Early Colonial Diet in El Japón, Xochimilco, Mexico: Examining dietary continuity through stable isotope analysis of bone collagen and bioapatite.

OBJECTIVES: Early colonial documents from central Mesoamerica detail raising and planting of European livestock and crops alongside native ones. The extent to which Indigenous people, especially of the rural commoner class, consumed newly introduced foods is less known. This gap in knowledge is addressed through stable isotope analysis and comparison to published archaeological botanical, human, and faunal data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen and bioapatite is applied to 74 skeletal samples of Indigenous human remains representing Colonial period individuals from El Japón-a farming hamlet in the Xochimilco area-to provide insight into long-term individual dietary practices in the context of a rapidly transforming Mesoamerican world. RESULTS: Carbon isotope ratios in collagen (δ13Ccollagen) average -8.10/00 VPDB (SD 0.55), while δ15N averages 8.90/00 AIR (SD 0.50). δ13Cbioapatite averages -2.90/00 VPDB (SD 0.60). Modest increase in carbon isotopic diversity is observed among more recent males from El Japón when compared to earlier males and females. DISCUSSION: Based on the isotopic results, it is estimated that the individuals of El Japón consumed maize or other C4 plants as a central source of carbohydrates. Dietary protein was largely supplied through domestic maize-fed fauna but potentially supplemented by wild terrestrial and aquatic fauna and fowl. Similarity in skeletal isotopic composition between precontact Mesoamericans from other sites and El Japón individuals of both earlier and later stratigraphy is interpreted as continuity in local diets and foodways despite potentially available European alternatives. Colonial taxation demands on preexisting agricultural regimes may have incentivized maize production, thus indirectly contributing to the maize-centered aspect of local foodways.

OBJETIVOS: Los textos de la época colonial temprana del centro de México documentan la producción de cultivos y ganado europeo a la par de los productos agropecuarios nativos. La magnitud a la cuál las comunidades indígenas consumieron estos productos se conoce con menos certeza en especial dentro de los asentamientos rurales. En este trabajo, se analiza la variabilidad de datos de isótopos estables en el sitio El Japón, Xochimilco y los resultados se comparan con respecto al sexo biológico y la cronología; así como también con datos publicados de muestras humanas y faunísticas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se aplican los estudios de isotopos estables en colágeno y bioapatita a 74 muestras esqueléticas de El Japón de la época colonial temprana, una aldea agrícola del área de Xochimilco, con tal de abordar las practicas dietéticas en el contexto de un mundo Mesoamericano en transformación tras el contacto europeo. RESULTADOS: Los isótopos estables de carbono en colágeno (δ13Ccollagen) producen un promedio de −8.10/00 VPDB (DE 0.55), mientras tanto los isótopos estables de nitrógeno en el mismo tejido producen un promedio de 8.90/00 AIR (DE 0.50). Los isótopos estables de carbono en la bioapatita (δ13Cbioapatite) producen un promedio de −2.90/00 VPDB (DE 0.60). Se observa un incremento mínimo en la diversidad isotópica entre los individuos de sexo masculino en comparación a los individuos de sexo femenino de la etapa temprana y tardía del sitio. DISCUSIÓN: Con base en los resultados isotópicos, y con base en comparación a muestras humanas de contextos arqueológicos europeos y norteamericanos se estima que los individuos de El Japón consumieron maíz u otros cultivos tipo C4 como fuentes principales de carbohidratos. Las fuentes de proteína dietética posiblemente fueron fauna alimentada con maíz, pero también se pudieron haber suplementado con alimentos silvestres incluyendo aves silvestres, y fauna terrestre o acuática. La similitud en variación isotópica entre sitios mesoamericanos que preceden el contacto europeo y El Japón de ambas etapas (temprana y tardía) se interpretan como persistencia en fuentes de alimentación y tradiciones culinarias a pesar de las posibles alternativas europeas. Las demandas tributarias coloniales sobre la producción agrícola chinampera pudiesen haber contribuido indirectamente a la continuidad del maíz como fuente alimenticia principal.

A parasitological study on the possible toilet ruins of the Japanese colonial period in Korea.

