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1.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) ; 70(2): 97-107, 2023 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36813032

ABSTRACT

The combination of drugs and routes of administration produces a synergistic effect, and one of the most important components of multimodal analgesic strategies are, therefore, nerve blocks for pain management. The effect of a local anaesthetic can be prolonged by administering an adjuvant. In this systematic review, we included studies on adjuvants associated with local anaesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks published in the last 5 years in order to evaluate their effectiveness. The results were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The 79 studies selected using our criteria showed a clear prevalence of dexamethasone (n=24) and dexmedetomidine (n=33) over other adjuvants. Different meta-analyses comparing adjuvants suggest that dexamethasone administered perineurally achieves superior blockade with fewer side effects than dexmedetomidine. Based on the studies reviewed, we found moderate evidence to recommend the use of dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral regional anaesthesia in surgeries that can cause moderate to severe pain.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Conduction , Dexmedetomidine , Nerve Block , Dexmedetomidine/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Anesthetics, Local , Nerve Block/methods , Dexamethasone
2.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 70(2): 97-107, Feb. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-215400

ABSTRACT

La combinación de fármacos y vías de administración consigue un efecto sinérgico, por eso las estrategias analgésicas multimodales incorporan bloqueos periféricos como componente imprescindible para un buen control del dolor. La asociación de un coadyuvante al anestésico local prolongaría su efecto. Esta revisión sistemática ha incluido estudios sobre coadyuvantes asociados a anestésicos locales en bloqueos periféricos publicados en los últimos cinco años. El objetivo principal ha sido evaluar su eficacia. Los resultados de la búsqueda se informaron de acuerdo con los elementos PRISMA. Los 79 artículos seleccionados según criterios, mostraron una clara prevalencia de dexametasona (n=24) y dexmedetomidina (n=33) sobre los demás coadyuvantes. Diferentes metaanálisis que comparan a los coadyuvantes sugieren un bloqueo de características superiores y menores efectos adversos con dexametasona vs. dexmedetomidina perineuralmente. Con base en los estudios, encontramos una evidencia moderada en el empleo de dexametasona como coadyuvante de la anestesia regional periférica en cirugías que generen dolor moderado- severo, lo que haría recomendable su empleo.(AU)


The combination of drugs and routes of administration produces a synergistic effect, and one of the most important components of multimodal analgesic strategies are, therefore, nerve blocks for pain management. The effect of a local anaesthetic can be prolonged by administering an adjuvant. In this systematic review, we included studies on adjuvants associated with local anaesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks published in the last 5 years in order to evaluate their effectiveness. The results were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The 79 studies selected using our criteria showed a clear prevalence of dexamethasone (n=24) and dexmedetomidine (n=33) over other adjuvants. Different meta-analyses comparing adjuvants suggest that dexamethasone administered perineurally achieves superior blockade with fewer side effects than dexmedetomidine. Based on the studies reviewed, we found moderate evidence to recommend the use of dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral regional anaesthesia in surgeries that can cause moderate to severe pain.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthetics, Combined , Nerve Block , Anesthetics, Local , Pain, Postoperative , Analgesics, Opioid , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Anesthesiology
3.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 42(3): 226-226, jul.-sep. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1347669

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Los analgésicos coadyuvantes son compuestos que tienen una baja potencia analgésica. Sin embargo, la sinergia con opioides incrementa su efecto y favorece una reducción en los eventos adversos de los narcóticos para el control del dolor postoperatorio. Las estrategias ahorradoras de opioides están relacionadas con el efecto de una variedad de receptores, de los cuales podemos nombrar: los antagonistas NMDA como la ketamina, magnesio y dextrometorfano, los agonistas α-2 como la clonidina y la dexmedetomidina, los inhibidores de la subunidad α-2δ de los canales de calcio como la pregabalina y la gabapentina, los bloqueadores de los canales de sodio como la lidocaína y, finalmente, los glucocorticoides. En esta revisión se describirán las características, indicaciones, dosis y niveles de evidencia del uso de los coadyuvantes de uso intravenoso y regional en el contexto perioperatorio. (visite http://www.painoutmexico.com para ver artículo completo y Tablas).


