U.S. Social Work Students and Social Media: A Descriptive Analysis of Survey Items across Four Time-Points.

Between fall 2018 and spring 2023, the author conducted four survey studies on social work students' use, attitudes, and knowledge regarding social media: (1) a pilot study in fall 2018 (N = 57), (2) a comparative study in spring 2019 (N = 42), (3) a national survey study in fall 2019 (N = 430), and (4) a national replication survey study in spring 2023 (N = 287). The purpose of this article is to describe general observed trends across these four studies. Findings included persistent and pervasive use of social media, decreased knowledge of the impact of social media in undermining democratic processes, students' inverted concern for others' use of social media when compared with concern over their own use, diminished agreement with the importance of protecting personal data and treating data protection as a civil/human right, overall agreement that law enforcement should be able to use social media in the apprehension of people accused of committing a crime, decreased agreement that disinformation is a problem on social media, ambivalence toward social media's positive impact on society, and increased strong disagreement that students wish to delete their accounts but feel unable to do so. Recommendations are shared.

Church Against State: How Industry Groups Lead the Religious Liberty Assault on Civil Rights, Healthcare Policy, and the Administrative State.

Industry-funded religious liberty legal groups have sought to undermine healthcare policy and law while simultaneously attacking the rights of sexual and gender minorities. Whereas past scholarship has tracked religiously-affiliated healthcare providers' growing political power and attendant transformations to legal doctrine, our account emphasizes the political donors and visionaries who have leveraged religious providers and the U.S. healthcare system's delegated structure to transform social policy and bureaucratic agencies more generally.

Status foe: a psychobiographical investigation of Ida B. Wells.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) led an extraordinary life as a journalist, educator, and activist while navigating the intersecting social realities of race, gender, and class. She embodied courage, advocating for the civil rights of Black Americans in an uncompromising fashion.Building on decades of research in social psychology, sociologist Cecilia L. Ridgeway presents (2019) a cultural schema theory of status. She contends that issues of status in interpersonal contexts are an unavoidable aspect of the human condition. Despite the ubiquity of status as a sociocultural force, Ridgeway believes that status hierarchies may be undermined.The present study is a psychobiographical exploration of Wells through the lens of Ridgeway's status theory. It explores: the development of Wells' cultural schemas; how Wells navigated her own status; the inter-relationship between Wells and her sociocultural context; and how Wells undermined and overcame status hierarchies.

From Desegregation and Integration to Diversity and Inclusion: The Environment Was Just Ice.

The process of desegregation at Southern schools of pharmacy was long and arduous. Despite persistent protests, struggles, and lawsuits, many schools of pharmacy did not graduate their first Black students until the 1970s. The School of Pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill unintentionally desegregated in 1962 when its first Black student, William Wicker, was inadvertently admitted. His personal story and those of his fellow pioneers in desegregation, Mona (Boston) Reddick and James Barnes, provide valuable context to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion efforts. The historical proximity of desegregation affords the pharmacy profession only one or two generations of Black pharmacists trained during an era when Southern pharmacy education was broadly available. These stories personify the legacy of segregation, confront the ongoing impact of structural racism, and meaningfully inform conversations about Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in pharmacy education.

Morte digna como direito: visibilidade jurídica da finitude / Dignified death as a right: the legal visibility of finitude / La muerte digna como derecho: visibilidad jurídica de la finitud

Resumo O direito à morte digna é majoritariamente ignorado pelo ordenamento brasileiro. Essa invisibilidade do processo de finitude e suas consequências são tema deste estudo, que objetiva realizar um levantamento exploratório para identificar pontos relevantes que devem ser desenvolvidos para garantir um processo de finitude digno. Foram analisadas 50 publicações, mediante levantamento online e físico de obras publicadas até março de 2023. Os estudos analisados expressam preocupação com dilemas éticos do cuidar do ser humano em finitude, mas não analisam formas existentes de tutela da finitude nem quais searas ainda são carentes de normatização para dar eficácia a esse cuidado. Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua para fortalecer o olhar crítico ao tema, considerando as atuais tutelas da finitude, os limites legais do Estado e os potenciais passos futuros para fazer avançar os estudos aplicados à atualização prática do ordenamento brasileiro.