In the past decade, experts have conducted parasitological research on archaeological specimens in Korea to collect historical parasite infection data. In these studies, parasitologists successfully described the infection pattern of each parasite species in history. However, in the first half of the 20th century, archaeoparasitological reports have been scant. In 2021, we conducted a parasitological examination of a toilet-like structure that emerged in the early 20th century. This structure was built by stacking 2 wooden barrels; and in the study samples, we found ancient Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides (unfertilized), and Taenia spp. eggs and therefore proposed a higher possibility that the barrels could have been used as a toilet at the time. To understand how the antihelminthic campaign since the 1960s helped reduce parasite infection rates in Korea, more research should focus on early-20th-century toilet ruins.

A Geopolitical Study on the New Provincial Hospital during the Period of Governor-General Saito.

This study examines the characteristics of fifteen Jahye hospitals and provincial hospitals which were established or relocated during Governor-General Saito's regime. The purpose of this study is to analyze these hospitals by connecting them to the directions of Japanese colonial policies, the political beliefs of the governor-general, and their necessity by the local people. The period of expansion of provincial hospitals was divided in to three different periods. The periods are divided as follows: the first appointment of Saito as the governor-general, the period when Jahye hospitals turned into provincial hospitals, and when Saito got reappointed as the governor-general. It analyzes the natural and human geographical environment of each region where Jahye and the provincial hospitals were organized. Based on this analysis, it investigates the geopolitical features of Jahye and provincial hospitals which were established on the Governor-General Saito era. First, the areas that the Joseon Governor-General was interested in establishing Jahye and the provincial hospitals were military points useful for keeping Russia in check and managing the Manchurian region. In addition, those areas were rich in resources needed by Japan and transportation centers which were useful for the collection and distribution of goods. Second, the regions where provincial hospitals were built were rice-producing areas and leading export ports which were related to the rice production growth plan in the early 1920s. Also, the region's own economic power was able to run the hospitals. Third, at the stage of deciding to install a new provincial hospital, there were conflicts due to concerns over the deterioration of the status of nearby areas and existing regions and the difficulty of operating provincial hospitals. Fourth, each provincial hospital was divided into independent provincial hospitals, provincial branch members, provincial branch offices, etc. according to the region's size and population. Among them, some provincial branch members and provincial branch offices were promoted to independent hospitals due to the development and expansion of the region and the increase in the number of patients who used the hospitals. Also, it was revealed that in the process of expanding a city, some regional hospitals were turned into provincial hospitals. In conclusion, the provincial hospitals which were newly built in during the Governor-General Saito era were established in military and economically useful areas for the Japanese colonial rule. Also, transportation facilities such as railroads were installed in the areas, and this lead to concentration of infrastructure and industrial facilities such as companies and factories, which in turn made possible the increase of population, especially the population of Japanese people.

Dental technology of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.

Background/purpose: During the Japanese colonial period, the Taipei Hospital had already provided complete dental services with a fixed price per treatment. This study tried to compare the differences in the prices of various dental treatments between the Japanese colonial period and today. Materials and methods: This study used the "Dental Treatment Fees in the 27th Annual Report of Taipei Hospital (Taisho 12)" as the study materials to compare the differences in the prices of various dental treatments between the Japanese colonial period and today using the monthly salary of a novice elementary school teacher as an income benchmark. Results: A hundred years ago, the Taipei Hospital had already provided the dental treatments such as scaling and endodontic, operative dentistry, prosthodontic, and orthodontic treatments. Of these treatment items, the prices for prosthodontic and orthodontic treatments were more expensive. After a century of development, the costs of scaling and operative dentistry treatments dropped, while the costs of endodontic, prosthodontic, and orthodontic treatments increased. Conclusion: During the Japanese colonial period, Taiwan's dental treatment technology had already had the forms of modern dentistry with several dental specialties. At that time, the costs of dental treatments are quite expensive. Today's dental treatment items are more detailed and diverse. The health insurance system provides Taiwanese people with convenient and cheap general dental treatments such as scaling and treatments related to operative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery. However, the costs of prosthodontic and orthodontic treatments increase and have to be paid by the patients themselves.