Abstract: The adjuvant analgesics are compounds that have a low analgesic potency. However, with these compounds, the adverse effects of opioids may be diminished for the control of postoperative pain. Opioid-sparing strategies are related to the effect on a variety of receptors, of which we should name: the NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium and dextromethorphan, the α-2 agonists such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine, subunit α-2δ of calcium channels inhibitors; such as pregabalin and gabapentin, sodium channels blockers such as lidocaine and finally glucocorticoids. In this review we describe the characteristics, indications, doses and levels of evidence of use of adjuvants in the perioperative context (visit http://www.painoutmexico.com to see the full article and Tables).

4.
Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol ; 92(9): 442-446, 2017 Sep.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28292536

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia is a pre-malignant lesion of the ocular surface. It can be treated with topical interferon alpha-2b (INF α-2b) as first choice. CLINICAL CASE: A 71-year-old man referred for corneal-conjunctival, gelatinous lesion in the left eye (LE) with an area of almost 270°. The clinical diagnosis was compatible with a corneal-conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Topical treatment was started with INF α-2b at a dose of one million international units (IU)/ml, 4 times/day for 4 months, with remission being achieved. CONCLUSION: The isolated use of topical INF α-2b is an effective treatment as a first option in the case of corneal-conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, positioning itself as a form of effective and safe treatment compared to other therapeutic options. Surgical excision and use of other chemotherapy agents could lead to severe limbic deficits and other side effects.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Carcinoma in Situ/drug therapy , Conjunctival Neoplasms/drug therapy , Interferon alpha-2/administration & dosage , Administration, Topical , Aged , Humans , Male
5.
Rev. electron ; 40(12)dic. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-65887

ABSTRACT

El dolor representa el síntoma principal en un importante grupo de pacientes que están en tratamiento activo por cáncer y en enfermos muy avanzados. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la farmacología básica de los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, opioides débiles, opioides mayores, coadyuvantes, así como las diferentes técnicas especiales farmacológicas y no farmacológicas que conforman la escalera analgésica en el manejo del paciente con dolor oncológico(AU)


Pain represents the main symptom in an important group of patients who are in active treatment for cancer and in sick people in a very advanced stage. The objective of this article is to review the basic pharmacology of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, weak opioids, bigger opioids, as well as the different special pharmacological and non- pharmacological techniques that constitute the analgesic stairway in the management of patients who are suffering from oncological pain(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain , Anti-Inflammatory Agents
6.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 20(1): 5-13, jul. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-657454

ABSTRACT

En nuestro país existe una gran extensión de hectáreas cultivadas con soja transgénica, la misma ha sido modificada genéticamente para soportar la acción de un herbicida denominado glifosato. Debido a la gran cantidad de formulaciones comerciales que incluyen glifosato es de importancia analizar el impacto ambiental producido por éstas. La evaluacion de la toxicidad aguda de dos herbicidas comerciales formulados con glifosato y de una solución del mismo; frente a peces de la especie Poecilia reticulata "lebistes" acusa que una de las soluciones produce mortalidad del 100 % de los especimenes a 100 μl/l (equivalente a 48 mg/l de principio activo); la otra a 50 μl/l (equivalente a 24 mg/l de principio activo) y la solución formulada con glifosato puro no produce mortalidad aún a concentraciones de 400 mg/l. Utilizando dosis sub letales en función de los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda se determinó que a largo plazo especimenes de Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "carpa koi", manifestaron severas alteraciones hematológicas principalmente frente a una de las formulaciones evaluadas.


Nowadays, transgenic soya, modified in order to withstand the impact of the herbicide glyphosate, in one of the main crops grown in Argentina. Due to the large number of commercial formulations that include this drug, is important to analyze both, the acute and chronic environmental impact that they cause. Here the acute toxicity of two commercial herbicides glyphosatebased toward the fish Poecilia reticulate "guppy" was evaluated and compared with pure glyphosate solutions. Interestingly, while commercial herbicides formulations induce a 100% of mortality at concentration ranged between 50 and 100 μl/l, the pure glyphosathe does not present mortality even at doses higher than 400 mg/l. When some long term effects toward Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "koi" were determined by using the sub-lethal doses already calculated it was demonstrated that one of the commercial herbicides induces severe haematological alterations.


