Concordancia entre SPECT portátil y la gammagrafía convencional para detección de ganglio centinela en cáncer de mama / Concordance between freehand SPECT and conventional scintigraphy for sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer

Introducción: La SPECT portátil puede ser una técnica de imagen útil para la planificación preoperatoria de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) ya que permite la localización del ganglio centinela (GC) mediante imágenes tomográficas en 3D y en tiempo real y determina su profundidad, después de unos minutos de exploración. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la correlación entre el número de GC detectados entre las imágenes de la SPECT portátil y la linfogammagrafía (LG). Materiales y métodos: Cien pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama infiltrante y sin evidencia clínica de afectación ganglionar, se sometieron prospectivamente a una BSGC. El estudio preoperatorio incluyó imágenes de SPECT portátil a los 15 min tras la inyección y de LG a los 25 y 60-90 min (precoz y tardía). Se analizó el acuerdo observado y se realizó un estudio de concordancia entre el número de GC detectados con SPECT portátil y LG. Resultados: El acuerdo observado en la detección de GC entre SPECT portátil y LG precoz fue del 72%; entre SPECT portátil y LG tardía del 85%, y entre la LG precoz y la tardía de un 87%. En el estudio de concordancia se registró una concordancia moderada entre la SPECT portátil y la LG precoz (coeficiente kappa: 0,42); una concordancia moderada-alta entre la SPECT portátil y la LG tardía (coeficiente kappa: 0,60), y una concordancia de moderada-alta entre la LG precoz y la tardía (coeficiente kappa: 0,70), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos (valor p=0,16). Conclusión: La SPECT portátil presentó una concordancia moderada-alta con los estudios de imagen convencional y podría ser una alternativa válida para el estudio prequirúrgico de la BSGC en el cáncer de mama.(AU)

Introduction: Freehand SPECT can be a useful imaging technique for preoperative planning of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as it allows localization of the sentinel node by 3D and real-time tomographic imaging and determines its depth after a few minutes of scanning. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the number of detected SNs between freehand SPECT images and lymphoscintigraphy (LS). Materials and methods: One hundred patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer and no clinical evidence of lymph node involvement prospectively underwent SLNB. The preoperative study included freehand SPECT imaging at 15min after injection and LS imaging at 25 and 60–90min after injection (early and late). The observed agreement was analyzed and a concordance study was performed between the number of SNs detected with freehand SPECT and LS. Results: The observed agreement in the detection of SNs between freehand SPECT and early LS was 72%; between freehand SPECT and late LS was 85%; and between early and late LS was 87%. In the concordance study, there was moderate concordance between freehand SPECT and early LS (kappa coefficient: 0.42); moderate-high concordance between freehand SPECT and late LS (kappa coefficient: 0.60); and moderate-high concordance between early and late LS (kappa coefficient: 0.70), with no significant differences between them (p-value=0.16). Conclusion: Freehand SPECT showed a moderate-high concordance with conventional imaging studies and could be a valid alternative for the presurgical study of SLNB in breast cancer.(AU)

Equipo multidisciplinar de cirugía radioguiada: Alternativa de cambio al paradigma actual / Multidisciplinary radio-guided surgery team: Alternative to change the current paradigm

IntroducciónAnte el aumento constante de la demanda asistencial de exploraciones relacionadas con cirugía radioguiada (CRG), nuestro hospital adoptó incluir en el equipo de CRG nuevos perfiles profesionales con el fin de reducir parcialmente el tiempo de dedicación de los médicos nucleares a esta tarea.Objetivos: Analizar el proceso de incorporación de los perfiles de Técnico Superior en Imagen para el Diagnóstico (TSID) y Enfermera Referente de Ganglio Centinela (ERGC), evaluando su despliegue en los procedimientos ligados a la técnica. Material y métodos: Análisis de la actividad de CRG durante el periodo 2018-2022, centrándolo en los procedimientos prequirúrgicos y quirúrgicos relativos a cáncer de mama (CaM) y melanoma maligno (MM), por ser aquellas patologías en las que se concentró la transferencia de competencias asistenciales. Evolución cronológica de las competencias asumidas por los diferentes perfiles durante su integración en el equipo de CRG. Resultados: La actividad asistencial de CRG durante el periodo analizado experimentó un incremento del 109%. CaM y MM son las patologías que aglutinaron con diferencia una mayor demanda asistencial. La transferencia de competencias en estas dos patologías se ha producido de manera progresiva, asumiendo en 2022 el 74% (460/622) de la fase de administración el ERGC y el 64% (333/519) de las cirugías el TSID. Conclusiones: La creación de un equipo multidisciplinar de CRG, que incluye distintos perfiles profesionales (MN, ERGC y TSID), es una eficaz estrategia para dar respuesta al incremento de la complejidad y número de todos los procedimientos relacionados con la CRG.(AU)