Dental education and special dental practitioner-cultivating system in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.

Background/purpose: During the Japanese colonial period, Taiwan had no dental school but had a medical school. This study explored the dental education and research activities in the medical school and special dentist qualification system in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period. Materials and methods: This study analyzed the "related incidents and documents of dental education and research and dentist qualification system in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period" and explored the dental education and research activities in the medical school and special dentist qualification system in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period. Results: In 1914, Taiwan Government Medical School hired Dr. Kaname Ansawa, the earliest dental teacher in Taiwan, to teach dental courses in the medical school. In 1918, the "Theory of Dentistry" was considered to be the first independent "Dentistry" subject in the medical school. In 1936, the Faculty of Medicine of Taipei Imperial University listed "Dentistry & Oral Surgery" as an independent graduation examination subject. For dentist qualification system, a qualified physician who had finished dental courses and training could apply for a dental specialty license to work as a dentist. Taiwan Government Medical School (Dentistry) Research Department was the earliest department involved in the teaching and research of dentistry in the medical school and was also an educational institution for cultivating dental practitioners in Taiwan. Conclusion: In the Japanese colonial period, although no dental school was established in Taiwan, there were rich dental education and research activities in the medical school and a special dentist qualification system.

Development of dental education for medical students in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.

Background/purpose: During the Japanese colonial period, Taiwan had a medical school education system for cultivating physicians, but did not have a dental school education system for cultivating "real" dentists. In this investigation, we collected and analyzed the historical documents related to dental education to study the development of dental education for medical students in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period. Materials and methods: This study mainly analyzed the changes in the development of dental education for medical students in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period through the collection and sorting of relevant historical materials. Results: During each stage of Taiwan's medical education system in the Japanese colonial period, the medical school offered compulsory dental courses for medical students, including theory and clinical practice of dentistry. Although there was no specific dental subject included in the graduation examination, evidence showed that the content of dentistry was covered by the subject of Surgery in the examination. Moreover, Taipei Imperial University established the Medical Faculty in 1936. Its curriculum increased the weight of dentistry and added the "Dentistry & Oral Surgery" as a graduation examination subject, indicating the importance of dental education for medical students in that period. Conclusion: In the Japanese colonial period, although there was no dental school for cultivating dentists in Taiwan, there was still dental education for medical students to let them understand the Dentistry and to enable them to become dental practitioners. This can be regarded as a workaround in the medical and healthcare policy.

[The professions of colonial pharmacist in French West Africa]. / Les métiers de pharmacien colonial en Afrique occidentale française.

During the twentieth century, French colonial rule in West Africa was marked by the establishment of a homogeneous health organization in the colonies. It was based on the health service of the colonial troops, the hospital service under the general service and other services such as health police, epidemics and hygiene. This health system made it possible to protect the colonizers and indigenous populations from the major endemics of the time, to conduct research on new diseases hitherto unrecognized and to bring "civilization" to the overseas territories. The pharmacist's missions in the colonial health system were manifold. Our study aims to shed light on the profession of colonial pharmacist in the health history of French West Africa. To do this, it concerned the period between the creation of the Federation of French West Africa (1895) and the end of colonization (1960). Drawing on the available documentation, including archival material and bibliographic sources, this article shows that the colonial pharmacist was already exercising a multidisciplinary profession. He was in fact hospital manager, wholesaler-distributor, pharmacy, biologist, chemist, botanist, teacher, central actor in public health.

La universidad médica en Cuba durante la etapa colonial / The medical university in Cuba during the colonial period

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación sobre la universidad médica en Cuba, incluyendo la enseñanza de la Medicina y la Estomatología, con el objetivo de explicar su evolución histórica durante la etapa colonial. Se enfatizó en las principales figuras que ejercieron en este período, las primeras publicaciones médicas, y las instituciones y centros asistenciales que regían la práctica de la medicina. Se concluye que la universidad médica en Cuba se fundó sobre una base escolástica y tradicionalista. A partir de 1842, la enseñanza de la Medicina se desarrolló con la creación de nuevos planes de estudios, el incremento de profesionales capacitados, la publicación de revistas científicas de alto prestigio, y la aparición de centros docentes de gran calidad (AU).

