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1.
Eur J Psychotraumatol ; 15(1): 2366049, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38941125

ABSTRACT

Background: Clonidine is a centrally acting anti-adrenergic agent that may have applications in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly for sleep.Objective: In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize the effect of clonidine on sleep quality and duration, nightmares, and PTSD symptom severity in adults with PTSD.Method: PubMed (Medline), Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched up to April 2023. Studies on clonidine use in adult PTSD patients reporting data on the effect on sleep, nightmares, and PTSD symptoms were included. A narrative summary and a meta-analysis of the study findings are presented.Results: Ten reports, accounting for N = 569 patients with PTSD (145 on clonidine and 436 controls), were included in the final selection. There were four case reports, four observational studies, one non-blind clinical trial, and one crossover randomized controlled trial (RCT). Median clonidine dose was 0.15 mg/day (range: 0.1-0.5 mg/day). Median follow-up time was 31 days (range: 3 days to 19 months). The quality of the evidence was rated from very low to low. There was marked between-study heterogeneity and low power in the individual studies, but many reported improved sleep quality, nightmare reduction, and improvement of PTSD symptoms for patients treated with clonidine. Meta-analysis was only possible for two studies reporting the effect of clonidine on nightmares, and showed no difference from the comparator (i.e. prazosin or terazosin) (odds ratio: 1.16; 95% confidence interval: 0.66 to 2.05), potentially pointing towards non-inferiority between these medications.Conclusions: Future research, such as well-powered RCTs, is needed to identify the efficacy in the lower dose range and the most suitable treatment group, and to obtain good evidence on the effects of clonidine in the treatment of sleep disorders related to PTSD.


Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hyperarousal and sleep disorders, reflecting adrenergic nervous system involvement.The use of anti-adrenergic drugs to target the sympathetic activation in PTSD is rational. However, previous reports on prazosin, a peripherally acting agent, yielded weak evidence.Clonidine, a central adrenergic antagonist, shows promise in improving sleep, nightmares, and PTSD symptoms, but further research is needed because the quality of the current evidence is low.


Subject(s)
Clonidine , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Humans , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy , Dreams/drug effects , Sleep Quality , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
2.
Prensa méd. argent ; 109(5): 193-214, 20230000. fig, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1523561

ABSTRACT

La dependencia del alcohol se encuentra entre los principales factores de riesgo para la salud en la mayoría de los países desarrollados y en desarrollo.El éxito terapéutico en la abstinencia modera-grave podría incrementarse con tratamiento adyuvante a las benzodiacepinas. En nuestro medio los agonistas alfa2 (clonidina y dexmedetomidina), ácido valproico y carbamazepina son los de mayor uso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la búsqueda exhaustiva, análisis crítico y resumen de la evidencia para proporcionar una visión general de la efectividad de estos fármacos cuando son utilizado sin tiempo determinado de tratamiento comparados entre sí, contra ninguna intervención, placebo u otras intervenciones. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos (Pubmed/MEDLINE, LILACs, EMBASE). Dos revisores seleccionaron, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos de forma independiente mediante el software Covidence. Los desacuerdos fueron resueltos por consenso. Realizamos metanálisis utilizando RevMan 5. 3 y análisis de subgrupos por diseño de estudio. Se incluyeron 22 estudios donde ninguno de ellos presentó bajo riesgo de sesgo en todos los dominios, y la mayoría de los estudios presentaron al menos un dominio con alto riesgo de sesgo. Estudios con resultados estadísticamente bajos mostraron que la dexmedetomidina y el ácido valproico disminuyen los requerimientos de benzodiacepinas en pacientes que recibían placebo. Además, cuando se combinan ácido valproico con benzodiacepinas logran una disminución estable y continua de la abstinencia medido en escala CIWA-Ar. La clonidina fue la única descripta que presentaba disminución en la frecuencia cardiaca frente a placebo con alta significancia, situación clínica a tener presente frente al síndrome simpaticomimético que caracteriza al síndrome de abstinencia por alcohol.


Alcohol dependence is among the main risk factors for health in most developed and developing countries. Therapeutic success in moderate-Grave abstinence could be increased with adjuvant treatment to benzodiazepines. In our environment, agonists Alfa 2 (clonidine and dexmedetomidine), valproic acid and carbamazepine are the most used. The objective of this work was to carry out the thorough search, critical analysis and summary of the evidence to provide an overview of the effectiveness of these drugs when used without a certain time of treatment compared to each other, against any intervention, placebo or other interventions. A bibliographic search was carried out in databases (Pubmed/ Medline, Lilacs, Embase). Two reviewers selected, extracted the data and evaluated the bias risk of independently included studies using the COVIDENCE software. The disagreements were resolved by consensus. We perform meta-analysis using Revman 5. 3 and subgroup analysis by study design. 22 studies were included where none of them presented under a risk of bias in all domains, and most studies presented at least one domain with high bias risk. Studies with statistically low results showed that dexmedetomidine and valproic acid decrease the requirements of benzodiazepines in patients receiving placebo. In addition, when valproic acid is combined with benzodiazepines achieve a stable and continuous decrease in abstinence measured in CIWA-AR scale. Clonidine was the only one described that presented a decrease in heart rate against placebo with high significance, clinical situation to be in mind in front of the sympathomimetic syndrome that characterizes alcohol withdrawal syndrome


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use , Alcohol Drinking/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists , Alcohol Abstinence
3.
Prensa méd. argent ; 108(3): 120-125, 20220000. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1373050

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El manejo inmediato del dolor postoperatorio es esencial para una comodidad y rehabilitación temprana del paciente Este estudio busca evaluar el efecto analgésico postoperatorio inmediato en cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior, como los efectos adversos con la administración de analgesia intratecal, usando Clonidina contra Morfina. Material y métodos: Es un estudio analítico de intervención, cuasi experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, comparativo, doble ciego. Para comparar la eficacia de la analgesia intratecal post operatoria inmediata en cirugías de columna lumbosacra primarias por vía posterior y los efectos adversos. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos previamente designados, a un grupo se le administro Clonidina 0.5 microgramos/kg/peso y a otro grupo Morfina 5 microgramos/Kg/Peso. intratecal, intraoperatorio. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa con mejor manejo del dolor postoperatorio en las primeras horas y menor presencia de vómitos en el grupo de pacientes que se utilizó Clonidina intratecal. No existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa de ambas medicaciones intratecales en la valoración de otros efectos adversos. Discusión: El uso de la analgesia intratecal ha ido ganando relevancia en el tiempo y se fueron sumando estudios para ver la eficacia de diferentes medicamentos, diferentes dosis, menor presencia de efectos adversos. El estudio analiza estas variables buscando una mejor opción terapéutica. Tenemos a favor una muestra representativa a pesar de no ser aleatoria, estricto seguimiento, y análisis estadístico adecuado. Conclusión: La Clonidina intratecal es más efectiva para manejo del dolor post operatorio inmediato de cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior y con menor presencia de efectos adversos