Introduction: Given the constant increase in the healthcare demand for examinations related to radio-guided surgery (RGS), our hospital adopted new professional profiles in the RGS team, in order to partially reduce the time spent by nuclear medicine physicians on this task. Aim: To analyze the process of incorporating the profiles of Superior Diagnostic Imaging Technician (TSID) and Sentinel Node Referent Nurse (ERGC), evaluating their deployment in the procedures linked to the technique. Material and methods: Analysis of RGS activity during the period 2018-2022, focusing on pre-surgical and surgical procedures related to breast cancer (BC) and malignant melanoma (MM), as they are those pathologies on which the transfer of care competencies was concentrated. Chronological evolution of the competencies assumed by the different profiles during their integration into the RGS team. Results: RGS's healthcare activity during the analyzed period experienced an increase of 109%. BC and MM were the pathologies that accounted for by far the greatest demand for care. The transfer of competencies in these two pathologies occurred in a progressive and staggered manner, with 74% (460/622) of the administration phase being carried out by the ERGC and 64% (333/519) of the surgeries by the TSID in 2022. Conclusions: The creation of a multidisciplinary RGS team that includes different professional profiles (NM, ERGC and TSID) is an effective strategy to respond to the increase in the complexity and number of all procedures related to RGS.(AU)

Multidisciplinary radio-guided surgery team: Alternative to change the current paradigm.

INTRODUCTION: Given the constant increase in the healthcare demand for examinations related to radio-guided surgery (RGS), our hospital adopted new professional profiles in the RGS team, in order to partially reduce the time spent by nuclear medicine physicians on this task. AIM: To analyze the process of incorporating the profiles of Diagnostic Imaging Technician (DIT) and Sentinel Node Referent Nurse (SNRN), evaluating their deployment in the procedures linked to the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of RGS activity during the period 2018-2022, focusing on pre-surgical and surgical procedures related to breast cancer (BC) and malignant melanoma (MM), as they are those pathologies on which the transfer of care competencies was concentrated. Chronological evolution of the competencies assumed by the different profiles during their integration into the RGS team. RESULTS: RGS's healthcare activity during the analyzed period experienced an increase of 109%. BC and MM were the pathologies that accounted for by far the greatest demand for care. The transfer of competencies in these two pathologies occurred in a progressive and staggered manner, with 74% (460/622) of the administration phase being carried out by the SNRN and 64% (333/519) of the surgeries by the DIT in 2022. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of a multidisciplinary RGS team that includes different professional profiles (nuclear medicine physician [MN], ERGC and TSID) is an effective strategy to respond to the increase in the complexity and number of all procedures related to RGS.

Concordance between freehand SPECT and conventional scintigraphy for sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Freehand SPECT can be a useful imaging technique for preoperative planning of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as it allows localization of the sentinel node by 3D and real-time tomographic imaging and determines its depth after a few minutes of scanning. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the number of detected SNs between freehand SPECT images and lymphoscintigraphy (LS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer and no clinical evidence of lymph node involvement prospectively underwent SLNB. The preoperative study included freehand SPECT imaging at 15min after injection and LS imaging at 25 and 60-90min after injection (early and late). The observed agreement was analyzed and a concordance study was performed between the number of SNs detected with freehand SPECT and LS. RESULTS: The observed agreement in the detection of SNs between freehand SPECT and early LS was 72%; between freehand SPECT and late LS was 85%; and between early and late LS was 87%. In the concordance study, there was moderate concordance between freehand SPECT and early LS (kappa coefficient: 0.42); moderate-high concordance between freehand SPECT and late LS (kappa coefficient: 0.60); and moderate-high concordance between early and late LS (kappa coefficient: 0.70), with no significant differences between them (p-value=0.16). CONCLUSION: Freehand SPECT showed a moderate-high concordance with conventional imaging studies and could be a valid alternative for the presurgical study of SLNB in breast cancer.

Innovación continuada en cirugía radioguiada de precisión / Continuous innovation in precision radio-guided surgery

Desde sus inicios, la medicina nuclear se ha enfrentado a cambios tecnológicos que la han obligado a modificar sus modos operativos y a adecuar sus protocolos. En el campo de la cirugía radioguiada (CRG), la incorporación de la imagen gammagráfica preoperatoria y la detección intraoperatoria con la sonda gamma proporcionó un impulso definitivo a la biopsia del ganglio centinela (GC) para convertirse en el procedimiento estándar de aplicación en el melanoma y el cáncer de mama. Las diversas innovaciones tecnológicas y la adaptación consiguiente de protocolos confluyen en lo disruptivo y lo gradual. Como ejemplos evidentes tenemos la introducción de la tomografía por emisión de fotón único/tomografía computarizada (SPECT/TC) en el campo preoperatorio y las sondas Drop-in (Lightpoint Medical Ltd; Crystal photonics, Eurorad) en el intraoperatorio. Otros aspectos innovadores con posible aplicación en la CRG se basan en la utilización de la inteligencia artificial (IA), navegación y teleasistencia (AU)

Since its origins, nuclear medicine has faced technological changes that led to modifying operating modes and adapting protocols. In the field of radioguided surgery, the incorporation of preoperative scintigraphic imaging and intraoperative detection with the gamma probe provided a definitive boost to sentinel lymph node biopsy to become a standard procedure for melanoma and breast cancer. The various technological innovations and consequent adaptation of protocols come together in the coexistence of the disruptive and the gradual. As obvious examples we have the introduction of SPECT/CT in the preoperative field and Drop-in probes in the intraoperative field. Other innovative aspects with possible application in radio-guided surgery are based on the application of artificial intelligence, navigation and telecare (AU)

Continuous innovation in precision radio-guided surgery.