ABSTRACT A research was carried out on the medical university in Cuba, including the teaching of Medicine and Dentistry, with the aim of explaining its historical evolution during the colonial period. The authors emphasized the main figures who worked during this period, the first medical publications, and the institutions and healthcare centers that implemented the practice of medicine. It is concluded that the medical university in Cuba was founded on a scholastic and traditionalist basis. From 1842, the teaching of Medicine developed with the creation of new curricula, the increase of trained professionals, the publication of high-quality scientific journals, and the emergence of high-quality teaching centers (AU).

Anti-Cancer Compounds from Terrestrial and Marine Resources -In silico and Experimental Studies.

INTRODUCTION: In both developing and developed countries, cancer is among the leading causes of millions of deaths. The incidence of cancer is increasing due to environmental changes and modernization of life style. Lung and breast cancer deaths lead in number compared to other cancer deaths. Although the cause of cancer due to external factors like tobacco use, chemicals, radiation, infectious organisms and internal factors like immune conditions and genetic modification are known, the occurrence and deaths due to cancer cannot be controlled. METHODS: It is expected that the incidence of cancer after two decades will increase by 70% and the death rate will also increase by 50%, which is an alarming situation globally. Although synthetic compounds are being used in the control of cancer as chemopreventive agents, about 50% of these are related to natural products as the origin. There is an emerging evidence to show that in the past 50 years, natural products derived from plants and marine sources had beneficial effects in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, cytarabine, eribulin mesylate and trabectidine are some of the anti-cancer compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources. RESULTS: This review highlights mainly the role of natural compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources as anti-cancer agents through the docking of these compounds with the related macromolecular targets. CONCLUSION: Cell line studies for some of the compounds isolated from natural products are also reported.

"Medicine of the Grassroots": Korean Herbal Medicine Industry and Consumption during the Japanese Colonial Period.

There is no doubt that the colonial period was a critical time for the establishment and expansion of modern Western medicine in Korea. However, did this act as a catalyst for the overall decline of traditional Korean medicine? While previous studies mainly focus on research based on the concept of Uisaeng (traditional Korean medicine doctor) and the medical policies implemented by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, this paper begins with the Korean herbal medicine industry, and comprehensively investigates the distribution and consumption of Korean herbal medicines during the colonial period from three perspectives: the policies for Korean medicine merchants implemented by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, changes in the Korean herbal medicine industry, and consumption of Korean herbal medicines in the Korean society. The colonial authorities' intention was to foster the advancement of Western medicine and phase out traditional Korean medicine. However, they merely imposed limitations on Uisaengs' operations-this policy loophole objectively left a window for Korean medicine merchants. Moreover, against the backdrop of the growing popularity of Western medicine and restrictions on the development of traditional Korean medicine by colonial authorities, the Korean herbal medicine industry, as one of the few "national industries" dominated by and serving Koreans, showed its tenacious vitality during that time. Korean medicine merchants responded to market changes with ease. They built different drugstores, such as traditional herbal stores mainly selling traditional Korean medicines, hybrid drugstores that simultaneously dealt with the manufacture and sale of patent medicines, and ginseng drugstores that specialized in the ginseng business. This classification promoted the commercialization of traditional Korean herbal medicine. Another crucial condition for the vitality of the Korean herbal medicine industry is Koreans' preference for traditional Korean medicine. It is an indisputable fact that Western medicine gradually became popular and was recognized by the common man during the colonial period; nonetheless, Eastern medicine and Western medicine were not playing a zero-sum game. Through comprehensive macro and micro analysis, this paper demonstrates that, during the colonial period, when old and new ideas interacted, most Koreans, including upper-class elites and intellectuals who were open-minded about emerging concepts and options and had ample opportunities to avail western medical treatment, preferred traditional Korean medicine. Using Korean herbal medicines for illnesses remained the primary choice, While Western medicine assumed the role of a supplement to traditional treatment. This paper argues that the first reason for this phenomenon is the inertia of tradition, and the second is that Western medicine was not necessarily more effective than Korean herbal medicine at that time. Specifically, it can be considered that, during the colonial period, the growing popularity of Western medicine failed to bring about a radical change in Koreans' regular medical interventions. Simultaneously, the Korean herbal medicine industry, one of the pillars offering medical support to the common man, adapted suitably while relying on the inertia of its own tradition. The industry's vitality and dynamism during the colonial period certainly underscore the need to amend the one-sided narrative of medical modernization vis-à-vis Western medicine.