Introduction: Immediate postoperative pain management is essential for the patient's greater comfort and early rehabilitation. Te goal of this study is to evaluate the immediate analgesic postoperative effect in posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, as well as the adverse effects of the administration of intrathecal analgesia, using Clonidine versus Morphine. Material and methods: An analytical, quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal, comparative, double-blinded intervention study was conducted to compare the efficacy of immediate postoperative intrathecal analgesia in primary posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, and the adverse effects. Te patients were divided into two previously designated groups. One group received Clonidine 0.5 microgramos/kg and the other group received Morphine 5 microgramos/kg. Intrathecal, intraoperative. Results: Tere was a statistically significant difference with better postoperative pain management in the first hours and less vomiting in the group of patients who received intrathecal Clonidine. Tere was no statistically significant difference between both intrathecal medications in the evaluation of other adverse effects. Discussion: Te use of intrathecal analgesia, has been on the rise over time and more studies have been conducted to see the efficacy of different drugs, different doses, with fewer adverse effects. Tis study to analyze these variables with a view to finding a better therapeutic option. Te advantage is having a representative if not random sample, strict follow-up, and appropriate statistical analysis Conclusion: Intrathecal Clonidine proved to be more effective in immediate postoperative pain management after posterior lumbosacral spine surgery and with fewer adverse effects


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Pain Measurement , Analgesia, Epidural/methods , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Aftercare , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Lumbosacral Region/surgery , Morphine/administration & dosage
4.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 33(4): 600-615, out.-dez. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1357197

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O manejo cardíaco, ventilatório e renal no ambiente de terapia intensiva tem melhorado nas últimas décadas. Cognição e sedação representam dois dos últimos desafios a vencer. Como a sedação convencional não é ideal, e a sedação evocada por agonistas adrenérgicos alfa-2 (sedação "cooperativa" com dexmedetomidina, clonidina ou guanfacina) representa uma alternativa valiosa, este artigo abrange três tópicos práticos para os quais há lacunas na medicina baseada em evidência. O primeiro deles é a mudança de sedação convencional para sedação cooperativa ("mudança"): a resposta curta consiste em retirada abrupta de sedação convencional, implantação imediata de infusão de um agonista alfa-2 e uso de "sedação de resgate" (bolos de midazolam) ou "sedação agressiva" (haloperidol em bolos) para estabilizar a sedação cooperativa. O segundo tópico é a mudança de sedação convencional para sedação cooperativa em pacientes instáveis (por exemplo: delirium tremens refratário, choque séptico, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo etc.), pois, para evitar a hipotensão e a bradicardia provocadas por desativadores simpáticos, a resposta curta é manter o volume sistólico por administração de volume, vasopressores e inotrópicos. Por fim, para evitar essas mudanças e dificuldades associadas, os agonistas alfa-2 podem ser sedativos de primeira linha. A resposta curta é administrar agonistas alfa-2 lentamente desde a admissão ou intubação endotraqueal, até estabilização da sedação cooperativa. Dessa forma, conclui-se que os agonistas alfa-2 são, ao mesmo tempo, agentes desativadores simpáticos e sedativos, bem como a desativação simpática implica na manutenção do volume sistólico e na avaliação persistente da volemia. A medicina baseada em evidência deve documentar esta proposta.


ABSTRACT Cardiac, ventilatory and kidney management in the critical care setting has been optimized over the past decades. Cognition and sedation represent one of the last remaning challenges. As conventional sedation is suboptimal and as the sedation evoked by alpha-2 adrenergic agonists ("cooperative" sedation with dexmedetomidine, clonidine or guanfacine) represents a valuable alternative, this manuscript covers three practical topics for which evidence-based medicine is lacking: a) Switching from conventional to cooperative sedation ("switching"): the short answer is the abrupt withdrawal of conventional sedation, immediate implementation of alpha-2 agonist infusion and the use of "rescue sedation" (midazolam bolus[es]) or "breakthrough sedation" (haloperidol bolus[es]) to stabilize cooperative sedation. b) Switching from conventional to cooperative sedation in unstable patients (e.g., refractory delirium tremens, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, etc.): to avoid hypotension and bradycardia evoked by sympathetic deactivation, the short answer is to maintain the stroke volume through volume loading, vasopressors and inotropes. c) To avoid these switches and associated difficulties, alpha-2 agonists may be considered first-line sedatives. The short answer is to administer alpha-2 agonists slowly from admission or endotracheal intubation up to stabilized cooperative sedation. The "take home" message is as follows: a) alpha-2 agonists are jointly sympathetic deactivators and sedative agents; b) sympathetic deactivation implies maintaining the stroke volume and iterative assessment of volemia. Evidence-based medicine should document our propositions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Clonidine , Dexmedetomidine , Critical Care , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists , Hypnotics and Sedatives
5.
Rev Bras Hiperten ; 27(3): 98-102, 20200910.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1368069

ABSTRACT

A hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é uma condição clínica na qual a pressão arterial persiste elevada, acima das metas estabelecidas de controle apesar do uso de três fármacos incluindo um diurético, todos em doses máximas otimizadas ou necessidade de se adicionar quatro ou mais medicamentos para atingir o controle adequado. A terapia com diuréticos, inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores receptor da angiotensina II (BRA) e bloqueadores de canais de cálcio (BCC) para o controle adequado da pressão arterial já está bem estabelecida pelas diretrizes. A espironolactona firmou-se como quarto fármaco adicional a esse esquema terapêutico, após o estudo Pathway-2. A clonidina passou ser a sexta ou sétima opção, para adição a esta sequência de terapia ficando atrás dos betabloqueadores ou vasodilatadores, dependendo da situação clínica. O estudo brasileiro ReHot, avaliando pacientes com HAR não demonstrou superioridade expressiva deste fármaco em relação a espironolactona, devido aos efeitos adversos, porém não devendo ser substituída pela metildopa pela falta de evidências cientificas em relação a segurança e eficácia do fármaco como terapia adicional para HAR


Resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) is a clinical condition in which blood pressure remains elevated, above the established control goals despite the use of three drugs including a diuretic, all in maximum optimized doses or the need to add four or more medications for achieve adequate control. Therapy with diuretics, ACEI or ARB and CCB for adequate control of blood pressure is already well established by the guidelines. Spironolactone was established as the fourth additional drug to this therapeutic regimen, after the Pathway-2 study. Clonidine became the sixth or seventh option, for addition to this therapy sequence, being behind beta-blockers or vasodilators, depending on the clinical situation. The Brazilian ReHot study, evaluating patients with RAH, did not demonstrate expressive superiority of this drug in relation to spironolactone, due to adverse effects, but should not be replaced by methyldopa due to the lack of scientific evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of the drug as additional therapy for RAH

6.
Arch. med ; 20(2): 311-319, 20200703.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1118610

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad y efectividad de la preparación magistral de clonidina a una concentración de 15 µg/mL utilizada para premedicación oral en niños entre uno y siete años de edad a una dosis de 4 µg/kg de peso sometidos a cirugía ambulatoria entre febrero y octubre de 2019 en la Clínica San Marcel. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal, con muestreo consecutivo durante el periodo del estudio. Los datos de 202 pacientes fueron obtenidos de la historia clínica para luego realizar el análisis univariado y bivariado con estadística descriptiva. Un valor de P > 0,05 se consideró significativa. Resultados: hubo una incidencia de ansiedad preoperatoria del 2,5%, hipotensión arterial de 30,69% y de bradicardia de 23,26%. No se dieron casos de vómito, escalofrío o depresión respiratoria posoperatorios. La edad estuvo asociada con ansiedad preoperatoria (P=0,03) y bradicardia (P=0,049) pero no con hipotensión arterial (P=0,066). Conclusiones: la preparación magistral de clonidina se asocia con baja incidencia de ansiedad preoperatoria en niños y ausencia de vómito, escalofrío y depresión respiratorias posoperatorias. Sin embargo, preocupa la alta frecuencia de hipotensión arterial y bradicardia encontrados sin que pueda plantearse ninguna asociación..Au


Objectives: to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the clonidine preparation at a concentration of 15 µg / mL used for oral premedication in children between one and seven years old at a dose of 4 µg / kg of weight undergoing ambulatory surgery between February and October 2019 at the San Marcel Clinic. Materials and methods: a restrospective, descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out, with consecutive sampling during the study period. The data of 202 patients were obtained from the medical history to then perform the univariate and bivariate analysis with descriptive statistics. P value > 0,05 was considered significant. Results: there was an incidence of preoperative anxiety of 2,5%, arterial hypotension of 30,69% and bradycardia of 23,26%. There were no cases of postoperative vomiting, chills, or respiratory depression. Age was associated with preoperative anxiety (P = 0,03) and bradycardia (P= 0,049) but not with arterial hypotension (P = 0,066). Conclusions: master clonidine preparation is associated with low incidence of preoperative anxiety in children and absence postoperative respiratory vomiting, chills, and depression. However, there is concern about the high frequency of low blood pressure and bradycardia found without any association being raised..Au


Subject(s)
Clonidine , Anesthesia
7.
Bol. méd. postgrado ; 36(1): 26-31, jul.2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1119377

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado simple ciego con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta hemodinámica post intubación orotraqueal y efectos adversos con clonidina versus lidocaína en pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal electiva con anestesia general en el Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda durante el período mayo ­ agosto de 2018. Cincuenta pacientes conformaron la muestra distribuidos aleatoria y equitativamente en dos grupos: el grupo A recibió clonidina a una dosis de 1.5 mcg/kg endovenoso, 20 minutos previos a la inducción anestésica y el grupo B recibió lidocaína a una dosis de 1.5 mg/kg, 90 segundos previos a la inducción anestésica. La edad promedio de los pacientes varió entre 31,6 ± 12,2 años de edad, con predominio del sexo femenino. Los efectos adversos fueron hipotensión al minuto y tres minutos post intubación; sólo dos pacientes del grupo A presentaron bradicardia a los tres minutos. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos en relación a la presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media y frecuencia cardíaca inmediatamente posterior a la intubación, al minuto y a los tres minutos. Estos resultados confirman que el uso de clonidina es eficaz para atenuar la respuesta hemodinámica posterior a la intubación en pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal electiva bajo anestesia general(AU)


A single-blind controlled clinical trial was carried out with the aim to evaluate the hemodynamic response after orotracheal intubation in patients that receive clonidine or lidocaine in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with general anesthesia at the Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda during the period May - August 2018. Fifty patients were distributed randomly and equitably in two (2) groups: group A received clonidine in a dose of 1.5 mcg/kg intravenously, 20 minutes before anesthetic induction and group B received lidocaine at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, 90 seconds before anesthetic induction. Median age of patients was 31.6 ± 12.2 years with a predominance of female sex. Most common adverse effect was hypotension in both groups at one and three minutes post intubation; only two patients in the clonidine group showed bradycardia at three minutes. There was a statistical significant difference between both groups in regards to the mean values of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and heart rate at all time points measured after intubation. These results confirm that clonidine is effective in reducing hemodynamic response after intubation in patients that undergo elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , General Surgery , Hemodynamics , Laryngoscopy , Intubation, Intratracheal , Anesthesiology , Lidocaine
8.
Revista Brasileira de Hipertensão ; 27(1): 30-33, 20200310.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1373483

ABSTRACT

A hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é definida como a ausência de controle pressórico nas medidas de pressão arterial (PA) de consultório a despeito do uso de três ou mais anti-hipertensivos em doses adequadas, incluindo-se preferencialmente um diurético, ou o controle pressórico atingido às custas do uso de quatro ou mais medicamentos. O uso de espironolactona, um antagonista dos receptores de aldosterona, como quarto fármaco no tratamento da HAR é indicado pelas principais diretrizes sobre o assunto, e tem a sua eficácia comprovada em ensaios clínicos e meta análises. Um estudo comparou o uso de clonidina, um agonista adrenérgico alfa-2, como quarto fármaco para tratamento da HAR em comparação com a espironolactona. Embora o desfecho primário (taxa de controle da PA no consultório ou na medida ambulatorial da PA) tenha sido similar com as duas medicações, a espironolactona mostrou maior redução na PA de 24h quando comparada à clonidina. Neste contexto, a clonidina pode ser uma alternativa à espironolactona, particularmente em grupos específicos de pacientes que tenham contraindicação ao uso de espironolactona, como os que apresentam hipercalemia ou doença renal crônica pré dialítica.


