ABSTRACT
A successful high-level gymnastics performance is the result of the coordination and inter-relation of body segments to produce movement prototypes. In this context, the exploration of different movement prototypes, as well as their relations with judges' scores, can aid coaches to design better learning and practice methodologies. Therefore, we investigate if there are different movement prototypes of the technique of the handspring tucked somersault with a half twist (HTB) on a mini trampoline with a vaulting table and its relations with judges' scores. We assessed flexion/extension angles of five joints during fifty trials, using an inertial measurement unit system. All trials were scored by international judges for execution. A multivariate time series cluster analysis was performed to identify movement prototypes and their differential association with judges' scores was statistically assessed. Nine different movement prototypes were identified for the HTB technique, with two of them associated with higher scores. Statistically strong associations were found between scores and movement phases one (i.e., from the last step on the carpet to the initial contact of both feet with the mini trampoline), two (i.e., from the initial contact to the take-off on the mini trampoline) and four (i.e., from the initial contact of both hands with the vaulting table to take-off on the vaulting table) and moderate associations with movement phase six (i.e., from the tucked body position to landing with both feet on the landing mat). Our findings suggest (a) the presence of multiple movement prototypes yielding successful scoring and (b) the moderate-to-strong association of movement variations along phases one, two, four and six with judges' scores. We suggest and provide guidelines for coaches to encourage movement variability that can lead their gymnasts to functionally adapt their performance and succeed when facing different constraints.
Subject(s)
Gymnastics , Judgment , Movement , Adult , Humans , Young Adult , Hand , RotationABSTRACT
A arbitragem no campo esportivo define o campeão, e sua atuação vem sendo cada vez mais valorizada e, paradoxalmente, questionada. Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar se há ou não diferenças entre a compreensão que árbitros(as) brasileiros(as) de Ginástica Artística possuem sobre as regras e como elas são aplicadas. A amostra foi de 58 árbitros(as), de nível nacional e internacional, atuantes no período de 2017-2020. O instrumento foi o questionário, com análise quantitativa dos dados. Identificou-se que há diferenças entre a compreensão e a aplicação das regras estabelecidas pelo Código de Pontuação (CP), gerando reflexões sobre a melhor estruturação do CP e do processo de formação dos(das) árbitros(as) para sanar as lacunas causadas por essas diferenças (AU).
Judging in the sports field defines the champion, and its performance has been increasingly valued and, paradoxically, questioned. This research aims to identify whether or not there are differences between the understanding that Brazilian Artistic Gymnastics judges have about the rules and how they are applied. The sample consisted of 58 judges, national and international level, working in the period 2017-2020. The instrument was a question-naire, with quali-quantitative analysis of the data. It was identified that there are differences between the understanding and applica-tion of the rules established by the Code of Points (CoP), generat-ing reflections on the better structuring of the CoP and the judges' training process to solve the gaps caused by these differences (AU).
El arbitraje en el ámbito deportivo define al campeón, y su actuación ha sido cada vez más valorada y cuestionada. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar si existen o no dife-rencias entre la comprensión que los árbitros de gimnasia artística brasileña tienen sobre las reglas y cómo se aplican. La muestra fue de 58 árbitros, de ámbito nacional e internacional, que trabajaron en el periodo 2017-2020. El instrumento fue el cuestionario, con análisis cuali-cuantitativo de los datos. Se identificó que existen di-ferencias entre la comprensión y la aplicación de las reglas estable-cidas por el Código de Puntuación (CP), generando reflexiones sobre la mejor estructuración del CP y el proceso de formación de los árbitros para remediar las lagunas causadas por estas diferencias (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sports , Comprehension , Athletes , Mentoring , Gymnastics , Brazil , Evaluation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
A arbitragem no campo esportivo define o campeão, e sua atuação vem sendo cada vez mais valorizada e, paradoxalmente, questionada. Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar se há ou não diferenças entre a compreensão que árbitros(as) brasileiros(as) de Ginástica Artística possuem sobre as regras e como elas são aplicadas. A amostra foi de 58 árbitros(as), de nível nacional e internacional, atuantes no período de 2017-2020. O instrumento foi o questionário, com análise quantitativa dos dados. Identificou-se que há diferenças entre a compreensão e a aplicação das regras estabelecidas pelo Código de Pontuação (CP), gerando reflexões sobre a melhor estruturação do CP e do processo de formação dos(das) árbitros(as) para sanar as lacunas causadas por essas diferenças.