African helminth infection out of Africa: Paleoparasitological and paleogenetic investigations in Pretos Novos cemetery, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1769-1830).

Pretos Novos cemetery (PNC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1769-1830) was created exclusively to bury enslaved Africans who died upon arrival at the city or before being sold in the slave market. The PNC site may be unique in the Americas in allowing the study of African parasite infections acquired in Africa. We aimed to identify parasites infecting PNC individuals through paleoparasitological and paleogenetic analyses. The bodies had been dismembered, placed in mass graves, and burned, and most human remains collected from the site are highly fragmented and show extensive degradation. Sacrum and pelvic sediments were collected from five individuals along with seven samples of sediment from other areas of the body, as controls. Samples were submitted to three parasitological techniques and, in paleogenetic analysis, to four molecular targets. Larvae, mites, pollen grains, and structure suggestive of plants and fungus were observed, but we found no evidence of helminth infection. Ascaris sp. cytb sequence was recovered in one individual. We emphasize that, even with the extensive degradation of PNC human remains and the process of curation of samples, it was possible to recover helminth aDNA. The origin of PNC individuals confirms that these infections were brought to Brazil from western and central Africa during the colonial era.

Traditional Medicine Doctor Kim Gwangjin's Battle against Jaundice during the Japanese Colonial Period.

This study aims to examine how traditional medicine doctors of the Japanese colonial period in Korea treated patients and their own diseases with traditional medicine and Western medicine by analyzing Clinical Cases and A Diary of Jaundice Treatment of Kim Gwangjin (1885-1940). Through this inquiry, this study aims to reveal that the Japanese colonial period was a time when the traditional medicine and the Western medicine coexisted, and that this period cannot be simply defined as a dualism between "Western medicine, Japanese colonial government" versus "traditional medicine, governed public." Kim Gwangjin's main method of medical treatment was traditional medicine. Clinical Cases include over 60 treatment cases, and they illustrate that he was a typical doctor at the time using traditional medical knowledge. In addition, Kim wrote A Diary of Jaundice Treatment from January 1939 to July 1940, a month before his death. The disease that led to his death was jaundice. He examined the changes in his abdomen every day, and recorded the changes in edema in upper extremities and testicles, urine and feces. While the treatment that Kim used in the early stages of jaundice were herbal medicines, he was not confined to the boundaries of the traditional medicine as he studied Western medicine to obtain a license of traditional medicine doctor from Japanese colonial government. He took a urine test to confirm whether his illness was jaundice or kidney disease and had X-ray imaging to check for pleurisy at a Western medical hospital in Daegu. Furthermore, he received a procedure to artificially drain bile, took a medicine to excrete bile into the feces, and had injection to treat neuralgia. Mostly, it was diarrhea that bothered Kim, who had been suffering from jaundice. Preventing diarrhea led to edema, and removing edema led to diarrhea again. He managed his symptoms by stopping the herbal medicine treatments and going on a raw food diet. Around this time, Kim relied the most on Ejisan. Ejisan was a type of new medicine mixed with traditional medicine and Western medicine that had the effect of treating edema and digestive disorders. Kim personally manufactured and took the drug until a month before his death, praising it as a necessary drug to treat jaundice. Kim was a traditional medical doctor during the Japanese colonial period. He also had the conventional wisdom that Western medicine was excellent in treating surgical diseases but not effective in internal medicine. However, he used both traditional medicine and Western medicine to treat symptoms of jaundice that have not been treated well and created a new medicine called Ejisan, which combined the two types of medicines. For him, Western medicine was a new medicine that improved the wrong aspects of traditional medicine or the old medicine, but there was still a realm of traditional medicine that Western medicine could not intervene. Furthermore, he published a new theory of traditional medicine called the Principle of Up and Down, which incorporates some Western medical knowledge. The Japanese colonial government required traditional medicine doctors to study Western medicine, and traditional medicine doctors had to learn Western medicine in order to survive. In the meantime, traditional medicine doctors such as Kim have brought about new changes by integrating the two medical treatments in the clinical field. The Japanese colonial government planned the demise of traditional medicine by forcing traditional medicine doctors to study the Western medicine, but the unexpected achievement brought about by traditional medicine doctors, who survived longer than the Japanese Empire and the colonial government, was an attempt to integrate Eastern and Western medicine.

