Las mujeres que escribieron en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés tras la Guerra Civil Española, 1939-1952 / The women who wrote in the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés after the Spanish Civil War, 1939-1952

Resumen El presente trabajo utiliza los historiales clínicos de seis mujeres internadas en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (España), en los que, además de las anotaciones médicas, existen cartas y otros documentos personales. El control sobre estas cartas no enviadas nos permite escuchar las denuncias sobre la institución, así como recuperar las voces de las internas y sus resistencias a ser tratadas como locas. Este análisis nos lleva a explorar la doble marginación: ser "mujeres" y "enfermas mentales" y nos aproxima a construir una historia desde el punto de vista del paciente. El marco temporal es el franquismo, régimen dictatorial que implantó un modelo hegemónico femenino dictado por una moral nacional-católica.

Abstract This article uses the medical records of six women admitted to the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (Spain), in which, in addition to medical notes, there are letters and other personal documents. These unsent letters allow us to read about their complaints towards the institution, as well as to recover the voices of the inmates and their resistance to being treated like insane people. This analysis leads us to explore the double marginalization: being "women" and being "mentally ill"; it also brings us closer to building a story from the patient's point of view. The time frame is Franco's dictatorship, during which the implementation of a national-Catholic system undoubtedly reinforced the female hegemonic model of the regime.

Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), including in war veterans, whereas war exposure in civilians is unclear. Nicaragua experienced two wars, 1970-1990: The Sandinistas Revolution (1970s) and The Contra War (1980s). Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system (11000 households). AIM: To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western Nicaragua. METHODS: We conducted a nested population-based, cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria. 1617 adults were randomly selected. The Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in Nicaragua. War exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war effects. Multiple exposures were defined by ≥ 3 measures. RESULTS: The prevalence of IBS was 15.2% [Female (F) 17.1%, Male (M) 12.0%], war exposure 19.3% (F 9.3%, M 36.7%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 5.6% (F 6.4%, M 4.3%). Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed (adjusted by gender, age, socioeconomic status, education): physical and psychological abuse [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-4.5], witnessed execution (aOR: 2.4; 1.1-5.2), family member death (aOR: 2.2; 1.2-4.2), and multiple exposures (aOR: 2.7; 1.4-5.1). PTSD was independently associated with IBS (aOR: 2.6; 1.2-5.7). CONCLUSION: An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent IBS. Civilian populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

The substitution program on trial: progress and setbacks of the peace agreement in the policy against illicit crops in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: In 2016 the Colombian government and the country's most important guerrilla group - the FARC - signed a peace agreement that included the "definitive solution to the problem of illicit crops". That solution has not arrived. METHODS: We tracked the design and implementation of the substitution program (PNIS) included in the peace agreement using an original set of in-depth interviews, press reviews and archival material, all of which were collected in different rounds of fieldwork between 2018 and 2020 in Bogotá and three coca growing regions. RESULTS: We show that, as a product of several political pressures, the peace agreement introduced modifications to the standing policy against illicit crops that were favorable to peacebuilding, but also retained regressive aspects of that policy. However, following a shift in the balance of power, the policy returned to what it was during the war period. CONCLUSION: We conclude by discussing the importance of developing a research agenda that explores both resistances to change in illicit crops policy, and the political coalitions needed to make change sustainable.

Gender Inequalities in Academic Achievement among Internally Displaced children in Colombia / Desigualdades de género en el desempeño académico de los niños desplazados forzados en Colombia / Desigualdades de gênero no desempenho acadêmico de crianças deslocadas forçadas na Colômbia

Abstract Using 2015 data of the Colombia Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the incidence of belonging to a household with an Internally Displaced Person (IDP) on the likelihood of grade retention by sex. Particularly, a bivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlation between families with IDP and children's gender on the probability of repeating a school year. Boys' were negatively affected when they live in an IDP household. Also, boys had a higher like-lihood of repeating a grade. We need to know how to act upon the social determinants that create social gaps and disadvantages across IDP, but also, to align with Sustainable Development Goals to eliminate gender inequalities.