Since its origins, nuclear medicine has faced technological changes that led to modifying operating modes and adapting protocols. In the field of radioguided surgery, the incorporation of preoperative scintigraphic imaging and intraoperative detection with the gamma probe provided a definitive boost to sentinel lymph node biopsy to become a standard procedure for melanoma and breast cancer. The various technological innovations and consequent adaptation of protocols come together in the coexistence of the disruptive and the gradual. As obvious examples we have the introduction of SPECT/CT in the preoperative field and Drop-in probes in the intraoperative field. Other innovative aspects with possible application in radio-guided surgery are based on the application of artificial intelligence, navigation and telecare.

Cirugía radioguiada de tumores mesenquimales con semilla de 125I / Radioguided surgery of mesenchymal tumors with 125I seeds

Introducción La cirugía radioguiada emplea fuentes radioactivas para identificar y extirpar lesiones de difícil localización. Los tumores mesenquimales constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias derivados del mesodermo, incluyendo lesiones benignas y sarcomas malignos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de la semilla radioactiva de 125I para guiar la localización intraoperatoria de tumores mesenquimales, analizando sus tasas de complicación y evaluando los márgenes de las piezas quirúrgicas recuperadas. Métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo de todos los pacientes consecutivos sometidos a cirugía radioguiada de un tumor mesenquimal con semilla radioactiva de 125I desde enero de 2012 hasta enero de 2020 en un centro de referencia terciario en España. La semilla fue insertada mediante punción percutánea guiada con ecografía o tomografía computarizada de forma ambulatoria. Resultados Se extirparon 15 lesiones en 11 cirugías a 11 pacientes, recuperando todas las lesiones marcadas (100%) con semilla de 125I. Las lesiones incluyeron áreas de fibrosis benigna (26,7%), angiofibroma celular (6,7%), tumor desmoide (20%), tumor fibroso solitario (13,3%), condrosarcoma (6,7%) y sarcoma pleomórfico (26,7%), con una tasa elevada de tumores recurrentes (60%). Solo hubo una complicación (6,7%) por caída de la semilla dentro del lecho quirúrgico. Según la clasificación de la Union for International Cancer Control de tumor residual, el 80% de las lesiones resultaron en una resección R0, el 6,7% fueron una resección R1 y el 13,3% fueron una resección R2. Conclusión La cirugía radioguiada fue una técnica precisa para la extirpación de tumores mesenquimales de difícil localización (AU)

Introduction Radioguided surgery uses radioactive substances to identify and remove hard-to-locate lesions. Mesenchymal tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms derived from the mesoderm, including benign lesions and malignant sarcomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the 125I radioactive seed to guide intraoperative localization of mesenchymal tumors, analyzing its complication rates and evaluating the margins of the surgical specimens retrieved. Methods Retrospective observational study of all consecutive patients undergoing radioguided surgery of a mesenchymal tumor with a 125I radioactive seed from January 2012 to January 2020 at a tertiary referral center in Spain. The seed was inserted percutaneously guided by ultrasound or computed tomography on an outpatient setting. Results Fifteen lesions were removed in 11 surgeries on 11 patients, recovering all marked lesions (100%) with a 125I seed. The lesions included areas of benign fibrosis (26.7%), cellular angiofibroma (6.7%), desmoid tumor (20%), solitary fibrous tumor (13.3%), chondrosarcoma (6.7%), and pleomorphic sarcoma (26.7%), with a high rate of recurrent tumors (60%). There was only one complication (6.7%) due to the seed falling within the surgical bed. According to the UICC classification of residual tumor, 80% of the lesions resulted in an R0 resection, 6.7% were an R1 resection, and 13.3% were an R2 resection. Conclusion Radioguided surgery was a precise technique for the removal of hard-to-locate mesenchymal tumors (AU)

Contribución de la medicina nuclear en la cirugía de precisión en el cáncer de mama / Nuclear medicine contribution to precision surgery in breast cancer