Resistant Hypertension (RH) is defined as the absence of blood pressure (BP) control despite the use of three antihypertensive drugs in adequate doses, or the achievement of BP control with the use of four or more medications. The use of spironolactone, an antagonist of aldosterone receptors, as the fourth medication in the treatment of RH is recommended by current Management of Hypertension Guidelines, and its efficacy has been proved in clinical trials and meta-analysis. One clinical trial compared the use of clonidine, an adrenergic alpha-2 agonist, versus spironolactone as an option as the fourth drug in the treatment of RH. The results showed similar rates of the primary outcome (BP control at the office and at ambulatory monitoring) with both drugs, although spironolactone promoted greater reduction in 24h BP when compared with clonidine. In this context, clonidine can be used as an alternative to spironolactone, particularly among specific groups of patients that have contraindications to the use of spironolactone, such as patients with hyperkalemia or end stage renal disease.

9.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 69(3): 272-278, May-June 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1013422

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Inadequate pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affects mobility leading to development of adhesions, weakened ligament insertion and muscle atrophy. Adductor canal block for postoperative analgesia preserves quadriceps strength. The present study was conducted to compare pain free period in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, receiving ultrasound-guided adductor canal block with ropivacaine alone and ropivacaine with clonidine. Methods: A prospective randomized double blinded study was conducted including sixty-three adult, ASA class I, II patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They were randomized into three groups: Group S - control group received adductor canal block with 30 mL saline, Group R - ropivacaine group received adductor canal block with 30 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine and Group RC - clonidine group received adductor canal block with 30 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine with clonidine 1 µg.kg-1. The primary aim was to compare the pain free period in patients receiving adductor canal block with ropivacaine alone or ropivacine with clonidine. The secondary outcomes were pain score at rest and movement, total analgesic requirement, sedation score and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Results: The mean pain free periods were 20 min, 384.76 min and 558.09 min for Group S, Group R and Group RC, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between Group R and Group RC in terms of pain scores at rest and movement and total analgesic requirement. Conclusion: Addition of clonidine to ropivacaine in USG guided adductor canal block led to significant prolongation of pain free period though pain score at rest and movement, and rescue analgesic requirement, did not differ.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O alívio inadequado da dor após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior afeta a mobilidade, leva ao desenvolvimento de aderências, inserção do ligamento enfraquecido e atrofia muscular. O bloqueio do canal adutor para analgesia pós-operatória preserva a força do quadríceps. O presente estudo foi feito para comparar o período sem dor em pacientes de reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento cruzado anterior, submetidos ao bloqueio do canal adutor guiado por ultrassom com ropivacaína isolada e ropivacaína + clonidina. Métodos: Um estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego foi conduzido com 63 pacientes adultos, estado físico ASA I-II, submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. Os pacientes foram randomizados em três grupos: Grupo S, que recebeu bloqueio do canal adutor com 30 mL de solução salina para controle; Grupo R, que recebeu bloqueio do canal adutor com 30 mL de ropivacaína a 0,375%; Grupo RC, que recebeu bloqueio do canal adutor com 30 mL de ropivacaína a 0,375% e 1 µg.kg-1 de clonidina. O desfecho primário do estudo foi comparar o período sem dor nos pacientes que receberam bloqueio do canal adutor com ropivacaína isolada ou ropivacina + clonidina. Os desfechos secundários foram escores de dor em repouso e movimento, necessidade total de analgésicos, escore de sedação, além de náusea e vômito no pós-operatório. Resultados: Os períodos médios sem dor foram 20 min, 384,76 min e 558,09 min para os grupos S, R e RC, respectivamente, e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos R e RC em termos de escores de dor em repouso e movimento e a necessidade total de analgésicos. Conclusão: A adição de clonidina à ropivacaína em bloqueio do canal adutor guiado por ultrassom levou a um prolongamento significativo do período sem dor, embora os escores de dor em repouso e movimento, e a necessidade de analgésico de resgate, não tenham diferido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Arthroscopy/methods , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods , Ropivacaine/administration & dosage , Nerve Block/methods , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Drug Therapy, Combination , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage
10.
Braz J Anesthesiol ; 69(3): 272-278, 2019.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31080007

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inadequate pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affects mobility leading to development of adhesions, weakened ligament insertion and muscle atrophy. Adductor canal block for postoperative analgesia preserves quadriceps strength. The present study was conducted to compare pain free period in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, receiving ultrasound-guided adductor canal block with ropivacaine alone and ropivacaine with clonidine. METHODS: A prospective randomized double blinded study was conducted including sixty-three adult, ASA class I, II patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They were randomized into three groups: Group S - control group received adductor canal block with 30mL saline, Group R - ropivacaine group received adductor canal block with 30mL of 0.375% ropivacaine and Group RC - clonidine group received adductor canal block with 30mL of 0.375% ropivacaine with clonidine 1µg.kg-1. The primary aim was to compare the pain free period in patients receiving adductor canal block with ropivacaine alone or ropivacine with clonidine. The secondary outcomes were pain score at rest and movement, total analgesic requirement, sedation score and postoperative nausea and vomiting. RESULTS: The mean pain free periods were 20min, 384.76min and 558.09min for Group S, Group R and Group RC, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between Group R and Group RC in terms of pain scores at rest and movement and total analgesic requirement. CONCLUSION: Addition of clonidine to ropivacaine in USG guided adductor canal block led to significant prolongation of pain free period though pain score at rest and movement, and rescue analgesic requirement, did not differ.


Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods , Arthroscopy/methods , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Nerve Block/methods , Ropivacaine/administration & dosage , Adult , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Male , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Young Adult
11.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 69(1): 27-34, Jan.-Feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977427

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: The combination of clonidine with local anesthetic administered for epidural anesthesia via caudal route seems to improve the quality of postoperative analgesia, but with conflicting results. This study compared the postoperative analgesia of three different doses of clonidine combined with bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Methods: Eighty children aged 1-10 years, candidates for surgical repair of hypospadias, were randomly divided into four groups of 20 patients to receive general anesthesia combined with caudal epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.165% alone or in combination with 1, 2 or 3 µg.kg- 1 of clonidine. The primary outcome was morphine consumption in the first 24 h postoperatively. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, time to awakening, pain severity (FLACC scale), level of sedation (RAMSAY), duration of analgesia, and occurrence of adverse effects were also compared. Results: Intraoperatively, there was no difference between groups regarding mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and time to awakening. Postoperative morphine consumption and pain severity were similar between groups, but the group receiving clonidine (3 µg.kg-1) had lower heart rate and higher sedation level than the group receiving bupivacaine alone. Conclusions: The combination of clonidine at doses of 1, 2 or 3 µg.kg-1 with bupivacaine 0.16% via caudal epidural route did not alter the consumption of morphine in the early postoperative period of children undergoing hypospadias repair.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A associação de clonidina ao anestésico local administrado por via peridural caudal parece melhorar a qualidade da analgesia pós-operatória, mas com resultados conflitantes. Este estudo comparou a analgesia pós-operatória de três diferentes doses de clonidina associada à bupivacaína na anestesia peridural caudal em crianças submetidas à correção de hipospádia. Método: Oitenta crianças entre um e dez anos, candidatas à correção cirúrgica de hipospádia, foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos de 20 pacientes para receber anestesia geral associada à anestesia peridural caudal com bupivacaína 0,166% isolada ou associada a 1, 2 ou 3 µg.Kg-1 de clonidina. Como desfecho principal avaliou-se o consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório. Compararam-se também pressão arterial média, frequência cardíaca, concentração expirada de sevoflurano, tempo de despertar da anestesia, intensidade da dor pela escala FLACC, nível de sedação (Ramsay), tempo de duração da analgesia e ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Resultados: No transoperatório, não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à pressão arterial média, frequência cardíaca, concentração expirada de sevoflurano e ao tempo de despertar. No pós-operatório, o consumo de morfina e a intensidade da dor foram similares entre os grupos, mas o grupo que recebeu 3 µg.Kg-1 de clonidina apresentou menor frequência cardíaca e maior sedação do que o grupo que recebeu somente bupivacaína. Conclusões: A associação de clonidina nas doses de 1, 2 ou 3 µg.Kg-1 à bupivacaína 0,166% por via peridural caudal não alterou o consumo de morfina no pós-operatório imediato de crianças submetidas à correção de hipospádia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Hypospadias/surgery , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Single-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Drug Combinations
12.
Braz J Anesthesiol ; 69(1): 27-34, 2019.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30482552

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The combination of clonidine with local anesthetic administered for epidural anesthesia via caudal route seems to improve the quality of postoperative analgesia, but with conflicting results. This study compared the postoperative analgesia of three different doses of clonidine combined with bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. METHODS: Eighty children aged 1 to 10 years, candidates for surgical repair of hypospadias, were randomly divided into four groups of 20 patients to receive general anesthesia combined with caudal epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.165% alone or in combination with 1, 2 or 3µg.kg-1 of clonidine. The primary outcome was morphine consumption in the first 24hours postoperatively. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, time to awakening, pain severity (FLACC scale), level of sedation (RAMSAY), duration of analgesia, and occurrence of adverse effects were also compared. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, there was no difference between groups regarding mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and time to awakening. Postoperative morphine consumption and pain severity were similar between groups, but the group receiving clonidine (3µg.kg-1) had lower heart rate and higher sedation level than the group receiving bupivacaine alone. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of clonidine at doses of 1, 2 or 3µg.kg-1 with bupivacaine 0.16% via caudal epidural route did not alter the consumption of morphine in the early postoperative period of children undergoing hypospadias repair.


Subject(s)
Analgesics/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Hypospadias/surgery , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Combinations , Humans , Infant , Male , Prospective Studies , Single-Blind Method
13.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 68(1): 42-48, Jan.-Feb. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897799

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Shivering, a common intraoperative problem under spinal anesthesia increases the oxygen consumption considerably and is uncomfortable and distressing to the patient, anesthesiologist as well as surgeon. The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of post spinal anesthesia shivering and to look for their adverse effects. Methods This prospective, randomized, double blinded control study was done on 90 patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. They were randomly allocated into three groups with Group T receiving tramadol 1 mg.kg-1, Group C getting clonidine 1 mcg.kg-1 and Group D patients receiving dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg.kg-1. The time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, hemodynamic variables, sedation score and adverse effects were observed. Results Dexmedetomidine was faster in the control of shivering in 5.7 ± 0.79 minutes (min) whereas tramadol took 6.76 ± 0.93 min and clonidine was slower with 9.43 ± 0.93 min. The recurrence rate was much lower in the dexmedetomidine group with 3.3% than for clonidine (10%) and tramadol (23.3%) group. The sedation achieved with dexmedetomidine was better than clonidine and tramadol. The tramadol group had more cases of vomiting (four) and dexmedetomidine group had six cases of hypotension and two cases of bradycardia. Two of the clonidine patients encountered bradycardia and hypotension. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is better than tramadol and clonidine in the control of shivering because of its faster onset and less recurrence rate. Though complications are encountered in the dexmedetomidine group, they are treatable.