Trends in health research ethics in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period (1898-1946).

Research involving human participants has been conducted in the Philippines since the beginning of the Spanish colonial period. Such studies are expected to adhere to internationally accepted ethical guidelines. This paper discusses trends in clinical research ethics in the Philippines during the American colonial period (1898-1946). Specifically, studies were assessed on: 1) their observance of ethical protocols, including review; 2) identification of inclusion and exclusion criteria in the selection of participants; 3) use of vulnerable subjects; and 4) practice of the informed consent process. Only the informed consent process had a significant logistic correlation with progression of years. Recruitment of vulnerable groups was common during this period; children and prisoners were the most common participants. Trends in medical ethics in the Philippines reflected those in the United States prior to the publication of the Nuremberg Code, which served as a milestone in the protection of human welfare in clinical research.

Record of Hg pollution around outset of colonization in Southern Brazil.

This study presents results of a sediment core located in Coroa de Boi Bay, a not dredged cove within Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil. The distribution of metals (Hg, Cu, Pb) and U in the sediment profile records several contamination events since pre-colonial times to present days. A joint assessment of the distribution of these parameters and the consultation to historical documents allowed us to establish causal links between concentrations anomalies in the sediments and ancient anthropogenic contamination in the area. During the industrial period, sedimentation rates in the bay ranged from 3.4 to 5.5 mm year-1. Applying a sedimentation rate previously calculated for undisturbed sediments in the Patos Estuary, we trace the beginning of Hg contamination as having started in the colonial period in Southern Brazil, soon after a Hispanic-Lusitanian conflict situation in South America. The most probable source of Hg contamination during this period was carroting technology used in fur processing.

Discovery of Eurytrema Eggs in Sediment from a Colonial Period Latrine in Taiwan.

In this study we take a closer look at the diseases that afflicted Japanese police officers who were stationed in a remote mountainous region of Taiwan from 1921 to 1944. Samples were taken from the latrine at the Huabanuo police outpost, and analyzed for the eggs of intestinal parasites, using microscopy and ELISA. The eggs of Eurytrema sp., (possibly E. pancreaticum), whipworm and roundworm were shown to be present. True infection with Eurytrema would indicate that the policemen ate uncooked grasshoppers and crickets infected with the parasite. However, false parasitism might also occur if the policemen ate the uncooked intestines of infected cattle, and the Eurytrema eggs passed through the human intestines. These findings provide an insight into the diet and health of the Japanese colonists in Taiwan nearly a century ago.

A cidade no pensamento brasileiro, do século XVI ao século XX / The city in Brazilian thought from the 16th to the 20th century

A afirmação do pensamento urbanístico moderno no Brasil não pôde deixar de enfrentar visões persistentes a respeito do papel das cidades na vida nacional, do caráter, relevância ou validade de nosso processo de urbanização, dos vícios e virtudes do mundo urbano. Para elucidar algumas dessas visões, podemos recorrer a textos formadores da consciência local, dos cronistas coloniais redescobertos no século XIX à emergência de uma concepção dominante de "cultura brasileira" na obra de Gilberto Freyre. Ao longo dessa trajetória transparecem diferentes enfoques, imagens e projeções, em que o mundo urbano é visto ora ostentando sua imponência oficial, ora exibindo suas mazelas morais e físicas, mas na maioria das vezes desaparecendo em favor do quadro predominante de um país "essencialmente" rural.