La medicina nuclear ha contribuido significativamente en la cirugía de precisión en el cáncer de mama en las últimas décadas. La cirugía radioguiada (CRG) ha permitido la biopsia del ganglio centinela (GC) en la evaluación de la infiltración ganglionar regional modificando el manejo de pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz. Para la axila, el procedimiento de la biopsia del GC ha significado un decremento de complicaciones y una mejor calidad de vida en comparación con la disección de los ganglios linfáticos axilares. Originalmente, la biopsia del GC se indicó principalmente en tumores cT1-2, sin evidencia de metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos axilares. Sin embargo, en los últimos años la biopsia del GC también se está ofreciendo a pacientes con tumores grandes o multifocales, carcinoma ductal in situ, recidiva del cáncer de mama ipsilateral y a pacientes que reciben tratamiento sistémico neoadyuvante (TSN) para cirugía conservadora de mama. Paralelamente a esta evolución, varias asociaciones científicas están tratando de homogeneizar cuestiones como la elección del radiotrazador, el lugar de inyección de la mama, la estandarización de las imágenes preoperatorias y el momento de la biopsia del GC en relación con el TSN, así como el manejo de las metástasis no axilares del GC (p. ej., cadena mamaria interna). Además, la CRG se usa actualmente para lograr la extirpación de tumores de mama primarios mediante inyección intralesional de radiocoloides o mediante implantación de semillas de yodo radiactivo que también se emplean para marcar los ganglios linfáticos axilares metastásicos. Este último procedimiento contribuye a manejar la axila con ganglios positivos en combinación con la PET/TC con [18F]FDG en un esfuerzo por adaptar el tratamiento sistémico y locorregional (AU)

Nuclear medicine has significantly contributed to precision surgery in breast cancer in the past decades. Radioguided surgery (RGS) has enabled sentinel node (SN) biopsy in assessing regional nodal involvement modifying the management of patients with early breast cancer. For the axilla the SN procedure has resulted in fewer complications and better quality of life when compared with axillary lymph node dissection. Originally, SN biopsy principally concerned cT1-2 tumors without evidence of axillary lymph node metastases. However, in last years SN biopsy is also being offered to patients with large or multifocal tumors, ductal carcinoma in situ, ipsilateral breast cancer relapse, and to patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) for breast sparing surgery. Parallel to this evolution various scientific associations are trying to homogenise issues such as radiotracer choice, breast injection site, preoperative imaging standardisation and SN biopsy timing in relation to NST as well as management of non-axillary SN metastasis (e.g. internal mammary chain). Additionally, RGS is currently used to accomplish primary breast tumour excision either by intralesional radiocolloid injection or by radioactive iodine seed implantation which is also employed to target metastatic axillary lymph nodes. This latter procedure contributes to manage the node-positive axilla in combination with 18F-FDG PET/CT in an effort to tailor systemic and loco regional treatment (AU)

Cumplimentación del consentimiento informado en cirugía radioguiada por los servicios de Cirugía General y Medicina Nuclear de una unidad de cirugía radioguiada / Completion of the informed consent in radioguided surgery by the General Surgery and Nuclear Medicine services of a radioguided surgery unit

Objetivo Identificar la frecuencia de errores en los documentos de consentimiento informado en cirugía radioguiada en un hospital de tercer nivel y detectar posibles causas o factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de error. Material y método Se analizaron los consentimientos informados de un total de 369 intervenciones de cirugía radioguiada, cumplimentados por los servicios de Medicina Nuclear y Cirugía General, y se analizó el grado de cumplimentación de los mismos y su correlación con facultativos responsables, tipo de enfermedad e intervención, tiempo de espera y cumplimentación del consentimiento de la otra especialidad. Resultados Se identificaron errores en 22 consentimientos de Medicina Nuclear y 71 consentimientos de Cirugía General. El error más común fue la ausencia de identificación del facultativo responsable (17 en Medicina Nuclear, 51 en Cirugía General), y el segundo más común la ausencia de documento (2 en Medicina Nuclear, 20 en Cirugía General). Existieron diferencias significativas en los errores cometidos en función del médico responsable, sin encontrarse correlación significativa con el resto de las variables. Conclusiones Los médicos responsables fueron el principal factor asociado a un mayor riesgo de error en la cumplimentación de consentimientos informados. Serían recomendables nuevos estudios para analizar factores casuales y posibles intervenciones para minimizar errores (AU)

Objective To identify the frequency of errors in the informed consent documents in radioguided surgery in a third level hospital and to detect possible causes or factors associated with a greater risk of error. Material and method The informed consents of a total of 369 radioguided surgery interventions, completed by the Nuclear Medicine and General Surgery services, were analyzed, as well as their degree of completion and its correlation with responsible physicians, type of pathology and intervention, waiting time and completion of the consent of the other specialty. Results Errors were identified in 22 consent forms for Nuclear Medicine and 71 consent forms for General Surgery. The most common error was the absence of identification of the responsible physician (17 in Nuclear Medicine, 51 in General Surgery), and the second most common was the absence of a document (2 in Nuclear Medicine, 20 in General Surgery). There were significant differences in the errors made depending on the doctor in charge, without finding a significant correlation with the other variables. Conclusions The responsible physicians were the main factor associated with a greater risk of error in the completion of informed consent. New studies would be recommended to analyze causal factors and possible interventions to minimize errors (AU)

Nuclear medicine contribution to precision surgery in breast cancer.