Abstract The right to a dignified death is largely overlooked by Brazilian law. This neglect of the end-of-life process and its ramifications is the focus of this study, which aims at an exploratory survey to identify pertinent aspects requiring development to ensure a dignified end-of-life experience. In total, 50 publications were examined with online and physical surveys of works published up to March 2023. They express concerns regarding ethical dilemmas in caring for individuals nearing the end of life, yet they do not delve into existing mechanisms for safeguarding end-of-life dignity or identify areas that still lack standardization to ensure effective care. This study should contribute to the enhancement of critical perspectives on the issue of end-of-life experiences, considering current safeguards, the legal boundaries set by the State, and potential future strides toward advancing studies aimed at the practical update of the Brazilian legal system.

Resumen El derecho a una muerte digna es ampliamente ignorado por el ordenamiento jurídico brasileño. Esta invisibilidad del proceso de finitud y sus consecuencias son el objeto de este estudio, que tiene como objetivo realizar una encuesta exploratoria para identificar los puntos relevantes que deben desarrollarse para garantizar un proceso de finitud digno. Se analizaron 50 publicaciones a través de una encuesta online y física de obras publicadas hasta marzo de 2023. Los estudios analizados expresan preocupación por los dilemas éticos de la atención a seres humanos en finitud, pero no analizan las formas de protección a la finitud existentes ni cuáles son las áreas que aún necesitan regulación para hacer efectiva esta atención. Se espera que esta investigación contribuya a fortalecer la visión crítica de la finitud, considerando la protección actual de la finitud, los límites jurídicos del Estado y los posibles pasos futuros para avanzar en los estudios aplicados a la actualización práctica del sistema jurídico brasileño.

Como a judicialização da cirurgia de implante coclear impacta o Sistema Único de Saúde / How the judicialization of cochlear implant surgery impacts the Unified Health System

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o impacto da judicialização na realização da cirurgia de implante coclear no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil, incluindo o serviço público e a saúde suplementar. Métodos Foi realizado um levantamento documental de acórdãos de todos os tribunais nacionais e a jurisprudência dominante, voltados à cirurgia do implante coclear no Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 2007 a 2019, por meio da Plataforma Jusbrasil, utilizando o termo "implante coclear" para realização da busca. Também foi realizado um levantamento na plataforma DATASUS (Departamento de Informação do Sistema Único de Saúde) sobre quantos procedimentos de implante coclear unilateral e bilateral foram realizados no mesmo período. Resultados De acordo com o DATASUS, no período de 2008 a 2019 foram realizados 8.857 procedimentos de cirurgia de implante coclear pelos entes públicos ou pelas operadoras dos planos de saúde no país. Com relação à judicialização para solicitação da cirurgia do implante coclear, unilateral ou bilateral, foram encontrados 216 processos, representando 2,43% dos casos. Conclusão A judicialização da saúde, quando se considera a cirurgia do implante coclear, tem representado uma parcela mínima dos casos, o que demonstra baixo impacto no orçamento público e não tem expressiva ação na organização do Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the impact of Judicialization on the performance of Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), including the public service and supplementary health. Methods A documentary survey of judgments of all National Courts and the Dominant Jurisprudence focused on CI surgery in the SUS from 2007 to 2019 was carried out through the Jusbrasil Platform using the term "cochlear implant" to carry out the search. A survey was also carried out on the DATASUS platform on how many uni and bilateral CI procedures were performed in the same period. Results According to DATASUS, from 2008 to 2019, 8,857 CI surgery procedures were performed by Public Entities or Health Plan Operators in the country. With regard to Judicialization, for requesting unilateral or bilateral CI surgery, a total of 216 processes were found, representing a total of 2.43% of Judicialization of Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery. Conclusion In view of the data, it is possible to perceive that the Judicialization of Health when we consider the CI surgery has represented a small portion of the cases, which does not demonstrate a large impact on the public budget and does not have an impact on the organization of the SUS.

U.S. Department of Justice Investigation of a State Psychiatric Hospital.

The Department of Justice investigation of state psychiatric hospitals is nothing like investigation by more familiar regulatory agencies such as The Joint Commission or Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). For one, it comes with the threat of serious legal consequences for both the state psychiatric hospital under investigation and the state in general. Although little has been written about this topic, much of what has been written describes a negative, painful, and expansive experience affecting every aspect of the hospital system. Using an example of a state psychiatric hospital that has been investigated by the DOJ, this article examines this portrayal and explores whether there are positive aspects of such investigations that have been overlooked.

On the importance of consistency: a response to Giubilini et al.

