan-based genotyping assay, and collateral circulation was assessed by the Rentrop method. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted by clinically relevant variables to estimate odds ratios were used to examine associations of PLAU P141L allelic variants and genotypes with collateral circulation. RESULTS: Patients with poor collateral circulation (Rentrop 0-1; n = 547) showed a higher frequency of the TT genotype than those with good collateral circulation (Rentrop 2-3; n = 129; P = .020). The T allele variant was also more common in patients with poor collateral circulation (P = .006). The odds ratio of having poorly developed collaterals in patients bearing the T allele (adjusted for clinically relevant variables) was statistically significant under the dominant model (odds ratio = 1.83 [95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.90]; P = .010) and the additive model (odds ratio = 1.73 [95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.62]; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: An association was found between coronary collateral circulation and the PLAU P141L polymorphism. Patients with the 141L variant are at greater risk of developing poor coronary collateral circulation.

Determinantes anatómicos de la arteria femoral profunda en la revascularización del miembro inferior / Anatomical determinants to perform the bypass from the deep femoral artery in lower limb

La irrigación del miembro inferior depende de las arterias femoral superficial y profunda. En los casos de oclusión de la arteria femoral superficial puede ser necesaria la implementación de un by-pass desde la arteria femoral común hacia la arteria poplítea utilizando como puente una vena safena autóloga; en algunos eventos en que este procedimiento no puede llevarse a cabo, se sugiere optar por realizar el bypass desde la arteria femoral profunda. En este artículo describimos los elementos morfológicos de la arteria femoral profunda y sus variaciones, que son relevantes al tomar decisiones durante estas formas de procedimientos.

Irrigation lower limb depends on the superficial and deep femoral arteries. In cases of occlusion of the superficial femoral artery may require the completion of a by-pass from the common femoral artery to the popliteal artery as a bridge using the autologous saphenous vein in some events that this procedure can not be conducted, it suggests choose to perform the bypass from the deep femoral artery. In this paper we describe the morphology of deep femoral artery and their variations, which are relevant to decisions taken during this procedures.