Resumo Introdução O tremor, problema comum no período intraoperatório sob raquianestesia, aumenta consideravelmente o consumo de oxigênio, além de ser desconfortável e angustiante para o paciente, o anestesiologista e o cirurgião. O presente estudo foi concebido para explorar a eficácia de tramadol, clonidina e dexmedetomidina no tratamento de tremores pós-raquianestesia e observar seus efeitos adversos. Métodos Este estudo prospectivo, randômico, controlado e duplo-cego foi feito com 90 pacientes que desenvolveram tremores sob raquianestesia. Os pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em três grupos para receber 1 mg.kg-1 de tramadol (Grupo T), 1 mcg.kg-1 de clonidina (Grupo C) e 0,5 mcg.kg-1 de dexmedetomidina (Grupo D). O tempo necessário para controlar os tremores, a taxa de recorrência, as variáveis hemodinâmicas, os níveis de sedação e os efeitos adversos foram registrados. Resultados Dexmedetomidina foi mais rápida para controlar os tremores, com tempo de 5,7 ± 0,79 minutos (min); o tempo de tramadol foi de 6,76 ± 0,93 min; clonidina foi mais lenta, com tempo de 9,43 ± 0,93 min. A taxa de recorrência foi muito menor no grupo dexmedetomidina (3,3%) do que nos grupos clonidina (10%) e tramadol (23,3%). A sedação obtida com dexmedetomidina foi melhor do que a obtida com clonidina e tramadol. O grupo tramadol teve mais casos de vômito (quatro); o grupo dexmedetomidina teve seis casos de hipotensão e dois casos de bradicardia. Dois pacientes do grupo clonidina apresentaram bradicardia e hipotensão. Conclusão Dexmedetomidina foi melhor do que tramadol e clonidina para o controle de tremores devido ao seu início de ação mais rápido e à taxa de recorrência mais baixa. Embora complicações tenham sido observadas no grupo dexmedetomidina, elas foram tratáveis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Shivering/drug effects , Tramadol/therapeutic use , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Dexmedetomidine/therapeutic use , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Intraoperative Complications/drug therapy , Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Narcotics/therapeutic use , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies
14.
Braz J Anesthesiol ; 68(1): 42-48, 2018.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28546012

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Shivering, a common intraoperative problem under spinal anesthesia increases the oxygen consumption considerably and is uncomfortable and distressing to the patient, anesthesiologist as well as surgeon. The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of post spinal anesthesia shivering and to look for their adverse effects. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double blinded control study was done on 90 patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. They were randomly allocated into three groups with Group T receiving tramadol 1mg.kg-1, Group C getting clonidine 1mcg.kg-1 and Group D patients receiving dexmedetomidine 0.5mcg.kg-1. The time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, hemodynamic variables, sedation score and adverse effects were observed. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine was faster in the control of shivering in 5.7±0.79minutes (min) whereas tramadol took 6.76±0.93min and clonidine was slower with 9.43±0.93min. The recurrence rate was much lower in the dexmedetomidine group with 3.3% than for clonidine (10%) and tramadol (23.3%) group. The sedation achieved with dexmedetomidine was better than clonidine and tramadol. The tramadol group had more cases of vomiting (four) and dexmedetomidine group had six cases of hypotension and two cases of bradycardia. Two of the clonidine patients encountered bradycardia and hypotension. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine is better than tramadol and clonidine in the control of shivering because of its faster onset and less recurrence rate. Though complications are encountered in the dexmedetomidine group, they are treatable.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Dexmedetomidine/therapeutic use , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Intraoperative Complications/drug therapy , Narcotics/therapeutic use , Shivering/drug effects , Tramadol/therapeutic use , Adult , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies
15.
Coluna/Columna ; 16(3): 188-192, July-Sept. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-890897

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy in patients undergoing lumbar canal decompression using epidural morphine and clonidine at the Hospital Santa Casa de Vitória - ES, Brazil. Methods: Prospective, randomized study of 60 patients with stenosis of the lumbar canal up to two levels with surgical indication, in which decompression of the canal was performed in association with lumbar arthrodesis. In group 1 we performed conventional postoperative analgesia and in group 2, in addition to conventional analgesia, we associated epidural morphine and clonidine. We used VAS as a means of analyzing pain intensity at 1, 12, and 36 hours after surgery. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Office/Excel and the software GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, USA). Results: The mean age of patients was 47 years, and 52% were female. The mean VAS in the first hour, 12th, and 36th hours after surgery in the control group was 5.44, 2.13, and 0.55 respectively. In the morphine-clonidine group it was 6.96; 2.21 and 0.60. Comparing one group with another in its absolute values through the Mann-Whitney test, as well as comparing the pain variations between the 1st and 12th hour (1h X 12h) and between the 12th hour and 36th hour (12h x 36h ) through Student's t test it became clear that there was no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of epidural morphine and clonidine to conventional analgesia is not beneficial to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing lumbar canal decompression.


RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia analgésica pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à descompressão do canal lombar utilizando morfina e clonidina epidural no Hospital da Santa Casa de Vitória - ES. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado de 60 pacientes com de estenose do canal lombar até dois níveis, com indicação cirúrgica, na qual foi realizada descompressão do canal associada à artrodese lombar. No grupo 1, realizamos analgesia pós-operatória convencional e no grupo 2, além da analgesia convencional, associamos morfina e clonidina epidural. Utilizamos a EVA como forma de análise da intensidade da dor nos períodos de 1, 12 e 36 horas depois da cirurgia. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com Microsoft Office/Excel e o software GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, EUA). Resultados: A média da idade dos pacientes foi de 47 anos, sendo que 52% eram do sexo feminino. A média da EVA na 1a, 12a e 36a horas depois da cirurgia no grupo controle foi de 5,44; 2,13 e 0,55, respectivamente. No grupo morfina-clonidina foi de 6,96; 2,21 e 0,60. Comparando um grupo com outro em seus valores absolutos através do teste Mann-Whitney, como também comparando as variações do quadro álgico entre a primeira e a décima segunda hora (1h X 12h) e entre a décima segunda hora e a trigésima sexta hora (12h X 36h) através do teste t de Student, evidenciou-se que não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusões: A adição de morfina e clonidina epidural à analgesia convencional não é benéfica para reduzir o quadro álgico em pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à descompressão de canal lombar.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia analgésica postoperatoria en pacientes sometidos a la descompresión del canal lumbar utilizando morfina y clonidina epidural en el Hospital Santa Casa de Vitória - ES, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado de 60 pacientes con estenosis del canal lumbar hasta dos niveles, con indicación quirúrgica, en el cual se realizó descompresión del canal asociada a la artrodesis lumbar. En el grupo 1, realizamos analgesia postoperatoria convencional y en el grupo 2, además de la analgesia convencional, asociamos morfina y clonidina epidural. Utilizamos la EVA como forma de análisis de la intensidad del dolor en los períodos de 1, 12 y 36 horas después de la cirugía. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con Microsoft Office/Excel y el software GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, EE.UU.). Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 47 años, siendo que el 52% eran del sexo femenino. La media de la EVA en la 1a, 12a y 36a horas después de la intervención en el grupo control fue de 5,44; 2,13 y 0,55, respectivamente. En el grupo morfina-clonidina fue de 6,96; 2,21 y 0,60. La comparación de un grupo con otro en sus valores absolutos a través de la prueba de Mann-Whitney, como también comparando las variaciones del cuadro de dolor entre la primera y la décima segunda hora (1h X 12h) y entre la décima segunda hora y la trigésima sexta hora (12h X 36h) por la prueba t de Student, se evidenció que no hubo diferencia estadística entre los grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: La adición de morfina y clonidina epidural para analgesia convencional no es beneficiosa para reducir el cuadro de dolor en el postoperatorio de pacientes sometidos a la descompresión de canal lumbar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Analgesia, Epidural , Postoperative Period , Clonidine , Decompression, Surgical , Morphine
16.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 64(3): 137-143, 2017 Mar.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27616331