Resumen (analítico) Utilizando datos de 2015 de la Encuesta de Demografía y de Salud de Colombia investigamos la incidencia de pertenecer a un hogar con una persona desplazada forzada por el conflicto armado interno (IDP) sobre la probabilidad de repetición de grado por sexo. En particular, se utilizó una regresión logística bivariada para identificar la correlación entre familias con desplazados internos y el género de los niños en la probabilidad de repetir un año escolar. Los niños se vieron afectados negativamente cuando vivieron en un hogar desplazado forzado. Además, los varones tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de repetir una asignatura. Necesitamos saber cómo actuar sobre los determinantes sociales que crean brechas sociales y desventajas entre los desplazados internos, pero también para alinearnos con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible en busca de eliminar las desigualdades de género.

Resumo (analítico) Utilizando dados de 2015 da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Colômbia (DHS), investigamos a incidência de pertencer a uma família com uma Pessoa Deslocada Interna (IDP) sobre a probabilidade de retenção de notas por sexo. Particularmente, uma regressão logística bivariada foi usada para identificar a correlação entre famílias com PID e sexo das crianças sobre a probabilidade de repetir um ano escolar. Os meninos foram afetados negativamente quando vivem em uma casa de deslocados internos. Além disso, os meninos tinham maior probabilidade de repetir uma nota. Precisamos saber como agir de acordo com os determinantes sociais que criam lacunas e desvantagens sociais entre os deslocados internos, mas também alinhar com os ODS para eliminar as desigualdades de gênero.

La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel / The crisis in Libya and its effects on the Sahel región / A crise em Líbia e os seus efeitos na região do Sahel

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante la era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizándose en su inicio por ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de violencia al no permitir la reconfiguración de una autoridad central fuerte.

Abstract The following article analyzes from the classical security perspective the evolution of Libya's foreign policy during the era of Muammar Gaddafi , characterized at the beginning as being a constant threat of war, to become the main stability factor of the Sahel region before his fall. From this point we examine the consequences that, in terms of security, occurred in the region following the demise of the Libyan leader and the risk factors that increase its vulnerability, given the chaotic situation in the North African country, added to the Western military intervention in Libya, which deepens the violence situation by not allowing the reconfi guration of a strong central authority.

Resumo O seguinte artigo analisa desde a perspectiva clássica de segurança a evolução da política exterior de Líbia durante a era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizar-se em seu início por ser una ameaça de guerra constante a se transformar no principal fator de estabilidade da região do Sahel antes da sua caída. Desde este ponto examinam-se as consequências que, em matéria de segurança, aconteceram na região após do desaparecimento do líder líbio e os fatores de risco que aumentam a vulnerabilidade desta, perante a situação caótica no país norte-africano, somado à intervenção militar de Ocidente em Líbia, a qual aprofunda a situação de violencia ao não permitir a reconfiguração de uma autoridade central forte.

Una diáspora bienvenida a Venezuela: los médicos vascos exilados hace ochenta años / A diaspora welcome to Venezuela: basque doctors exiled eighty years ago

En unos tiempos de éxodo de los médicos venezolanos, cabe recordar a la favorable acogida recibida en Venezuela por los médicos vascos exilados al terminar la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). Los médicos que prestaron servicios en Sanidad Militar de la región autónoma de Euzkadi fueron destituidos de sus cargos en los hospitales vascos y fueron desterrados a Francia. Un convenio oficial del gobierno venezolano les concedió asilo y se les destinó en mayoría a medicaturas rurales. Se describen las trayectorias de los médicos procedentes del Hospital Civil de Bilbao. Algunos se destacaron por sus contribuciones notables a la comunidad medica de su tierra de adopción en campos de clínica, de docencia y de salud publica(AU)

In an era of medical exodus from Venezuela, it seems of interest to recall the favorable welcome received by Basque medical doctors exiled after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The medical doctors who had cooperated with the Military Health Services of the autonomous Basque Country (Euzkadi) were expelled from the hospitals and had to leave to France in exile. An official agreement from the government of Venezuela allowed them to come legally and be offered a position as doctors in small rural communities in the interior of the country. The professional paths of those doctors excluded from the Civil Hospital of Bilbao are described, some of which made substantial contributions to clinical medicine, academic teaching and public health in their new land of adoption(AU)

Palabras de una india vasca: lecturas sobre el compromiso intelectual de gabriela mistral con la guerra civil española / Words from a basque indigenous woman: readings about gabriela mistral's intellectual commitment with the spanish civil war / Palavras de uma índia vasca: leituras sobre o compromisso intelectual de gabriela mistral com a guerra civil espanhola