Nuclear medicine has significantly contributed to precision surgery in breast cancer in the past decades. Radioguided surgery (RGS) has enabled sentinel node (SN) biopsy in assessing regional nodal involvement modifying the management of patients with early breast cancer. For the axilla the SN procedure has resulted in fewer complications and better quality of life when compared with axillary lymph node dissection. Originally, SN biopsy principally concerned cT 1-2 tumours without evidence of axillary lymph node metastases. However, in last years SN biopsy is also being offered to patients with large or multifocal tumours, ductal carcinoma in situ, ipsilateral breast cancer relapse, and to patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) for breast sparing surgery. Parallel to this evolution various scientific associations are trying to homogenise issues such as radiotracer choice, breast injection site, preoperative imaging standardisation and SN biopsy timing in relation to NST as well as management of non-axillary SN metastasis (e.g. internal mammary chain). Additionally, RGS is currently used to accomplish primary breast tumour excision either by intralesional radiocolloid injection or by radioactive iodine seed implantation which is also employed to target metastatic axillary lymph nodes. This latter procedure contributes to manage the node-positive axilla in combination with 18F-FDG PET/CT in an effort to tailor systemic and loco regional treatment.

Completion of the informed consent in radioguided surgery by the General Surgery and Nuclear Medicine services of a radioguided surgery unit.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of errors in informed consent documents in radioguided surgery in a third level hospital and to detect possible causes or factors associated with a greater risk of error. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Informed consent forms of a total of 369 radioguided surgery interventions, completed by the Nuclear Medicine and General Surgery services, were analyzed, and the degree of completion of the forms and its correlation with the physicians responsible, type of pathology, intervention, and waiting time were compared with the completion of consent by another specialty. RESULTS: Errors were identified in 22 consent forms from Nuclear Medicine and 71 from General Surgery. The most common error was the absence of identification of the physician responsible (17 in Nuclear Medicine, 51 in General Surgery), and the second most common was the absence of a document (2 in Nuclear Medicine, 20 in General Surgery). There were significant differences in the errors made depending on the doctor in charge, with no significant correlation with the other variables. CONCLUSIONS: The physicians responsible were the main factor associated with a greater risk of error in the completion of informed consent forms. Further studies are needed to analyze the causal factors and possible interventions to minimize errors.

Radioguided surgery of mesenchymal tumors with 125I seeds.

INTRODUCTION: Radioguided surgery uses radioactive substances to identify and remove hard-to-locate lesions. Mesenchymal tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms derived from the mesoderm, including benign lesions and malignant sarcomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of 125I radioactive seeds to guide intraoperative localization of mesenchymal tumors, analyzing the complication rates and evaluating the margins of the surgical specimens retrieved. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of all consecutive patients undergoing radioguided surgery of a mesenchymal tumor with a 125I radioactive seed from January 2012 to January 2020 at a tertiary referral center in Spain. The seed was inserted percutaneously guided by ultrasound or computed tomography in an outpatient setting. RESULTS: Fifteen lesions were resected in 11 interventions in 11 patients, recovering all lesions marked (100%) with a 125I seed. The lesions included areas of benign fibrosis (26.7%), cellular angiofibroma (6.7%), desmoid tumor (20%), solitary fibrous tumor (13.3%), chondrosarcoma (6.7%), and pleomorphic sarcoma (26.7%), with a high rate of recurrent tumors (60%). There was only one complication (6.7%) due to the seed falling within the surgical bed. According to the UICC classification of residual tumors, 80% of the lesions resulted in an R0 resection, 6.7% were R1 resections, and 13.3% were R2 resections. CONCLUSION: Radioguided surgery is an accurate technique for the resection of hard-to-locate mesenchymal tumors.

Encuesta del Grupo de Trabajo de Cirugía Radioguiada (GTCRG) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (SEMNIM): localización radioguiada de lesiones no palpables de mama con o sin indicación de biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela: ROLL, SNOLL y semillas de 125I / Survey of the Radioguided Surgery Working Group (GTCRG-RGSWG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM): Radioguided localization of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy: ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds

Objetivo: Conocer el estado actual de la técnica de localización radioguiada de lesiones no palpables de mama con o sin indicación de biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela —ROLL, SNOLL y semillas de 125I— mediante la realización de una encuesta nacional elaborada por el Grupo de Trabajo de Cirugía Radioguiada (GTCRG) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (SEMNIM). Material y métodos: En octubre del 2020 se envió la encuesta, en formato digital, a los distintos servicios de Medicina Nuclear de nuestra geografía. Se dio un tiempo de respuesta de 2meses con prórroga de 15 días. Se ha obtenido el número de procedimientos ROLL/SNOLL de cada centro y la metodología utilizada, recogiendo importantes detalles técnicos. Además, se ha incluido un apartado específico sobre las semillas de 125I. Los resultados se volcaron de forma automática en una hoja de cálculo Excel 2007 para su posterior análisis con el mismo programa. Resultados: La encuesta fue contestada por 55 centros; 21 utilizan arpón mientras que los 34 restantes emplean distintas técnicas de cirugía radioguiada (CRG) para la localización de lesiones no palpables de mama, desglosando los resultados en 13apartados. La dosis de trazador habitualmente utilizada es de 111 MBq para la técnica ROLL y de 222 MBq para la técnica SNOLL, con un volumen de 0,2ml. El protocolo más habitual es el de 2días. El 26% de los centros que realiza CRG utiliza semillas de 125I tanto para la detección de lesiones mamarias como de ganglios sospechosos/patológicos, siendo el tiempo entre la implantación y la extirpación es de unos 3 días, con posterior control radiológico en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusión: La encuesta pone de manifiesto la relevancia de la cirugía radioguiada en el manejo de los pacientes con cáncer de mama en las diferentes etapas de la enfermedad, con disparidad en la implementación de las nuevas técnicas y herramientas (AU)

