ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El objetivo es proponer un esquema conceptual que sea útil para interpretar las implicaciones económicas y ambientales que tienen las organizaciones sociales basadas en un paradigma individualista o altruista. Tras una revisión de literatura y breve recuento histórico de estos paradigmas, se concluye que son las organizaciones complejas y equilibradas las que tienen mayor propensión a desarrollar intercambios de cooperación altruistas. La implicación para las políticas ambientales contemporáneas es que, además de los mecanismos de mercado, es posible complementarlas con otros esquemas basados en mecanismos comunitarios, siempre y cuando exista un contexto propicio para implementarlo.
ABSTRACT The objective is to propose a practical conceptual scheme to interpret social organizations' economic and ecological implications based on an individualistic or altruistic paradigm. After a literature review and a brief historical analysis of these paradigms, we conclude that complex and balanced organizations have the most remarkable propensity to develop altruistic cooperation exchanges. The implication for contemporary environmental policies is the possibility of complementing market mechanisms with community-based schemes in a favorable context.
ABSTRACT
Com base em uma experiência de atendimento psicológico on-line a mulheres negras quilombolas, no contexto da pandemia, pretendemos: 1) refletir sobre casa e rua na realidade da população negra, guiados pelas noções de "forma social escravista" e de "reterritorialização", ambas de Muniz Sodré, destacando, do interior dessas reflexões e a partir das elaborações teóricas de Carl Gustav Jung (no campo da psicologia analítica), e de Achille Mbembe e Muniz Sodré (no campo das relações étnico-raciais), dois conceitos em construção para a compreensão do sofrimento sociorracial: trauma racial e sombra branca; 2) refletir sobre o lugar da "partilha do comum" no cuidado à saúde mental da população negra de zonas rurais e urbanas. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, trabalhamos ao modo de uma comunicação rapsódica, no sentido grego da palavra (raptein = coser): costurando história de caso e proposições conceituais.
Based on an online psychological care experience for black quilombola women in the context of the pandemic, we intend to: 1) reflect upon home and street in the reality of the black population, guided by the notions of "slavery social form" and "re-territorialization", both by Muniz Sodré, highlighting, from within these reflections and from the theoretical elaborations of Carl Gustav Jung (in the field of analytical psychology), and of Achille Mbembe and Muniz Sodré (in the field of ethnic-racial relations), two concepts under construction to understand socio-racial suffering: racial trauma and white shadow; 2) reflect on the place of "sharing of common things" in mental health care for the black population in rural and urban areas. From a theoretical-methodological point of view, we worked in the form of a rhapsodic communication, in the Greek sense of the word (raptein = to sew): weaving together case histories and conceptual propositions.
Con base en una experiencia de atención psicológica en línea con mujeres negras quilombolas en la pandemia, pretendemos: 1) reflexionar sobre hogar y calle en la realidad de la población negra, guiándonos por nociones de "forma social esclavista" y "reterritorialización", de Muniz Sodré, destacando, en de esas reflexiones y a partir de las elaboraciones teóricas de Carl Gustav Jung (en el campo de la psicología analítica), y de Achille Mbembe y Muniz Sodré (en el campo de las relaciones étnico-raciales), conceptos en construcción para comprender el sufrimiento socio-racial: trauma racial y sombra blanca; 2) reflexionar sobre el lugar de "vida compartida" en el cuidado de la salud mental de la población negra de zonas rurales y urbanas. Desde el punto de vista teórico-metodológico, trabajamos sobre la base de una comunicación rapsódica, en el sentido griego de la palabra (raptein = coser): tejiendo el relato del caso y proposiciones conceptuales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Public Policy , Socioeconomic Factors , Racism , Mental Health in Ethnic Groups , COVID-19 , Social Isolation , Women , Social Oppression , Systemic RacismABSTRACT
Environmental noise (EN) refers to unpleasant harmful sounds that deteriorates living conditions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how EN affects students at learning commons, where EN increases between 70 and 90 dBA, and which levels disturb psycho-physiologically. For this purpose, 16 students of Tecnologico de Monterrey were recruited: nine men and seven women. They were divided into four groups, and were involved in two activities: to solve a puzzle of 300 pieces without and with EN at 75 dBA. In both activities, a summative evaluation based on the level of puzzle completeness, and the electrophysiological monitoring of heart and blink rate, and neural electrical activity were conducted. Results showed that student performance was 4% higher in a quiet room than in learning commons. EN increased heart rate in 3.48%, and blink rate in 22.91%, and neural electrical activity was reduced at least in 3%, regardless of task demands. The findings of the present study suggest that academic work is difficult to undertake in learning commons when EN is above the permissible limit, and what diminishes the performance of students and alters their electrophysiological functioning.
