[For discussion: funding options for digital applications in long-term care]. / Zur Diskussion: Finanzierungsoptionen für digitale Anwendungen in der Pflege.

The difficulties of funding digitalization in long-term care according to the German Social Security Code XI (SGB XI) lie in the tasks of providing care, which at the core remain personnel-related. A reduction in personnel or an increase in production revenues, which is the goal of commercial enterprises through digitalization, is only possible in a few fields in the current regulatory framework for care services. Economic effects are lacking both from the point of view of the companies and from the point of view of the community of solidarity. Only through the transformation of long-term care toward collaborative production in local networks will digitalization attain greater significance and generate added value.

Metodología para la formación de la competencia prevención de la salud en estudiantes de medicina / A Methodology for the Formation of Health Prevention Competences among Medical Students

Introducción: Hoy día se requiere formar a estudiantes de la carrera de medicina que sean competentes en el cumplimiento de sus funciones en los niveles de atención en salud. Como parte de las funciones que se deben desarrollar en el estudiante de medicina, se deben formar competencias para la prevención de la salud. Objetivo: Proponer una metodología para la formación de la competencia prevención de la salud en estudiantes de medicina durante el trabajo comunitario integral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de tipo preexperimental. La población estuvo conformada por 669 estudiantes de tercer año de medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín. De ellos se obtuvo una muestra de 100 estudiantes mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se emplearon la observación directa en el terreno y la Prueba de Rangos con Signos de Wilcoxon para constar la hipótesis de investigación. Resultados: Se aportó la competencia de prevención de la salud y la metodología para su formación en estudiantes de medicina durante el trabajo comunitario integral, así como los principales logros y deficiencias demostrados durante las acciones realizadas en la educación en el trabajo. Conclusiones: La competencia prevención de la salud forma parte del perfil de competencias laborales que singularizan a la formación de un médico general competente. Es de tipo genérica y requiere para su formación de la combinación de acciones instructivas, educativas y desarrolladoras desde las potencialidades del trabajo comunitario integral que realizan los estudiantes como parte del componente laboral de la carrera(AU)

Introduction: Nowadays, it is necessary to train medical students to be competent in the fulfillment of their functions at the healthcare levels. As part of the functions to be developed among medical students, health prevention competences should be developed. Objective: To propose a methodology for the formation of health prevention competences among medical students during comprehensive community work. Methods: A quantitative preexperimental study was carried out. The population consisted of 669 third-year medical students from Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín. A sample of 100 students was obtained by simple random sampling. Direct observation in the field and the Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test were used to verify the research hypothesis. Results: The health prevention competence and the methodology for its formation among medical students during comprehensive community work were provided, as well as were the main achievements and deficiencies shown during the actions carried out in education at work. Conclusions: The health prevention competence is part of the profile of occupational competences that singularize the training of a competent general practitioner. It is generic and requires. for its formation. the combination of instructive, educational and developmental actions from the potentialities of comprehensive community work performed by students as part of the occupational component of the major(AU)

Impact of COVID-19 on Referral Patterns and Service Delivery for an Integrated Behavioral Health Program.

The emergence and rapid spread of COVID-19 led to unprecedented changes for families and systems of care. This study sought to understand the needs of families participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) before and during the pandemic and considers the impact remote service delivery has on access to an integrated behavioral health intervention to support the psychosocial needs of children and caregivers. Needs for referral varied significantly pre- and post-pandemic onset. Analyses revealed that significantly more referrals were made regarding social determinants of health after the onset of COVID-19 (13.8%) compared with prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (4.1%, p < .05). Providers' transition to telehealth services sufficiently served WIC families.

"Without social there is no health": Social work perspectives in multidisciplinary healthcare.

The pandemic has not just affected the health sphere: strong social effects of the emergency have added to the health risk, stressing on social relations and the deterioration of people's living conditions, and making those who are already fragile more fragile. Notwithstanding, during the emergency following the COVID-19 pandemic the attention was focused, indeed understandably, on the health aspects, widening the already existing misalignment between the health interventions and the social ones. Emergency oriented efforts and resources more toward a clinical care approach (cure) than toward support for the social and the inclusion aspects (care). Reflecting on the specific area of health care that interacts with social care (and vice versa), shows how the medicalization in managing the emergency have undermined or, at least, weakened the global approach to the person and to vulnerability profiles that should inspire the socio-healthcare integration. The aim of this review is describing the relationship between the health and social systems and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on it: a review of studies on the role played by social work in the health sector before and during COVID-19 pandemic emergency shows how much potential there is still to be developed for social work in the health sector that acts together with the personal health services; a care that looks at the person within his or her relationships, community resources and environmental aspects requires an investment toward integration between hospital care, social services and local communities.