Objective: To know the current status of the technique of radioguided localisation of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy -ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds- by conducting a national survey developed by the Working Group on Radioguided Surgery (GTCRG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM). Material and methods: In October 2020, the form was sent in digital format to the different nuclear medicine services in Spain. A response time of 2months with an overtime of 15 days was given. The number of ROLL/SNOLL procedures in each centre and the methodology used were obtained, including important technical details. In addition, a specific section on 125I seeds was included. The results were automatically downloaded into an Excel 2007 spreadsheet for subsequent analysis with the same program. Results: The survey was answered by 55 centres; 21 use wire-guided localisation while the remaining 34 use different radioguided surgery techniques (RGS) for the localisation of non-palpable breast lesions, with the results itemized into thirteen sections. The commonly used tracer dose is 111 MBq for the ROLL technique and 222 MBq for the SNOLL technique, with a volume of 0.2ml. The most common protocol is the two-day protocol. 26% of centres performing CRG use 125I seeds for both breast lesion and suspicious/pathological node detection, with the time between implantation and removal being about 3 days, with subsequent radiological control in most cases. Conclusion: The survey shows the relevance of radioguided surgery in the management of breast cancer patients at different stages of the disease, with disparity in the implementation of new techniques and tools, which responds to the multiple healthcare realities of Nuclear Medicine services (AU)

Survey of the Radioguided Surgery Working Group (GTCRG-RGSWG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM): Radioguided localization of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy: ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds.

OBJECTIVE: To know the current status of the technique of radioguided localisation of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy -ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds- by conducting a national survey developed by the Working Group on Radioguided Surgery (GTCRG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In October 2020, the form was sent in digital format to the different nuclear medicine services in Spain. A response time of 2 months with an overtime of 15 days was given. The number of ROLL/SNOLL procedures in each centre and the methodology used were obtained, including important technical details. In addition, a specific section on 125I seeds was included. The results were automatically downloaded into an Excel 2007 spreadsheet for subsequent analysis with the same program. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 55 centres; 21 use wire-guided localisation while the remaining 34 use different radioguided surgery techniques (RGS) for the localisation of non-palpable breast lesions, with the results itemized into thirteen sections. The commonly used tracer dose is 111 MBq for the ROLL technique and 222 MBq for the SNOLL technique, with a volume of 0.2 ml. The most common protocol is the two-day protocol. 26% of centres performing CRG use 125I seeds for both breast lesion and suspicious/pathological node detection, with the time between implantation and removal being about 3 days, with subsequent radiological control in most cases. CONCLUSION: The survey shows the relevance of radioguided surgery in the management of breast cancer patients at different stages of the disease, with disparity in the implementation of new techniques and tools, which responds to the multiple healthcare realities of Nuclear Medicine services.

Técnicas de localización para la escisión quirúrgica guiada de los tumores tiroideos cervicales no palpables / Localization Techniques for Guided Surgical Excision of Nonpalpable Cervical Thyroid Tumors

Introducción y objetivo: La cicatrización y los planos tisulares alterados se suman a la ya compleja anatomía del cuello y dificultan la localización de recidivas o metástasis no palpables en las reintervenciones cervicales del cáncer de tiroides. Síntesis: Describimos el uso de diversos técnicos de señalización empleadas para optimizar la cirugía y los resultados terapéuticos de pacientes con carcinoma papilar de tiroides con enfermedad cervical persistente o metastásica. Especialmente nos centramos en la técnica de localización utilizando semillas radiactivas (RSL) en la que se ha descrito, al igual que en la mama, excelentes resultados. Conclusiones: La RSL es una técnica segura, asociada a una mayor satisfacción del cirujano, con excelente tolerancia por el paciente, que, además, reduce el tiempo de la intervención quirúrgica proporciona mejores resultados cosméticos reduciendo el riesgo de morbilidad en comparación con el uso de colorantes, arpones y tatuajes. Además, permite el desacoplamiento completo de los programas de radiología y cirugía optimizando los tiempos y la programación de los quirófanos. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Scarring and altered tissue planes added to the already complex anatomy of the neck make difficult to locate recurrences or non-palpable metastases in cervical re-interventions for thyroid cancer. Synthesis: We describe the use of various signaling techniques employed to optimize surgery and therapeutic outcomes for papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with persistent or metastatic cervical disease. We especially focus on the localization technique using radioactive seeds (RSL) in which, as in the breast, excellent results have been described. Conclusions: RSL is a safe technique, associated with greater surgeon satisfaction and excellent tolerance by the patient. In addition, it reduces both the time of surgical intervention and the risk of morbidity compared to the use of dyes, harpoons and tattoos, and provides better cosmetic results. It also allows the complete decoupling of radiology and surgery programs, optimizing the times and scheduling of the operating rooms. (AU)