Subject(s)
Learning , Students , Blinking , Female , Humans , Male , NoiseABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It is widely assumed that all mutant microorganisms present in a culture are able to grow and form colonies, provided that they express the features required for selection. Unlike wild-type Escherichia coli, PHO-constitutive mutants overexpress alkaline phosphatase and hence can hydrolyze glycerol-2-phosphate (G2P) to glycerol and form colonies on plates having G2P as the sole carbon source. These mutations mostly occur in the pst operon. However, the frequency of PHO-constitutive colonies on the G2P selective plate is exceptionally low. RESULTS: We show that the rate in which spontaneous PHO-constitutive mutations emerge is about 8.0 × 10-6/generation, a relatively high rate, but the growth of most existing mutants is inhibited by their neighboring wild-type cells. This inhibition is elicited only by non-mutant viable bacteria that can take up and metabolize glycerol formed by the mutants. Evidence indicates that the few mutants that do form colonies derive from microclusters of mutants on the selective plate. A mathematical model that describes the fate of the wild-type and mutant populations under these circumstances supports these results. CONCLUSION: This scenario in which neither the wild-type nor the majority of the mutants are able to grow resembles an unavoidable "tragedy of the commons" case which results in the collapse of the majority of the population. Cooperation between rare adjacent mutants enables them to overcome the competition and eventually form mutant colonies. The inhibition of PHO-constitutive mutants provides an example of mutant frequency masked by orders of magnitude due to a competition between mutants and their ancestral wild-type cells. Similar "tragedy of the commons-like" cases may occur in other settings and should be taken into consideration while estimating true mutant frequencies and mutation rates.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli/physiology , Microbial Interactions , Mutation , Escherichia coli/genetics , Nutrients/physiologyABSTRACT
Resumo As pesquisas sobre aborto provocado no Brasil têm apontado para a existência de uma dinâmica paradoxal sobre o fenômeno. Se, por um lado, trata-se de um assunto tabu e cercado de estigma, conformando um tecido de aparente invisibilidade social para a prática, por outro é evento comum na vida reprodutiva das mulheres de todas as classes sociais, raças e religiões, indicando uma cultura de amplo compartilhamento de conhecimento e prática sobre o tema. Este artigo versa sobre a personagem da "amiga que já abortou", que aparece em narrativas sobre a experiência com aborto induzido compartilhadas publicamente em uma plataforma "online", entendida aqui como uma comunidade virtual de troca sobre o assunto, mantida pela organização não governamental internacional "Women on Web". A partir de uma etnografia virtual, percebeu-se que esta personagem ganha destaque nas narrativas e no universo das redes sociais interpessoais mobilizadas pelas mulheres no seu itinerário abortivo. Relações que estimulam a reflexão sobre o lugar da solidariedade entre mulheres na coletivização de saberes e estratégias e na produção de uma resistência comum diante do contexto de clandestinidade e estigmatização que conforma o tema do aborto no país.