Subject(s)
Animals , Organophosphorus Compounds/toxicity , Agrochemicals/toxicity , Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods , Toxicity Tests, Chronic/methods , Herbicides/toxicity , Poecilia , Carps , Agrochemicals/adverse effects , Herbicides/analysis
7.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 20(1): 5-13, jul. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-129381

ABSTRACT

En nuestro país existe una gran extensión de hectáreas cultivadas con soja transgénica, la misma ha sido modificada genéticamente para soportar la acción de un herbicida denominado glifosato. Debido a la gran cantidad de formulaciones comerciales que incluyen glifosato es de importancia analizar el impacto ambiental producido por éstas. La evaluacion de la toxicidad aguda de dos herbicidas comerciales formulados con glifosato y de una solución del mismo; frente a peces de la especie Poecilia reticulata "lebistes" acusa que una de las soluciones produce mortalidad del 100 % de los especimenes a 100 μl/l (equivalente a 48 mg/l de principio activo); la otra a 50 μl/l (equivalente a 24 mg/l de principio activo) y la solución formulada con glifosato puro no produce mortalidad aún a concentraciones de 400 mg/l. Utilizando dosis sub letales en función de los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda se determinó que a largo plazo especimenes de Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "carpa koi", manifestaron severas alteraciones hematológicas principalmente frente a una de las formulaciones evaluadas.(AU)


Nowadays, transgenic soya, modified in order to withstand the impact of the herbicide glyphosate, in one of the main crops grown in Argentina. Due to the large number of commercial formulations that include this drug, is important to analyze both, the acute and chronic environmental impact that they cause. Here the acute toxicity of two commercial herbicides glyphosatebased toward the fish Poecilia reticulate "guppy" was evaluated and compared with pure glyphosate solutions. Interestingly, while commercial herbicides formulations induce a 100% of mortality at concentration ranged between 50 and 100 μl/l, the pure glyphosathe does not present mortality even at doses higher than 400 mg/l. When some long term effects toward Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "koi" were determined by using the sub-lethal doses already calculated it was demonstrated that one of the commercial herbicides induces severe haematological alterations.(AU)

8.
Cir. & cir ; 78(2): 189-194, mar.-abr. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-565685

ABSTRACT

Los coadyuvantes en cáncer son medicamentos que adicionados a la terapia opioide pueden disminuir el requerimiento de ésta y los efectos adversos relacionados con su uso. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar no solo la evidencia, sino también los mecanismos de acción y esquemas de tratamiento de estas drogas. Realizamos una revisión cualitativa de la literatura utilizando la herramienta de preguntas clínicas de PubMed, seleccionando los ensayos clínicos y las revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaran analgesia oral o transdérmica en cáncer. Excluimos los artículos que analizaron la efectividad primaria de opioides, antiinflamatorios y esteroides, además de intervenciones perioperatorias. Suplementamos la información con revisión de los mecanismos de acción de estos medicamentos y esquemas de dosificación. Identificamos una revisión sistemática que evaluaba ketamina y ensayos clínicos que apoyan el uso de gabapentina, amitriptilina y nitroglicerina transdérmica. Encontramos, además, ensayos negativos de gabapentina y lamotrigina en dolor por quimioterapia. Evidencia muy débil soporta el uso de magnesio y lidocaína intravenosa en crisis dolorosas. Se requieren más estudios para justificar el uso de algunos coadyuvantes en dolor por cáncer.


Coadjuvants for cancer pain are medications that, when added to opioids, can potentially decrease narcotic request and opioid-related side effects. Our goal was to review not only the evidence that supports the effectiveness, but also the mechanisms of action of these drugs. We performed a qualitative review using the PubMed database applying the clinical queries tool to identify therapeutic clinical trials or systematic reviews evaluating cancer pain--oral or transdermal--analgesia. We excluded studies using anti-inflammatories, steroids or narcotics as primary analgesia and studies focused on perioperative cancer pain. We supplemented the information describing the mechanisms of action and suggested dosage schemes. We found a qualitative systematic review evaluating ketamine, and randomized trials supporting the use of amitriptyline, gabapentin and transdermal nitroglycerin. We also found some negative trials using gabapentin and lamotrigine for neuropathic pain secondary to chemotherapy. Weak evidence supports intravenous magnesium and lidocaine for breakthrough cancer pain. Further primary research based on clinical trials is required to support some adjuvant analgesics for cancer pain.


Subject(s)
Humans , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Pain/drug therapy , Neoplasms/complications , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Drug Therapy, Combination , Pain/etiology , PubMed
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