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Dexmedetomidine prolongs sensory block of ropivacaine. Our objective was to study whether this extension would produce better postoperative pain control compared to that produced by clonidine in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study comparative, longitudinal, controlled, randomized into 3 groups. Control group I: ropivacaine 0.75% clonidine group II: 0.75% ropivacaine plus clonidine 1mg/kg group iiidexmedetomidine: 0.75% ropivacaine more dexmedetomidine 1mg/kg. Interscalene block single dose ultrasound-guided. Sensory and motor blockade, pain intensity, sedation level, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure at 6, 12 and 24hours was measured. RESULTS: Pain intensity at 6hours in groups I and II moderate to severe pain, mild pain group iii. At 12hours the groups IIand II showed moderate to severe pain by more than 60% of patients, and in group iiionly 10%. At 24hours I and II group 20% of patients they continued to moderate pain. CONCLUSION: The prolonged interscalene block produced by dexmedetomidine provided better postoperative pain control during the first 24hours.


Subject(s)
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Analgesia/methods , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Nerve Block/methods , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Adult , Aged , Amides/administration & dosage , Amides/pharmacology , Analgesics/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Arthroscopy , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/pharmacology , Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Electric Stimulation , Female , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Motor Activity/drug effects , Pain Measurement , Prospective Studies , Ropivacaine , Sensation/drug effects , Shoulder/surgery , Single-Blind Method , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Young Adult
17.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 66(4): 335-340, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787614

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Arthroscopy for shoulder disorders is associated with severe and difficult to control pain, postoperatively. The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve block has become increasingly common, thanks to the potential ability of this drug to reduce the mass of local anesthetic required and to prolonging analgesia postoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the success of brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery using local anesthetic with or without clonidine. Method: 53 patients of both genders, between 18 and 70 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery were selected. Patients were then randomized into two groups. The verbal numerical pain scale and the presence of motor block were obtained in the post-anesthetic recovery room and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h postoperatively. Results: The association of clonidine (0.15 mg) to a solution of 0.33% ropivacaine (30 mL) in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy has not diminished the visual numeric pain scale values, nor the need for opioid rescue postoperatively. There was a lower incidence of nausea/vomiting postoperatively and a significant motor block time prolongation in the group of patients who received clonidine as adjuvant. Conclusions: The use of brachial plexus block with local anesthetic for analgesic postoperative control is well established in the literature. The addition of clonidine in the dose proposed for prolongation of the analgesic effect and reduction of opioid rescue proved unhelpful.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A artroscopia para afecções do ombro associa-se a dor de forte intensidade no pós-operatório, de difícil manejo. A adição de clonidina ao anestésico local em bloqueios periféricos tornou-se progressivamente maior graças à potencial habilidade dessa droga em reduzir a massa de anestésicos locais necessários e prolongar a analgesia no pós-operatório. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o sucesso do bloqueio de plexo braquial para a cirurgia artroscópica de manguito rotador com o uso de anestésico local associado ou não à clonidina. Método: Foram selecionados 53 pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 70 anos, ASA I ou II, que seriam submetidos à cirurgia de ombro por artroscopia. Os pacientes foram então randomizados em dois grupos. A escala numérica verbal de dor e a presença de bloqueio motor eram obtidas na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e com seis, 12, 18 e 24 horas de pós-operatório. Resultados: A associação de clonidina (0,15 mg) à solução de ropivacaína 0,33% (30 mL) no bloqueio de plexo braquial para artroscopia de ombro não diminuiu os valores da escala visual numérica de dor, nem a necessidade de resgate com opioides no pós-operatório. Houve uma menor incidência de náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório (NVPO) e aumento considerável do tempo de bloqueio motor no grupo de pacientes que recebeu clonidina como adjuvante. Conclusões: O uso do bloqueio de plexo braquial com anestésico local para controle analgésico pós-operatório está consolidado na literatura. A adição de clonidina na dose proposta para prolongamento do efeito analgésico e redução de resgate com opioides mostrou-se pouco útil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Arthroscopy/methods , Shoulder Joint/surgery , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Brachial Plexus Block/methods , Amides/therapeutic use , Rotator Cuff/surgery , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Ropivacaine , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged
18.
Braz J Anesthesiol ; 66(4): 335-40, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27343780

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Arthroscopy for shoulder disorders is associated with severe and difficult to control pain, postoperatively. The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve block has become increasingly common, thanks to the potential ability of this drug to reduce the mass of local anesthetic required and to prolonging analgesia postoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the success of brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery using local anesthetic with or without clonidine. METHOD: 53 patients of both genders, between 18 and 70 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery were selected. Patients were then randomized into two groups. The verbal numerical pain scale and the presence of motor block were obtained in the post-anesthetic recovery room and 6, 12, 18 and 24h postoperatively. RESULTS: The association of clonidine (0.15mg) to a solution of 0.33% ropivacaine (30mL) in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy has not diminished the visual numeric pain scale values, nor the need for opioid rescue postoperatively. There was a lower incidence of nausea/vomiting postoperatively and a significant motor block time prolongation in the group of patients who received clonidine as adjuvant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of brachial plexus block with local anesthetic for analgesic postoperative control is well established in the literature. The addition of clonidine in the dose proposed for prolongation of the analgesic effect and reduction of opioid rescue proved unhelpful.