Judging in the sports field defines the champion, and its performance has been increasingly valued and, paradoxically, questioned. This research aims to identify whether or not there are differences between the understanding that Brazilian Artistic Gymnastics judges have about the rules and how they are applied. The sample consisted of 58 judges, national and international level, working in the period 2017-2020. The instrument was a question-naire, with quali-quantitative analysis of the data. It was identified that there are differences between the understanding and applica-tion of the rules established by the Code of Points (CoP), generat-ing reflections on the better structuring of the CoP and the judges' training process to solve the gaps caused by these differences.
El arbitraje en el ámbito deportivo define al campeón, y su actuación ha sido cada vez más valorada y cuestionada. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar si existen o no diferencias entre la comprensión que los árbitros de gimnasia artística brasileña tienen sobre las reglas y cómo se aplican. La muestra fue de 58 árbitros, de ámbito nacional e internacional, que trabajaron en el periodo 2017-2020. El instrumento fue el cuestionario, con análisis cuali-cuantitativo de los datos. Se identificó que existen diferencias entre la comprensión y la aplicación de las reglas establecidas por el Código de Puntuación (CP), generando reflexiones sobre la mejor estructuración del CP y el proceso de formación de los árbitros para remediar las lagunas causadas por estas diferencias.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To analyze sex and age group differences in strength, jump, speed, flexibility, and endurance performances of TeamGym athletes. Methods: A total of 91 Swedish elite gymnasts (junior female, n = 26, age = 15.4 y; senior female, n = 23, age = 20.0 y; junior male, n = 19, age = 15.6 y; senior male, n = 23, age = 20.6 y) participated in three testing sessions on three separate days. These were: (1) a series of flexibility tests for the lower- and upper-body; (2) strength tests for the lower- and upper-body; and (3) various types of jumps, a 20-m sprint-run, and a 3,000-m run test. Results: Males were 24% stronger in the back squat one-repetition maximum (relative to body mass) compared to females (P < 0.001, H g = 1.35). In the pull-ups and dips, 2.4 and 2.3 times more repetitions were completed by the males compared to the females (both P < 0.001, 0.70 ≤ R ≤ 0.77). However, females were similarly strong as males in the hanging sit-ups test (P = 0.724). The males jumped 29, 34, 33, and 17% higher in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa), and drop jump (DJ), respectively, compared to the females (all P ≤ 0.002, 0.14 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.60). In the 20-m sprint run, males were 4% faster than females (P < 0.001, R = 0.40). Moreover, the females had significantly better flexibility than the males in the trunk forward bending, front split, and side split tests (all P < 0.001, 0.24 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.54). In the 3,000-m run test, males were 11% faster than females (P < 0.001, η p 2 ≤ 0.54). Compared to junior athletes, seniors performed better in the pull-ups, dips, SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (all P ≤ 0.012, 0.31 ≤ R ≤ 0.56, 0.16 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.25), with separate within-sex age-group differences (i.e., juniors vs. seniors) that were significant for the males but not for the females in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (males: all P < 0.001, 0.67 ≤ R ≤ 0.69, 1.37 ≤ H g ≤ 2.01; females: all P = 0.298-732). Conclusions: Large sex and age-group differences were observed for most physical performance metrics with specific within-sex age-group differences only observed for male athletes, with male seniors performing better than juniors in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: El Código de Puntuación de la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia en las distintas disciplinas de la Gimnasia, sufre modificaciones y se actualiza después de cada Juego Olímpico; obligando a una constante actualización de los jueces y entrenadores. Estos cambios rigen para los 4 años que dura el ciclo olímpico, y se dan a conocer en los Cursos Internacionales de Jueces que imparte la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia para cada disciplina deportiva. Por la pandemia que ha afectado al mundo, y por consecuencia al deporte, los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020 fueron pospuestos para el año 2021; y con esto, se ha postergado en un año la entrada en vigencia de los reglamentos de la Gimnasia del próximo ciclo olímpico, periodo que se extenderá extraordinariamente desde el año 2022 al 2024.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, dar a conocer los principales cambios que está proponiendo el Comité Técnico Femenino de la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia, en la primera edición del nuevo Código de Puntuación de la Gimnasia Artística Femenina para el ciclo olímpico 2022-2024.Palabras clave: Gimnasia, gimnasia artística, gimnasia artística femenina, código de puntuación, Federación Internacional de Gimnasia