RESUMEN: Gabriela Mistral, profesora, escritora y diplomática chilena se desempeñó como cónsul de Chile en España entre los años 1933 y 1935, etapa durante la cual desarrolló una intensa proximidad con el país y una profunda identificación con la lengua española. Por medio del análisis de cartas y de la dedicatoria del libro Tala(1938), entre otras fuentes, intentaremos comprender como la guerra civil que afectó a este país detonó en la autora memorias que marcaron su escritura como intelectual llevándola a comprometerse con los niños españoles afectados por el conflicto y con la búsqueda de la paz. Al mismo tiempo, trataremos de reconocer cómo en la producción de la autora se presentan reflexiones acerca del concepto de infancia, invitándonos, por ejemplo, a significarla como una esperanza transformadora para pensar algunas de las experiencias de tragedia y muerte que se vivían en el mundo.

ABSTRACT: Gabriela Mistral, teacher, writer and Chilean diplomatic performed as consul of Chile in Spain between the years 1933 and 1935, stage during which she developed an intense proximity with the country and a deep identification with the Spanish language. Through the analysis of letters and the dedication of the book Tala(1938), among others sources, we will try to understand how the Spanish Civil War that affected that country triggered memories from the author. The war marked her writing as intellectual taking her to compromise with the Spanish children affected by the conflict and with the pursuit of peace. At the same time, we will try to recognize how the author's production presented reflections about the concept of infancy, inviting us, for example, to signify it as a transforming hope to think some of the experiences of tragedy and death that happened in the world in this period.

RESUMO: Gabriela Mistral, professora, escritora e diplomata chilena atuou como consulesa de Chile na Espanha entre os anos 1933 e 1935, etapa durante a qual desenvolveu uma intensa proximidade com o país e uma profunda identificação com a língua espanhola. Por meio da análise de cartas e da dedicatória do livro Tala (1938), entre outras fontes, tentaremos compreender como a guerra civil que afetou a este país detonou na autora memórias que marcaram sua escrita como intelectual, levando-a a se comprometer com os meninos espanhóis afetados pelo conflito e com a busca da paz. Ao mesmo tempo, trataremos de reconhecer como na produção da autora se apresentam reflexões sobre o conceito de infância, nos convidando, por exemplo, a significá-la como uma esperança transformadora para pensar algumas das experiências de tragédia e morte que se viviam no mundo.

[Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War]. / Avaliação do período perioperatório em civis feridos na Guerra Civil Síria.

BACKGROUND: Wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: The mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: Among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War / Avaliação do período perioperatório em civis feridos na Guerra Civil Síria

BACKGROUND: wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: the mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

JUSTIFICATIVA: Historicamente, as guerras e seus desafios afligem a humanidade. Na Síria, lesões graves ocorreram devido às armas de fogo e explosivos usados na guerra entre as forças governamentais e civis durante um período de mais de dois anos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 364 pacientes, admitidos no Hospital da Universidade Mustafa Kemal da Faculdade de Medicina (Hatay, Turquia) e submetidos à cirurgia. Os sobreviventes e não sobreviventes foram comparados quanto ao local e tipo da lesão e número de transfusões administradas. A taxa de mortalidade encontrada neste estudo também foi comparada àquelas relatadas em outras guerras civis. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 29 (3-68) anos. Os principais locais de lesão incluíram extremidades (56,0%), cabeça (20,1%), abdome (16,2%), estruturas vasculares (4,4%) e tórax (3,3%). Os tipos de lesões incluíram ferimento de arma de fogo (64,4%), lesão causada por explosão (34,4%) e ferimentos diversos (1,2%). A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 89,6%, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade foi de 10,4%. Observou-se uma diferença significativa entre as taxas de mortalidade neste estudo e aquelas relatadas para as guerras civis da Bósnia e Líbano; e a diferença ficou extremamente significativa quando comparada com as taxas de mortalidade relatadas para as guerras civis do Vietnã e do Afeganistão. CONCLUSÃO: Dentre as lesões relacionadas à guerra, a maior taxa de mortalidade foi observada em lesões de cabeça-pescoço, abdome e vasculares. Acreditamos que a maior taxa de mortalidade na Guerra Civil da Síria, em comparação com as guerras da Bósnia, Vietnã, Líbano Afeganistão, se deva ao fato de os civis terem sido vistos como alvo direto durante a guerra.

Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War.