Cirugía radioguiada de paratiroides con 18FCH. Mito o realidad / Radioguided parathyroid surgery with 18FCH. Myth or reality

El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) es la principal causa de hipercalcemia en pacientes no hospitalizados, estando causado en el 85-90% de los casos por un adenoma solitario. La cirugía radioguiada de paratiroides (CRGP), como técnica GOSTT (Guided intraOperative Scintigraphic Tumor Targeting), utiliza la SPECT-TC con 99mTc-MIBI como técnica de elección. La PET-TC con 18F-Colina (18FCH) puede emplearse en pacientes con 99mTc-MIBI negativo, obteniéndose sensibilidades próximas al 95%. El uso de la 18FCH en la CRGP es muy complejo recomendándose la utilización de otros trazadores como los 99mTc-Macroagregados (99mTc-MAA) o las semillas de Yodo-125 (125I-Semilla). La CRGP disminuye el tiempo quirúrgico, los costes hospitalarios y la morbilidad sobre el paciente, con una elevada efectividad y eficiencia. (AU)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the main cause of hypercalcemia in non-hospitalized patients, being caused in 85-90% of cases by a solitary adenoma. Radioguided parathyroid surgery (RGPS), as a GOSTT (Guided intraOperative Scintigraphic Tumor Targeting) technique, uses SPECT-TC with 99mTc -MIBI as the technique of choice. PET-TC with 18F-Choline (18FCH) can be used in patients with negative 99mTc-MIBI, obtaining sensitivities close to 95%. The use of 18FCH in CRGP is very complex, recommending the use of other tracers such as 99mTc-Macroaggregates (99mTc-MAA) or Iodine-125 seeds (125I-Seed). RGPS reduces surgical time, hospital costs and patient morbidity, with high effectiveness and efficiency. (AU)

Aportación de la medicina nuclear intervencionista a la cirugía de precisión molecularmente dirigida / nterventional nuclear medicine's contribution to molecularly targeted precision surgery

El abordaje quirúrgico de las distintas enfermedades, no solo oncológicas, ha evolucionado. Como ha sido acuñado de forma muy gráfica por el grupo de Veronesi, estamos pasando de los «tratamientos máximos tolerables a los mínimos eficaces» y este recorrido no puede ser llevado a cabo de otra forma que mediante un planteamiento de trabajo multidisciplinar y multimodalidad. Obligatoriamente multidisciplinar porque es necesaria la colaboración entre cirujanos, oncólogos, radiólogos, médicos nucleares, patólogos y todo aquel relacionado con el seguimiento de los pacientes, y obligatoriamente multimodalidad porque nos debemos encaminar hacia una cirugía de precisión a la medida de cada paciente en la que, por parte de la Medicina Nuclear, tiene mucho que decir la imagen híbrida (SPECT/TC y PET/TC), los trazadores bimodales, el empleo de nuevos aliados como la ecografía o nuestra propia adaptación a la cirugía robótica. Todo un amplio abanico de posibilidades construido a partir de un sólido cimiento como es la gammagrafía preoperatoria, que posibilita la identificación de los tejidos diana y cuyo conocimiento previo a la intervención permite plantear el abordaje quirúrgico necesario para cada paciente (AU)

The surgical approach to different pathologies, not only oncological, has evolved. As Veronesi's group has coined very graphically, we are moving from “maximum tolerable treatments to minimum effective treatments” and this journey cannot be carried out in any other way than through a multidisciplinary and multimodality approach. Multidisciplinary, because collaboration between surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, nuclear physicians, pathologists, and all those involved in patient follow-up is necessary, and multimodality, because we must move towards precision surgery tailored to each patient in which, on the part of Nuclear Medicine, hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT), bimodal tracers, the use of new allies such as ultrasound or our own adaptation to robotic surgery have a great deal to say A wide range of possibilities is built on the solid foundation of preoperative scintigraphy, which makes it possible to identify the target tissues and whose knowledge prior to surgery allows the necessary surgical approach to be considered for each patient (AU)

Interventional nuclear medicine's contribution to molecularly targeted precision surgery.

The surgical approach to different pathologies, not only oncological, has evolved. As Veronesi's group has coined very graphically, we are moving from "maximum tolerable treatments to minimum effective treatments" and this journey cannot be carried out in any other way than through a multidisciplinary and multimodality approach. Multidisciplinary, because collaboration between surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, nuclear physicians, pathologists, and all those involved in patient follow-up is necessary, and multimodality, because we must move towards precision surgery tailored to each patient in which, on the part of Nuclear Medicine, hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT), bimodal tracers, the use of new allies such as ultrasound or our own adaptation to robotic surgery have a great deal to say. A wide range of possibilities is built on the solid foundation of preoperative scintigraphy, which makes it possible to identify the target tissues and whose knowledge prior to surgery allows the necessary surgical approach to be considered for each patient.