ABSTRACT: The International Gymnastics Federation's Code of Points, for different disciplines in Gymnastics, undergoes modifications and is updated after each Olympic Game, forcing a constant update of the judges and coaches. These changes apply for the 4 years of the Olympic cycle and are announced in the International Judges Courses, imparted by the International Gymnastics Federation for each sport discipline after the Olympics.Because of how the pandemic has affected the world, and consequently sports, the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020 were postponed to the year 2021. With this, the validity of Gymnastic regulations for the next Olympic cycle has been postponed by one year, so the cycle will extraordinarily extend from 2022 to 2024.The objective of this article is to announce the main changes that the International Gymnastics Federation's Women's Technical Committee is proposing, in the first edition of the new Code of Points for the Women's Artistic Gymnastics cycle of 2022-2024.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Athletic Performance/classification , Gymnastics/standards , Task Performance and Analysis , Program Evaluation , Competitive BehaviorABSTRACT
A Ginástica Artística possui um sistema de pontuação qualitativo, pautada por um intrincado conjunto de regras e atributos quantitativos, que visa normalizar o julgamento e garantir uma classificação justa dos competidores. No entanto, devido à natureza qualitativa do referido processo avaliativo, seja por meio da mídia ou em manifestações públicas durante os eventos competitivos, podemos constatar a insatisfação de atletas, treinadores e, por vezes, público acerca das notas obtidas pelos ginastas, contestando o rigor e a validez do julgamento realizado. Considerando que quanto maior ou mais homogêneo for o nível técnico da competição, mais sutis serão as diferenças entre as notas dos exercícios realizados pelos atletas e, por conseguinte, maior será a importância da precisão do processo de arbitragem na definição dos vencedores. Parte da complexidade desse sistema de avaliação reside na formação adequada, especializada e contínua dos árbitros, assim como na experiência dos mesmos em competições, uma vez que as regras se modificam periodicamente. Dito isso, objetivamos nesse artigo discutir aspectos inerentes à arbitragem na Ginástica Artística Masculina brasileira. Metodologicamente realizamos um estudo descritivo exploratório, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semi estruturadas com 09 especialistas da modalidade que atuam diretamente com a arbitragem. Para a organização e o tratamento dos dados recorremos à Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados sinalizam avanços significativos na qualificação e nas condições de atuação dos árbitros brasileiros. No entanto, a escassa oferta de cursos dificulta o aprimoramento e o aumento do contingente de árbitros, o que afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento da modalidade no âmbito nacional...(AU)
Artistic Gymnastics has a qualitative scoring system, marked by an intricate set of rules which aims to homogenize the evaluation process to ensure a fair rating of competitors. However, due to the qualitative nature of this evaluation process, whether through the media or by audience manifestation during competitions, we can perceive the dissatisfaction of athletes, coaches and sometimes by fans contesting the scores obtained by gymnasts and the validity of the evaluation process. We nderstand that greater the technical level of the competition, more slight is the differences in athletes' performances. And, therefore, it is greater the importance of judges' accuracy to determine the champions. Part of complexity of this evaluation process lies in the proper and specialized training of judges, as well as their need to be constantly updated and also get experiences in competitions. In this direction, we aim to discuss the judgment in Brazilian men's artistic gymnastic according to the protagonists' perspective. As a methodological procedure, we performed a descriptive exploratory study. The data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews with 09 experts of this sport who work directly with the judging process. For organization and processing of data, we opted for Content Analysis according to Laurence Bardin. The results indicated significant advances in Brazilian judges' qualification and working conditions. However, the restricted numbers of courses still a barrier to judge's development. It also slows down the increase of the number of judges available in the country. Therefore, these aspects affect the development of this sport in Brazil...