BACKGROUND: wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: the mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

Mujeres extraviadas: psicología y prostitución en la España de postguerra / Stray Women: Psychology and Prostitution in Postwar Spain

La brutal depresión económica en que se sumió la España de postguerra empujó a muchas mujeres a recurrir a la prostitución como único medio de subsistencia. Las autoridades franquistas habían anulado el decreto abolicionista republicano por lo que el comercio sexual era tolerado. Sin embargo, el auge incontrolado de la prostitución hizo reaccionar a las autoridades y se establecieron cárceles especiales para prostitutas. En el presente artículo, se analizan los trabajos de postguerra sobre la psicología de la prostitución de tres personajes situados en instituciones claves de la época: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (Universidad de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Sanidad), Eduardo Martínez Martínez (Clínica Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria de Mujeres) y Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronato de Protección a la Mujer). Los textos de estos tres autores y sus investigaciones sobre prostitutas españolas les llevan a caracterizarlas como afectas innatas de psicopatía sexual, deficiencia mental y amoralidad. Este diagnóstico les conduce a justificar su internamiento en las cárceles especiales para prostitutas, para reforma. De este modo, los trabajos de Vallejo, Martínez y Echalecu fueron instrumentales para la justificación del establecimiento de las cárceles especiales. El marco conceptual de la biopsicología de inspiración alemana se puso al servicio del proyecto social de la biopolítica franquista.

The brutal economic depression in which post-Civil War Spain sank pushed many women to resort to prostitution as their only means of subsistence. The pro-Franco authorities had annulled the republican abolitionist decree and sexual commerce was again tolerated. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled height of prostitution compelled the authorities to react and special jails for "misled" women were created. We analyze the publications of this postwar period related to the psychology of prostitution by three individuals working in key institutions at the time: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (University of Madrid, National Health Council), Eduardo Martinez Martinez (Penitentiary for Women Psychiatric Clinic) and Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronage for the Protection of Women). The publications by these three authors and their investigations on Spanish prostitutes led them to characterize these women as innate chronic sexual psychopaths, with mental deficiency and amorality. This diagnosis was used to justify their confinement for reform in special jails for "fallen" women. In this way, the publications by Vallejo, Martinez and Echalecu y Canino were instrumental to justify the establishment of these special jails. The conceptual frame of the biopsychology of German inspiration was used to service the social project of the pro-Franco biopolitics.

Psicodrama y sociodrama transgeneracional / Psicodrama e sociodrama transgeracional / Trans-generational psychodrama and sociodrama

Tras una introducción acerca del concepto de transmisión transgeneracional del trauma colectivo, se detalla y analiza un sociodrama en relación a la figura del dictador Franco, desde los elementos emocionales y técnicos.

Após uma introdução breve do conceito de transmissão transgeracional do trauma coletivo, apresentamos e analisamos os aspectos emocionais e técnicos de um sociodrama relacionado à figura do ditador Franco.

After a short description of trans-generational transmission of collective trauma, we present and analyse the emotional and technical aspects of a Sociodrama related to the figure of Franco the dictator.

El dispositivo venezolano de sanidad y la incorporación de los médicos exiliados de la Guerra Civil española / The Venezuelan sanitation authority and the incorporation of physicians exiled from the Spanish Civil War

En 1914, mientras España establecía acuerdos para modernizar su estructura científica y sanitaria, al hilo del panamericanismo y de los controles por la apertura del Canal de Panamá, Venezuela comenzó a estructurar un dispositivo sanitario ajustado a pautas internacionales, auspiciado, desde 1913, por la Fundación Rockefeller. En 1931, la Segunda República aceleró en España el envío de becarios a Estados Unidos y creó un sistema de salud pública bajo el modelo administrativo de unidades sanitarias y unidades técnicas de investigación y control propugnado por la Fundación. La Guerra Civil interrumpió ese proceso y Venezuela aprovechó el momento para contratar a médicos y enfermeras exiliados y los incorporó al nuevo Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social creado 1936.

In 1914, while Spain was making agreements to modernize its scientific and sanitary structure, Venezuela started to structure a sanitation authority following international models, in line with Pan Americanism and the controls for the opening of the Panama Canal, for which is received sponsorship from the Rockefeller Foundation as of 1913. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic sent ever greater numbers of scholars to study in the United States and established a public health system along the lines of the administrative models for sanitation and technical units for investigation and control as proposed by the Foundation. The Spanish Civil War interrupted this process and Venezuela seized the moment to hire the exiled doctors and nurses and incorporate them into its new Ministry for Sanitation and Social Welfare, created in 1936.