Giubilini et al offer some helpful reflections on the conscientious provision of medical care and whether and in what circumstances professional associations ought to support the conscientious provision of abortion in circumstances where abortion is banned or heavily restricted. I have several reservations, however, about the argument developed in the article. First, the essay makes questionable use of the case of Savita Halappanavar to justify its central argument about conscientious provision. Second, there is an apparent inconsistency between this article and the authors' statements elsewhere about the conscientious refusal of care. Third, there are risks that attend to professional associations supporting practitioners who break the law, and yet Giubilini et al do not give sufficient attention to this. This response will briefly discuss these three concerns.

Teoria dos limites dos limites e as restrições de liberdades individuais na pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil / Theory of limits of limits and the restrictions of individual rights in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil / Teoría de los límites de los límites y las restricciones de las libertades individuales en la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar a teoria dos limites dos limites como argumento adequado para solucionar a eventual colisão de direitos fundamentais no contexto da pandemia, partindo-se da premissa de sua relatividade. Metodologia: utilizou-se o método dedutivo, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica de artigos científicos nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico e Scielo, no período de 2021 e 2022,sobre a teoria dos limites dos limites, e da pesquisa documental, de caráter exploratório, de normativas geradoras de restrição de direitos individuais, implementadas no município de Araraquara. Resultados: o questionamento sobre a fundamentação de atos normativos e decisões judiciais que propiciaram a aplicação de restrições a direitos fundamentais perde consistência argumentativa se os atos reclamados apresentarem construção a partir da teoria dos limites dos limites. Conclusão: verificou-se que os direitos fundamentais não são direitos absolutos, sendo, portanto, factível a sua relativização, observando-se os parâmetros da teoria dos limites dos limites, de forma a possibilitara restrição durante a pandemia da COVID-19, por meio do sopesamento de valores em um Estado Democrático e Social de Direito.

Objective: to analyze the theory of limits of limitsas a suitable argument tosolve the possible collision of fundamental rights in the context of the pandemic, starting from the premise of their relativity. Methods: the deductive method was applied through a bibliographic search of scientific articles in the Google Scholarand Scielodatabases in 2021 and 2022 on the theory of limits of limitsand anexploratory documentary research on the regulations implemented in the municipality of Araraquara that lead to a limitation of individual rights. Results: question of the basis of normative acts and judicial decisions that have led to the application of restrictions on fundamental rights loses argumentative consistency when the alleged acts are a construction from the theory oflimits oflimitsboundaries. Conclusion: it has been established that fundamental rights are not absolute rights and therefore their relativization is possible by observing the parameters of the theory of limits of limitsto allow the restriction during the pandemic COVID -19 by balancing the values in a Democratic and Social State of Law.

Objetivo: analizar la teoría de los límites de los límitescomo argumento adecuado para resolver la posible colisión de derechos fundamentales en el contexto de la pandemia, partiendo de la premisa de su relatividad. Metodología: se utilizó el método deductivo, a través de lainvestigación bibliográfica de artículos científicossobre la teoría de los límites de los límitesen las bases de datos Google Academicy Scielo, en el periodo 2021 y 2022 y también se realizó investigación documental exploratoriade normas que generan restricción de derechos individuales enel municipio de Araraquara. Resultados: el cuestionamiento sobre el fundamento de los actos normativos y decisiones judiciales que dieron lugar a la aplicación de restricciones a derechos fundamentales pierde consistencia argumentativa si los actos reclamados presentan construcción desde la teoría de los límites de los límites. Conclusión: se constató que los derechos fundamentales no son derechos absolutos, por lo que es factible su relativización, observando los parámetros de la teoría de los límites de los límites, permitiendo la restricción durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, a través de la ponderación de valores en un Estado Democrático y Social de Derecho.

Regulatory issues and ethical considerations in cross-cultural neuropsychology with a special emphasis on Limited English Proficiency.

Regulations addressing provision of healthcare services to individuals from diverse cultures and with limited English proficiency (LEP) are reviewed and balanced against ethical considerations with respect to a provider's competency in conducting such services. Federal regulations require providers at institutions receiving Federal financial assistance to provide services to individuals without allowing factors such as LEP to act as barriers to those services. However, regulations addressing these factors are not absolute, and must be applied reasonably, with respect to: the number of individuals who speak a particular language in an area, the criticalness of the services, and the costs to and resources of the provider's institution. Thresholds based on numbers of individuals speaking a language requiring provision of language assistance services are reviewed. It is also noted that a provider's competency in conducting a particular service to patients from diverse backgrounds may be factored as a resource, while accessing appropriate tools and knowledge to provide services to a particular group may be factored as a cost. A review of relevant issues pertaining to competence in conducting cross-cultural evaluations with an emphasis on LEP is presented, followed by case samples in which potential conflicts between regulations and provider ethical obligations are resolved.