Abstract The Brazilian research on abortion has pointed to the existence of a paradoxical dynamic about the event. If, on the one hand, it is a taboo subject surrounded by stigma, evidencing an apparent social invisibility of this practice, on the other hand, it is a common event in the reproductive life of women of all social classes, races, and religions, showing a culture of broad sharing of knowledge and practice on the subject. This paper is about the character of the "friend who has already aborted", which appears in narratives about the abortion experience shared publicly on an online platform, understood here as a virtual exchange community on the subject, maintained by the international NGO Women on Web. A virtual ethnography revealed that this person gains prominence in the narratives and the universe of the interpersonal social networks mobilized by women in its abortive course, relationships that stimulate reflection on the place of solidarity among women in the collectivization of knowledge and strategies and the production of a common resistance in the context of clandestinity and stigmatization underpinning the theme of abortion in the country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Abortion, Induced , Friends , Stereotyping , Brazil , Social StigmaABSTRACT
Quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls the production of costly public goods such as exoproteases. This cooperative behavior is susceptible to social cheating by mutants that do not invest in the exoprotease production but assimilate the amino acids and peptides derived by the hydrolysis of proteins in the extracellular media. In sequential cultures with protein as the sole carbon source, these social cheaters are readily selected and often reach equilibrium with the exoprotease producers. Nevertheless, an excess of cheaters causes the collapse of population growth. In this work, using the reference strain PA14 and a clinical isolate from a burn patient, we demonstrate that the initial amount of public goods (exoprotease) that comes with the inoculum in each sequential culture is essential for maintaining population growth and that eliminating the exoprotease in the inoculum leads to rapid population collapse. Therefore, our results suggest that sequential washes should be combined with public good inhibitors to more effectively combat P. aeruginosa infections.
ABSTRACT
Among the fungus that attack the common bean crop there is Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (Fsp), causing major losses. Taking into account its importance, the objective of this work was to determine the secondary metabolites class and the potential fungicide of the Pouteria ramiflora leaves on Fsp. The ethanol extract was dissolved in methanol/water and partitioned successively with hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol, subjected to the chemical profile. The solutions were prepared in concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µ g/mL and poured into Petri dishes; then, 0.5 cm disc of diameter with spores and mycelia of Fsp was deposited. These dishes were incubated in temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and the evaluations, performed by measuring the colonies diameter (five replications) until reaching the dishes border (three days) with a completely randomized experimental design. Through the Mycelial Index Growth Speed (MIGS) data, analysis of variance was performed and when significant, applied the regression analysis. The results indicated that all fractions and the extract have the phenolic compounds and/or derivatives as one of the major constituents except the hydroethanolic fraction. The extract and its fractions decreased the Fsp MIGS, in the same proportion in which concentrations were increased; the greatest reduction occurred in the butanol fraction at the concentration of 2400 µg/mL, with growth close to zero, indicating its potential use for the Fsp control, probably due to the presence of anthraquinones.
Entre os fungos que acometem a cultura do feijão está Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli, causando perdas na produtividade. Levando-se em consideração sua importância, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a classe de metabólitos secundários e o potencial fungicida das folhas de curriola (Pouteria ramiflora) sobre F. solani, em condições de laboratório. O extrato etanólico foi dissolvido em metanol/água e particionado sucessivamente com hexâno, diclorometano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e butanol, submetidos ao perfil químico. As soluções foram preparadas nas concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µ g/mL evertidas em placas de petri (10 mL); em seguida, foi depositado um disco de 0,5 cm de diâmetro com esporos e micélio de F. solani. As placas foram incubadas a temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C e as avaliações, realizadas por meio da medição do diâmetro das colônias (cinco repetições) até atingir a borda da placa (três dias), com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Através dos dados do Índice de Velocidade de Crescimento Micelial (IVCM), foi realizada a análise de variância e quando significativa, aplicada a análise de regressão. Os resultados indicaram que todos as frações e o extrato possuem os compostos fenólicos e/ou derivados como um dos constituintes majoritários, exceto a fração hidrometanólica. O extrato e suas frações diminuíram o IVCM de F. solani, à medida que se aumentava as concentrações; a maior redução ocorreu na fração butanolica para a concentração de 2400 µ g/mL, com crescimento próximo a zero, indicando seu potencial de uso para controle de F. solani, provavelmente devido a presença de antraquinonas em sua composição.