The assertion of modern urban planning in Brazil cannot evade persistent visions of the role of cities in the country's life, of the relevance, validity or character of our urbanization process, or of the vices and virtues of the urban world. In order to elucidate some of these visions, we may consult formative texts of local knowledge ­ from colonial writers rediscovered in the 19th century to the emergence of a dominating notion of "Brazilian culture" in the work of Gilberto Freyre. Along this trajectory different images and projections can be seen in which the urban milieu is regarded either as the imposing official space of Europeanization, or as displaying its physical and moral deficiencies, although more often simply disappearing in favor of the prevailing image of an "essentially" rural country.

Discovery of Eurytrema Eggs in Sediment from a Colonial Period Latrine in Taiwan

In this study we take a closer look at the diseases that afflicted Japanese police officers who were stationed in a remote mountainous region of Taiwan from 1921 to 1944. Samples were taken from the latrine at the Huabanuo police outpost, and analyzed for the eggs of intestinal parasites, using microscopy and ELISA. The eggs of Eurytrema sp., (possibly E. pancreaticum), whipworm and roundworm were shown to be present. True infection with Eurytrema would indicate that the policemen ate uncooked grasshoppers and crickets infected with the parasite. However, false parasitism might also occur if the policemen ate the uncooked intestines of infected cattle, and the Eurytrema eggs passed through the human intestines. These findings provide an insight into the diet and health of the Japanese colonists in Taiwan nearly a century ago.

Traditional Medicine Doctor Kim Gwangjin's Battle against Jaundice during the Japanese Colonial Period / 의사학

This study aims to examine how traditional medicine doctors (醫生) of the Japanese colonial period in Korea treated patients and their own diseases with traditional medicine (漢方) and Western medicine (洋方) by analyzing Clinical Cases (治案) and A Diary of Jaundice Treatment (治疸日記) of Kim Gwangjin (金光鎭, 1885–1940). Through this inquiry, this study aims to reveal that the Japanese colonial period was a time when the traditional medicine and the Western medicine coexisted, and that this period cannot be simply defined as a dualism between “Western medicine, Japanese colonial government” versus “traditional medicine, governed public.” Kim Gwangjin's main method of medical treatment was traditional medicine. Clinical Cases include over 60 treatment cases, and they illustrate that he was a typical doctor at the time using traditional medical knowledge. In addition, Kim wrote A Diary of Jaundice Treatment from January 1939 to July 1940, a month before his death. The disease that led to his death was jaundice. He examined the changes in his abdomen every day, and recorded the changes in edema in upper extremities and testicles, urine and feces. While the treatment that Kim used in the early stages of jaundice were herbal medicines, he was not confined to the boundaries of the traditional medicine as he studied Western medicine to obtain a license of traditional medicine doctor from Japanese colonial government. He took a urine test to confirm whether his illness was jaundice or kidney disease and had X-ray imaging to check for pleurisy at a Western medical hospital in Daegu. Furthermore, he received a procedure to artificially drain bile, took a medicine to excrete bile into the feces, and had injection to treat neuralgia. Mostly, it was diarrhea that bothered Kim, who had been suffering from jaundice. Preventing diarrhea led to edema, and removing edema led to diarrhea again. He managed his symptoms by stopping the herbal medicine treatments and going on a raw food diet. Around this time, Kim relied the most on Ejisan (エヂ散). Ejisan was a type of new medicine mixed with traditional medicine and Western medicine that had the effect of treating edema and digestive disorders. Kim personally manufactured and took the drug until a month before his death, praising it as a necessary drug to treat jaundice. Kim was a traditional medical doctor during the Japanese colonial period. He also had the conventional wisdom that Western medicine was excellent in treating surgical diseases but not effective in internal medicine. However, he used both traditional medicine and Western medicine to treat symptoms of jaundice that have not been treated well and created a new medicine called Ejisan, which combined the two types of medicines. For him, Western medicine was a new medicine that improved the wrong aspects of traditional medicine or the old medicine, but there was still a realm of traditional medicine that Western medicine could not intervene. Furthermore, he published a new theory of traditional medicine called the Principle of Up and Down (升降論), which incorporates some Western medical knowledge. The Japanese colonial government required traditional medicine doctors to study Western medicine, and traditional medicine doctors had to learn Western medicine in order to survive. In the meantime, traditional medicine doctors such as Kim have brought about new changes by integrating the two medical treatments in the clinical field. The Japanese colonial government planned the demise of traditional medicine by forcing traditional medicine doctors to study the Western medicine, but the unexpected achievement brought about by traditional medicine doctors, who survived longer than the Japanese Empire and the colonial government, was an attempt to integrate Eastern and Western medicine.