Subject(s)
Amides/therapeutic use , Arthroscopy/methods , Brachial Plexus Block/methods , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Shoulder Joint/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Female , Humans , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Ropivacaine , Rotator Cuff/surgery , Young Adult
19.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 64(6): 395-9, 2014.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25437695

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The intense trauma response triggered by cardiopulmonary bypass can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The present study evaluated whether clonidine, a drug of the class of α-2 agonists, administered by spinal route, without association with local anesthetics or opioids, reduces this response in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHOD: A total of 27 patients between 18 and 75 years old, divided by non-blinded fashion into a control group (15) and a clonidine group (12), were studied. All patients underwent identical technique of general anesthesia. Then, only the clonidine group received 1µgkg(-1) clonidine by spinal route. Levels of blood glucose, lactate and cortisol were measured at three consecutive times: T1, at the time of installation of invasive arterial pressure; T2, 10min after the first dose for cardioplegia; and T3, at the time of skin suture; and troponin I values at T1 and T3. The variation of results between T2-T1, T3-T2, and T3-T1 was also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference only with respect to the variation in blood glucose in the clonidine group: T3-T2, p=0.027 and T3-T1, p=0.047. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal clonidine at a dose of 1µgkg(-1) did not decrease blood measurements of troponin, cortisol, or lactate. Blood glucose suffered a more moderate variation during the procedure in the clonidine group. This fact, already reported in the literature, requires further investigation to be clarified.

20.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 64(6): 395-399, Nov-Dec/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-728871

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: The intense trauma response triggered by cardiopulmonary bypass can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The present study evaluated whether clonidine, a drug of the class of α-2 agonists, administered by spinal route, without association with local anesthetics or opioids, reduces this response in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Method: A total of 27 patients between 18 and 75 years old, divided by non-blinded fashion into a control group (15) and a clonidine group (12), were studied. All patients underwent identical technique of general anesthesia. Then, only the clonidine group received 1 μg kg−1 clonidine by spinal route. Levels of blood glucose, lactate and cortisol were measured at three consecutive times: T1, at the time of installation of invasive arterial pressure; T2, 10 min after the first dose for cardioplegia; and T3, at the time of skin suture; and troponin I values at T1 and T3. The variation of results between T2-T1, T3-T2, and T3-T1 was also evaluated. Results: There was a statistically significant difference only with respect to the variation in blood glucose in the clonidine group: T3-T2, p = 0.027 and T3-T1, p = 0.047. Conclusions: Spinal clonidine at a dose of 1 μg kg−1 did not decrease blood measurements of troponin, cortisol, or lactate. Blood glucose suffered a more moderate variation during the procedure in the clonidine group. This fact, already reported in the literature, requires further investigation to be clarified. .


Justificativa e objetivos: A intensa resposta ao trauma desencadeada pela circulação extracorpórea pode conduzir ao aumento da morbimortalidade. 0 presente estudo avaliou se a clonidina, fàrmaco da classe dos α-2 agonistas, por via raquidiana, sem associação com anestésicos locais ou opioides, reduz essa resposta em cirurgias cardíacas com uso de circulação extracorpórea. Método: Estudaram-se 27 pacientes entre 18 e 75 anos, separados de modo não encoberto em grupo controle (15) e grupo clonidina (12). Todos foram submetidos a técnica idéntica de anestesia geral. A seguir, apenas o grupo clonidina recebeu 1 mg.kg−1 de clonidina por via raquidiana. Foram dosados os valores de glicemia, lactato e cortisol em trés tempos consecutivos: T1, no momento da instalação da pressão arterial invasiva (PAM); T2, dez minutos após a primeira dose de cardioplegia; e T3 na sutura da pele, bem como os valores de troponina I em T1 e T3. Avaliou-se também a variação dos resultados entre: T2-T1; T3-T2 e T3-T1. Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas quanto à variação da glicemia no grupo clonidina: T3-T2 valor de p=0,027 e T3-T1 valor de p = 0,047. Conclusões: A clonidina espinhal em dose de 1 μg.kg−1 não diminuiu as dosagens sanguineas de troponina, cortisol ou lactato. A glicemia sofreu urna menor variação durante o procedimento no grupo clonidina. Esse fato, já registrado na literatura, necessita de maiores investigações para ser esclarecido. .


Introducción y objetivos: La intensa respuesta al trauma desencadenada por la circulación extracorpórea puede conducir al aumento de la morbimortalidad. El presente estudio eva-luó si la clonidina, fármaco de la clase de los α-2 agonistas, por vía raquídea, sin asociación con anestésicos locales u opiáceos, reduce esa respuesta en cirugías cardíacas con el uso de circulación extracorpórea. Método: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes entre 18 y 75 años, separados de modo no enmascarado en un grupo control (15) y un grupo clonidina (12). Todos fueron sometidos a la técnica idéntica de anestesia general. A continuación, solamente el grupo clonidina recibió 1 mgkg−1 de clonidina por vía raquídea. Se dosificaron los valores de glucemia, lactato y cortisol en 3 tiempos consecu-tivos: T1, al momento de la instalación de la presión arterial invasiva (PAP); T2, 10 min después de la primera dosis de cardioplejia; y T3 en la sutura de la piel, como también los valores de troponinai en T1 y T3. Evaluamos también la variación de los resultados entre T2-T1, T3-T2 y T3-T1. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa solamente en cuanto a la variación de la glucemia en el grupo clonidina: T3-T2 valor de p = 0,027 y T3-T1 valor de p = 0,047. Conclusiones: La clonidina espinal en dosis de 1 μgkg−1 no disminuyó las dosificaciones sanguíneas de troponina, cortisol o lactato. La glucemia experimentó una menor variación durante el procedimiento en el grupo clonidina. Ese hecho, ya registrado en la literatura, necesita más investigaciones para ser clarificado. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Thoracic Surgery/methods , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Extracorporeal Circulation/instrumentation
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