Subject(s)
Flavonoids , Phaseolus , Phytochemicals , FungiABSTRACT
Smallholder agricultural systems, strongly dependent on water resources and investments in shared infrastructure, make a significant contribution to food security in developing countries. These communities are being increasingly integrated into the global economy and are exposed to new global climate-related risks that may affect their willingness to cooperate in community-level collective action problems. We performed field experiments on public goods with private and collective risks in 118 small-scale rice-producing communities in four countries. Our results indicate that increasing the integration of those communities with the broader economic system is associated with lower investments in public goods when facing collective risks. These findings indicate that local public good provision may be negatively affected by collective risks, especially in communities more integrated with the market economy.
Subject(s)
Agriculture , Community Participation , Food Supply , Adult , China , Climate Change , Colombia , Humans , Nepal , Oryza , Risk , ThailandABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to trace a potentially problematic field within the health field and be able to form new powers of invention. The basic assumption is that there is a problem with the commons which cannot be solved simply by dividing the politicallegal and economic systems of the world between the public and private sectors, leading to a problematic perspective that overcomes dichotomies considered insistent and limits the thought and actions within the health field (public-private, nature-culture, etc.). After recognition of the presence of the commons notion in European political and intellectual history, we seek to support the philosophical thought for a more consistent delineation of the problem, focusing on how this problem appears in the philosophy of Spinoza, Deleuze and Negri. This path makes it possible to explore other dimensions of the predicament of the commons, already specified as a problem of production. Since other dimensions are related, it explores mainly the so called ontological dimension. This multidimensional understanding of the production of the commons allows for the replacement of problems within the health field, which will be preliminarily explored in this essay around two main issues: health as a value-affect and health as a result of work (creative ontological human activity). We conclude with considerations about the production centrality of the commons within the work organization and in the production of wealth in contemporary capitalism and how urgent is the political task of forming the commons as a democratic public sphere, so that the "cooperative singularities," which produce and depend on the commons, could preserve their rights and control over it.
O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar um campo problemático potencialmente colocado para a saúde que seja capaz de constituir novas potências de invenção. Parte-se do pressuposto de que há um problema do comum que não se resolve simplesmente na divisão político-jurídica e econômica do mundo entre o público e o privado, buscando-se um recorte problemático que supere dicotomias consideradas insistentes e limitantes do pensamento e da ação no campo da saúde (público-privado, natureza-cultura etc.). Após breve reconhecimento da presença da noção de comum na história política e intelectual europeia, busca-se apoio no pensamento filosófico para um delineamento mais consistente do problema, concentrando-se no modo como este comparece na filosofia de Spinoza, Deleuze e Negri. Nesse caminho, adentra-se outras dimensões do problema do comum, já especificado como problema da produção do comum. Explora-se principalmente a chamada dimensão ontológica do problema, considerando que as outras dimensões lhe são correlatas. Essa compreensão multidimensional da produção do comum permite uma recolocação de problemas no campo da saúde, que serão preliminarmente explorados neste ensaio, em torno de duas questões principais: a saúde como um valor-afeto e como resultado do trabalho (atividade ontocriativa humana). Conclui-se com considerações sobre a centralidade da produção do comum na organização do trabalho e na produção de riquezas no capitalismo contemporâneo e sobre a urgente tarefa política de que o comum se constitua como esfera pública democrática, para que as "singularidades operantes", que produzem e dependem desse comum, preservem seus direitos e controle sobre ele.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Philosophy , Politics , Public Health , Social Welfare , Private Sector , Public Sector , WorkABSTRACT