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Athletic Performance , Athletes , Gymnastics , Men , Physical Education and TrainingABSTRACT
The performance evolution in rhythmic gymnastics depends on changes in code of points. At the beginning of each Olympic cycle the code of points changes and therefore, the content of the competition exercises, as well. This study aimed to analyze - for each apparatus - the evolution of number of technical elements and final score over the last two decades (last 13 world championships), how they have been affected by changed code of points, and how the final score relates to the number of technical elements performed. The sample consisted of 416 exercises in five apparatus: ball (96), rope (40), hoop (96), ribbon (88), and clubs (96). The following variables were gathered: code of points, apparatus, technical group, total number of elements, final classification, and final score. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects on the number of elements and final score in each apparatus. The number of technical elements increased in all apparatus, between 7.4 and 20% over a 10-year period. There were mixed evolutions of final score between the different apparatus, between -6.3 and 14% over a 10-year period. There is small increase in number of elements in hoop and a small decrease in rope after a code change. There was a small decrease in final score in championships after a code change in hoop, moderate in clubs and ribbon, and large in rope. There was a negative relationship between number of elements performed and final score in clubs. In conclusion, the code change generally effects the final score negatively, but there were apparatus specific effects of code change on number of elements and relationship between number of elements and final score.
ABSTRACT
A terminologia, Ginástica Artística, sugere um grande papel estético para a modalidade e aponta um cruzamento entre o fenômeno esportivo e a arte. O presente artigo busca discutir as premissas desse cruzamento e coloca em pauta conceitos do campo da estética e constatações observadas no contexto atual desse esporte. Nota-se que uma das grandes riquezas da modalidade reside justamente na união desses dois fenômenos, mas que na realidade prática o conteúdo artístico tem sido negligenciado, pouco valorizado ou subaproveitado. O Brasil pode deixar a sua marca no cenário mundial da Ginástica Artística através da combinação, do hibridismo e da inventividade que são características da estética brasileira e que podem influenciar o conteúdo expressivo e artístico deste esporte.
The terminology, Artistic Gymnastics, suggests a major role of the aesthetic aspect of this sport and points out an intersection between sport and art. This article discusses the premises of this intersection using the concepts from aesthetics field and the characteristics observed in the current context of this sport. It is noticed that one of the greatest wealth of this sport lies in the union between these two phenomena, but the artistic content has been overlooked, undervalued or underused in practice. Brazil can make his mark on Artistic Gymnastics world scenario through the combination, the hybridism and the inventiveness that are Brazilian aesthetic characteristics that can influence the expressive and artistic contents of this sport.
Subject(s)
Humans , Art , Esthetics , GymnasticsABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between biomechanical parameters of vault flights with respect to new models of initial vault difficulty values in men's artistic gymnastic. The study sample included vaults (n=64) and models (n=5) from the 2009 Code of Points (CoP) of the Federation International of Gymnastics (FIG). The dependent variable included all difficulty values ranging from 2-7.2 points, while the sample of independent variables included twelve biomechanical parameters. After implementing the regression analysis, it could be established that the best model derived only the second flight phase with 95% of explained variance.