Racial Equity and U.S. Law.

History and experience teach us that our Constitution and laws can be instruments of racial discrimination and oppression as well as tools for advancing freedom and equality. The substance of our laws matters, and there is much to be learned from innovative policies and legal strategies around the country. In addition to laws promoting health equity and racial justice at the state, tribal, and local levels, a new federal Executive Order has the potential to drive major positive change if fully and properly implemented. Just as important, however, is linking legal advocacy with dynamic social movements, shrewd communication strategies, and courageous civic leadership that insists on transformative change. In this article, I briefly recount the turbulent relationship between law and equity in our nation; discuss the elements that can lead to major progress through law; and recommend specific steps that different actors can take to move an equity and opportunity agenda forward.

Mental Health and Legal Implications of Access to the Outdoors during Incarceration.

The prevalence of mental disorders and substance use disorders among incarcerated populations has called attention to the availability of mental health services in U.S. jails and prisons. Yet, structural factors, such as access to outdoor recreation, can also shape mental health in correctional environments, and U.S. jails and prisons often restrict incarcerated people from going outside. This article examines correctional policies on outdoor access, including mental health implications and related litigation. Research supports the widely held view that outdoor access can be an important determinant of mental health; nevertheless, U.S. courts have come to varying conclusions about the rights of incarcerated people to such access, leading to a patchwork of legal precedents and institutional practices with some striking inequities. For example, in California, pretrial detainees who have not been convicted of any crimes may be denied outdoor access for years, whereas convicted individuals on death row typically have access to weekly outdoor time. By examining mental health literature and case law, the authors suggest general principles for the provision of outdoor access to incarcerated individuals, as well as call for additional research on the adverse effects of the common practice of restricting such access.

A Proposal for the Capacity to Stipulate to Civil Commitment and a 50-State Review of Statutes.

Civil commitment is a legal process in which persons may be involuntarily detained for psychiatric evaluation and treatment if, because of mental illness, they are at imminent risk of harming themselves or others. Procedures that protect such persons from undue infringements of their personal liberties vary by state. Some jurisdictions permit individuals to waive their right to contest a hearing and instead stipulate to civil commitment. This differs from voluntary hospitalization in that the individuals accede to treatment for the term of commitment and forgo the possibility of either subsequent voluntary consent or withdrawal of consent. The authors describe a 50-state review examining whether statutory law permits these waivers. We show that many states allow a waiver but do not require that the person have decision-making capacity. Capacity assessment is essential because persons with impaired decision-making may accept a commitment that might otherwise have been successfully challenged, and commitment can have unwanted consequences, including extended hospitalization, loss of rights, and stigma. We propose procedures and criteria for assessing capacity to stipulate that include not only understanding that stipulation will result in commitment but also understanding the nature, purposes, consequences, and processes involved in commitment.

The civil rights of disabled children in physiotherapy practices.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the experiences of civil rights of disabled children receiving physiotherapy in New Zealand. As yet there is limited attention given to this topic in rehabilitation literature. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study that drew on the fields of childhood studies and disability studies to address the study aim. Seven disabled children who used local physiotherapy services (aged between four and 14 years) were interviewed using child-centered methods. In addition, their parents were interviewed individually, and eight rehabilitation professionals and disability advocates took part in a focus group discussion. Interpretive thematic analysis was used to analyze findings. FINDINGS: The participating disabled children all appreciated being informed about physiotherapy, but had individual preferences regarding involvement in decision making. They described positive and negative influences on their experiences, but indicated they may not have been asked by adults about these. Parents, professionals and advocates described that attempting to promote a positive experience for children is constrained by understandings regarding the purposes and practices of physiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest it is important to get an understanding of individual children's views and preferences regarding physiotherapy in order to promote opportunities for choice, control and satisfaction. In this way physiotherapists can ensure disabled children's civil rights are realized in practice.

Thurgood Marshall, Hero of American Medicine.