Cirugía radioguiada con semillas de yodo-125 en pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante / Radioguided surgery with iodine-125 seeds in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilización de las semillas radiactivas de yodo-125 (SRI-125) en la cirugía de mama o axila, en pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QtNeo).Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, entre enero del 2016 y junio del 2020; 80 mujeres T1-3, N0-2, M0: 30 marcaje SRI-125 del tumor en mama, 36 tanto del tumor como del ganglio axilar positivo biopsiado, y 14 solo de axila. Edad: 54,7±11,4 años. Tamaño tumoral: 34,1±14,6mm. Tipo histológico: ductal infiltrante 90,0%. Subtipos moleculares: luminal-A 23,8%; luminal-B/HER2- 33,7%; luminal-B/HER2+ 18,8%; HER2+ 7,5%; triple negativo 16,2%.Resultados: De las 66 pacientes con marcaje SRI-125 del tumor (51 pre-QtNeo, 15 post-QtNeo), el 92,1% presentaba márgenes quirúrgicos libres, con un volumen de las piezas de 126,7±111,2 cm3. De las 5 reintervenciones, en 3 la ampliación fue positiva (una mastectomía).De las 50 pacientes N1 con marcaje SRI-125 (GM), 44 pre-QtNeo y 6 post-QtNeo, se identificó el GM en el 97,2%: negativo en 23, positivo en 26. En 45 se realizó biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela y se identificó en el 93,3%: negativo en 26, positivo en 16. En un caso la SRI-125 no se colocó correctamente y tampoco se localizó GC por no migración.En el 61,9% de las pacientes el GM se encontraba entre el/los GC identificados en la cirugía. En 5 pacientes, con GC y GM no coincidentes, el resultado anatomopatológico del GC fue negativo y el GM positivo. En 53,8% de las pacientes se realizó linfadenectomía axilar. Conclusión: Las SRI-125 permiten realizar cirugía conservadora de la mama y mejorar la detección de enfermedad residual axilar, en pacientes tratadas con QtNeo (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the use of radioactive iodine-125 seed (RIS) in breast and/or axillary surgery, in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Material and methods: Prospective study between January 2016 and June 2020. 80 women T1-3,N0-2,M0: 30 RIS marking the breast tumor, 36 both the tumor and the biopsied positive axillary node, and 14 only the axilla. Age: 54.7±11.4 years. Tumor size: 34.1±14.6mm. Histological type: invasive ductal carcinoma 90.0%. Molecular subtypes: luminal-A 23.8%, luminal-B/HER2- 33.7%, luminal-B/HER2+ 18.8%, HER2+ 7.5%, basal-like 16,2%.Results: Of the 66 patients with RIS marking of the tumor (51 pre-NAC, 15 post-NAC), 92.1% had tumor-free surgical margins, with a specimen volume of 126.7±111.2 cm3. Of the 5 second local excisions, in 3 the resection margin was involved (1 mastectomy).Of the 50 patients N1 with RIS marking (MLN), 44 pre-NAC and 6 post-NAC, MLN was identified in 97.2%: negative 23, positive 26. In 45/50 patients, sentinel node biopsy (SNB) was performed and it was identified in 93.3%: negative 26, positive 16. In 1 case RIS was not placed correctly and SNB was not identified due to non-migration.In 61.9% of the patients, MLN was among the SNB identified in the surgery. In 5 patients with mismatched SNB and MLN, the pathological result of the SNB was negative and the MLN was positive. Axillary lymph node dissection was performed in 53.8% of the patients.Conclusion: RIS allow to perform breast-conserving surgery and improve detection of residual axillary disease in patients treated with NAC (AU)

Radioguided surgery with iodine-125 seeds in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of radioactive iodine-125 seed (RIS) in breast and/or axillary surgery, in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study between January 2016 and June 2020. 80 women T1-3,N0-2,M0: 30 RIS marking the breast tumor, 36 both the tumor and the biopsied positive axillary node, and 14 only the axilla. Age: 54.7 ±â€¯11.4 years. Tumor size: 34.1 ±â€¯14.6 mm. Histological type: invasive ductal carcinoma 90.0%. Molecular subtypes: luminal-A 23.8%, luminal-B/HER2- 33.7%, luminal-B/HER2+ 18.8%, HER2+ 7.5%, basal-like 16,2%. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients with RIS marking of the tumor (51 pre-NAC, 15 post-NAC), 92.1% had tumor-free surgical margins, with a specimen volume of 126.7 ±â€¯111.2 cm3. Of the 5 s local excisions, in 3 the resection margin was involved (1 mastectomy). Of the 50 patients N1 with RIS marking (MLN), 44 pre-NAC and 6 post-NAC, MLN was identified in 97.2%: negative 23, positive 26. In 45/50 patients, sentinel node biopsy (SNB) was performed and it was identified in 93.3%: negative 26, positive 16. In 1 case RIS was not placed correctly and SNB was not identified due to non-migration. In 61.9% of the patients, MLN was among the SNB identified in the surgery. In 5 patients with mismatched SNB and MLN, the pathological result of the SNB was negative and the MLN was positive. Axillary lymph node dissection was performed in 53.8% of the patients. CONCLUSION: RIS allow to perform breast-conserving surgery and improve detection of residual axillary disease in patients treated with NAC.