O programa Roda de Conversa recebeu Andreia Inamorato dos Santos, da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Alexandre Barbosa, do Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação, Priscila Gonsales, do Instituto Educadigital e Projeto REA-Brasil e Jane Abrahão Marinho, da coordenadoria de Gestão de Pessoas da SMS, para discutirem a Declaração de Paris sobre os Recursos Educacionais Abertos REA. Durante o programa os convidados falaram sobre o primeiro fórum organizado pela UNESCO em que foi adotada a expressão Recursos Educacionais Abertos, discutiram a evolução desse recurso e sua importância estratégica de melhorar a qualidade da educação, bem como facilitar o diálogo de políticas, o compartilhamento de conhecimento e a capacitação. Também foi apresentada a aplicabilidade e experiências bem-sucedidas como a Educopédia, plataforma licenciada como REA que combina riqueza de conteúdo, novas formas de aprender e infraestrutura tecnológica para jovens e crianças de todo o Brasil. Após 10 anos do surgimento do termo REA, há ainda muito para ser feito, como sensibilizar políticos, gestores, docentes e estudantes para que de fato esse novo recurso educacional seja implantado. Também temos agora o desafio de discutir as perspectivas para a adoção do REA dentro da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Recursos Educacionais Abertos são materiais de ensino, aprendizado e pesquisa em qualquer suporte ou mídia, que estão sob domínio público, ou estão licenciados de maneira aberta, permitindo que sejam utilizados ou adaptados por terceiros. O uso de formatos técnicos abertos facilita o acesso e o reuso potencial dos recursos publicados digitalmente. Podem incluir cursos completos, partes deles, módulos, livros didáticos, artigos de pesquisa, vídeos, testes, software, e qualquer outra ferramenta, material ou técnica que possa apoiar o acesso ao conhecimento
Subject(s)
Humans , Educational Technology , Access to Information , Information Dissemination , InternetABSTRACT
Con la aparición y masificación del uso de Internet surgieron los Recursos Educativos Abiertos (REA) como una forma ventajosa de utilizar las tecnologías de la información las comunicaciones en función de la docencia. En este escenario y como consecuencia del desarrollo social, surge el movimiento de recursos educativos abiertos. En este trabajo se exponen las principales características de los REA y la protección del derecho de autor con las licencias Creative Commons en los materiales creados para la docencia. Asimismo se argumentan las implicaciones que tiene para los docentes el uso de los diferentes términos de las licencias(AU)
With the appearance and mass use of the Internet arised the Open Educational Recourses (OER) as an advantageous way of use of information and communications technologies depending the teaching. In present setting and as a consequence of the social development, raise the OERs. The aim of this paper is to expose the major features of the OERs and the copyrights protection with the Creative Commons permissions in the materials created for teaching. As well, the use of the different permissions terms and the implications for professors are alleged(AU)
Subject(s)
Educational Technology/organization & administration , Access to Information , CopyrightABSTRACT
Con la aparición y masificación del uso de Internet surgieron los Recursos Educativos Abiertos (REA) como una forma ventajosa de utilizar las tecnologías de la información las comunicaciones en función de la docencia. En este escenario y como consecuencia del desarrollo social, surge el movimiento de recursos educativos abiertos. En este trabajo se exponen las principales características de los REA y la protección del derecho de autor con las licencias Creative Commons en los materiales creados para la docencia. Asimismo se argumentan las implicaciones que tiene para los docentes el uso de los diferentes términos de las licencias.
With the appearance and mass use of the Internet arised the Open Educational Recourses (OER) as an advantageous way of use of information and communications technologies depending the teaching. In present setting and as a consequence of the social development, raise the OERs. The aim of this paper is to expose the major features of the OERs and the copyrights protection with the Creative Commons permissions in the materials created for teaching. As well, the use of the different permissions terms and the implications for professors are alleged.