One of the heroes in American history, Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) sought legal remedies against racial discrimination in education and health care. As director of the Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of NAACP from 1940 to 1961, his success in integrating law schools in Texas led to the first black medical student admitted to a state medical school in the South. Representing doctors and dentists needing a facility to perform surgery, the LDF brought cases before the courts in North Carolina that moved the country toward justice in health care. His ultimate legal victory came in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1964, the LDF under Jack Greenberg, Marshall's successor as director, won Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, a decision that held that hospitals accepting federal funds had to admit black patients. The two decisions laid the judicial foundation for the laws and administrative acts that changed America's racial history, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965 that established Medicare and Medicaid. His achievements came during the hottest period of the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Well past the middle of the twentieth century, black Americans were denied access to the full resources of American medicine, locked in a "separate-but-equal" system woefully inadequate in every respect. In abolishing segregation, Marshall initiated the long overdue remedy of the unjust legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.

Designing Equitable Health Care Outreach Programs From Machine Learning Patient Risk Scores.

There is growing interest in ensuring equity and guarding against bias in the use of risk scores produced by machine learning and artificial intelligence models. Risk scores are used to select patients who will receive outreach and support. Inappropriate use of risk scores, however, can perpetuate disparities. Commonly advocated solutions to improve equity are nontrivial to implement and may not pass legal scrutiny. In this article, we introduce pragmatic tools that support better use of risk scores for more equitable outreach programs. Our model output charts allow modeling and care management teams to see the equity consequences of different threshold choices and to select the optimal risk thresholds to trigger outreach. For best results, as with any health equity tool, we recommend that these charts be used by a diverse team and shared with relevant stakeholders.

Black dreams matter: Exploring the polyphonic realms of the Black Radical Imaginary.

OBJECTIVE: Charles Cobb Jr. and Alex Davis are two Black American men who have never experienced the full capacity of freedom. The routine denial of their full humanity, or social equity, has counterintuitively sparked an impetus inside of them both to commit their lives to seek to dismantle oppressive systems. METHOD: Through a series of oral histories with both organizers, I learned that they have been engaged with radical dreaming and imagination as a survivalist movement strategy. RESULTS: Despite the dehumanizing violence of slavery, the political humiliation of Reconstruction, the brutal segregation and state terrorism of Jim Crow, and the many Civil Rights successes and Neoliberal disappointments that have followed, Cobb and Davis have embodied a steadfast commitment to freedom, unwavering trust in their people, in some contexts, a just daring that defies current dominant reason. CONCLUSION: I argue that by drawing through lines between the meaning-making experiences of Charles Cobb Jr. 's and Alex Davis' incredible lives we can better understand their critical consciousness and sociopolitical development have influenced their dreams of freedom, cultivated their radical imaginations, and sustained their collectivism.

Does legal freedom satisfy?

Much political conflict in the world revolves around the issue of how much freedom to accord people. Liberal democracies are characterized by, e.g., the rule of law and a strong protection of civil rights, giving individuals a great deal of legally guaranteed freedom to lead their lives as they see fit. However, it is not known whether legal freedom suffices to make people satisfied with freedom. Our study explores that issue by relating seven indicators of legal freedom to the satisfaction people express with their freedom of choice. Using a sample of 133 countries over the period 2008-2018, and taking a panel-data approach, we find no robust baseline relationship. However, when exploring conditional associations by interacting the indicators with social trust, the rule of law is positively and increasingly related to satisfaction with freedom above and below a threshold level. Freedom of assembly is more positive for satisfaction with freedom the higher the GDP per capita and in democracies. Thus, for some types of legal freedom, formal legal institutions are complementary with culture, income and the political system in generating satisfaction with freedom.

Against visitor bans: freedom of association, COVID-19 and the hospital ward.

To ban or significantly restrict visitors for patients in hospital could seem to be simply a sensible and easy precaution to take during a pandemic: a policy that is unpopular, perhaps, and even unfortunate, but not something that wrongs anyone. However, I argue that in fact such restrictions on visitors infringe upon a fundamental right, to freedom of association. While there may still be permissible restrictions on visitors, making the case for these becomes highly demanding. One common way to understand the purpose of the fundamental liberties is as protecting us from interference in a core set of freedoms, even when such interference would be to our benefit or would promote the general good. This reframing of the importance of visitors in terms of a right also has implications for how to run hospitals beyond the pandemic era: it supports a rapid expansion of visitor access and suggests that any decision to significantly restrict visitors ought not be left in the hospital, or hospital trust's, hands.