Columbus' environmental impact in the New World: Land use change in the Yaque River valley, Dominican Republic.

Columbus' arrival in the New World in AD 1492 on the northern coast of Hispaniola was followed by a suite of changes in land-use. We reconstruct environmental change from a 225-cm-long sediment core from site Los Indios from an abandoned and sediment-filled meander of the Yaque River, Cibao Valley, northeastern Dominican Republic. The sediment record starts ca. AD 195 (ca. 1755 cal. yr BP) and the history of the meander infill was monitored by changing grain size distributions, organic matter concentration and pollen from wetland plants. From ca. AD 200 to ca. AD 1525, the pollen record indicates a diverse forest assemblage; however, the presence of pollen from potential crop plants suggest nearby small-scale subsistence crop cultivation. More abundant charcoal after ca. AD 1410 shows Amerindians increasingly used fire. The record of grain size distributions shows that the meander was temporarily part of a low energetic drainage system in which bedload and suspended sediments accumulated. After European colonization of Hispaniola increasing spores of coprophilous fungi evidence that Europeans had introduced during the first decades of colonization cattle in the Cibao Valley which gradually resulted in more open forest. The charcoal record around ca. AD 1650 reflects intensive forest clearing, suggesting that small-scale Pre-Colonial practice of crop cultivation became replaced by large-scale agriculture on the moist and nutrient rich soils along the Yaque River. Further deforestation and signals of erosion suggest that the population of colonists and introduced enslaved labour force must have increased rapidly. After ca. AD 1740 charcoal influx decreased suggesting that last deforestation activities used selective cutting to produce fire wood and timber for construction, rather than burning forest in situ. Two centuries after European colonization, by the 18th century, land-use within the Cibao Valley had become a balance between substantial livestock and crop cultivation (pollen grains have evidenced cereals, maize, and potentially also sugar cane, amaranthaceous crops and tobacco). After ca. AD 1950, swamp vegetation of Typha and Cyperaceae decreased, pointing to an almost fully terrestrialized meander with only few bodies of standing water, reflecting the present-day setting. This multiproxy reconstruction of anthropogenic environmental change shows a clear differentiation between an immediate introduction of livestock and after some 150 years the development of a European style agriculture, providing a context for archaeological investigations.

Intensification of the education of public health, hygiene, and martial arts during the Japanese colonial period (1937-1945).

This study intended to examine the process of development and intensification of martial arts education in schools of Chosun as courses of health, hygiene, and physical education implemented by the Japanese colonial government that ruled Chosun during the period of 'Second Sino-Japanese War' from 1937 to 1945. During this period, the Japanese colonial government established the 'Imperial Subjects' Gymnastics,' elaborated on the education of health and hygiene in order to lay the foundations for the strengthening of war potential, and intensified the theoretical education and practice of martial arts as an effective means therefore. The education of health, hygiene, and martial arts, implemented by the Japanese colonial power with the catchphrase of constructing robust body, was nothing but a means to construct and control the body of colonial people at its discretion. The thoughts of health, hygiene, and martial arts, which were presented to students, were rather intended for the cultivation of the subjects devoted to Japanese Empire than for the promotion of health and psychosomatic development of individuals. In particular, along with contemporary society fell into the turmoil of war, the amusable aspects of martial arts were lost in the education of martial arts and were replaced with the spirit of Japanese Samurai.