Ocupación como proceso subjetivante: experiencias de mujeres rurales vinculadas con organizaciones sociales / Occupation as a subjectivizing process: experiences of rural women linked to social organizations / A ocupação como um processo subjetivizador: experiências de mulheres rurais ligadas a organizações sociais

La investigación tuvo como propósito comprender el aporte de la ocupación al proceso subjetivante de cinco mujeres rurales vinculadas con organizaciones sociales de los departamentos de Caldas y Boyacá, en Colombia. Toma como fundamento teórico lo planteado por el grupo de investigación Ocupación y Realización Humana en el libro Ocupación: sentido, realización y libertad; diálogos en torno al sujeto, la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Se utilizó un diseño metodológico cualitativo en un entorno virtual, con estrategias participativas de interacción, diálogo y vínculo. Los resultados se organizan en dos categorías: ser mujer y hacer cotidiano. Se proponen seis premisas para contribuir a la comprensión del aporte de la ocupación al proceso subjetivante de las mujeres participantes: los haceres significativos reconfiguran lo que se es y desea ser; por medio del hacer el sujeto transforma y trasciende a su propósito de libertad; el sujeto tiene capacidad de decidir sus ocupaciones; la ocupación es una forma de semiotizar formas culturales de ser; la persona se construye en su interacción con el entorno por medio de su actuar ocupacional.

The research aimed to understand the contribution of occupation to the subjective process of five rural women involved in social organizations in the Caldas and Boyacá departments in Colombia. It is based on the theoretical foundation of the Occupation and Human Fulfillment research group in its book Ocupación: sentido, realización y libertad; diálogos en torno al sujeto, la sociedad y el medio ambiente (Occupation: meaning, fulfillment and freedom; dialogues around the subject, society, and the environment). A qualitative methodological design was used in a virtual environment, with participatory interaction, dialogue, and linkage strategies. The results are organized in two categories: being a woman and daily doing. Six premises are proposed to contribute to the understanding of occupation as a subjectivizing process of the participating women, as follows: significant doings reconfigure what one is and wishes to be. Through doing, the subject transforms and transcends their purpose of freedom; the subject has the capacity to decide their occupations; occupation is a way of semiotizing cultural ways of being; a person is constructed in their interaction with the environment through their occupational acting.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender a contribuição da ocupação para o processo subjetivo de cinco mulheres rurais pertencentes às organizações sociais nos departamentos de Caldas e Boyacá, na Colômbia. Esta investigação tem como base teórica as ideias apresentadas pelo grupo de pesquisa Ocupação e Realização Humana no livro Ocupação: significado, realização e liberdade; diálogos sobre o sujeito, a sociedade e o meio ambiente. Um desenho metodológico qualitativo foi utilizado em um ambiente virtual, com estratégias participativas de interação, diálogo e vínculo. Os resultados estão organizados em duas categorias: ser mulher e fazer no cotidiano, o que permite propor seis premissas a fim de contribuir para a compreensão da ocupação como um processo subjetivo das mulheres participantes, tais como: fazer atividades significativas reconfigura o que se é e o que se deseja ser; através do fazer, o sujeito transforma e transcende seu propósito de liberdade; o sujeito tem a capacidade de decidir suas ocupações; a ocupação é uma forma de semiotizar formas culturais de ser; e, por fim, a pessoa se constrói em sua interação com o meio ambiente por meio de suas ações ocupacionais.

Trabajo comunitario integrado de estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas frente a la COVID-19, Policlínico Rampa, 2020 / Integrated Community Work of Medical Sciences Students Facing COVID-19, Rampa Community Clinic, 2020

Introducción: En Cuba se realizan colosales esfuerzos para la prevención y control de la COVID-19, como es el pesquisaje activo realizado por estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas, a modo de trabajo comunitario integrado a la propia comunidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar el trabajo comunitario integrado desarrollado por estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en el área de salud del Policlínico Rampa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal, para analizar los datos provenientes del trabajo comunitario integrado. La pesquisa tuvo una primera etapa, entre marzo-julio 2020, al inicio de la pandemia en el país, y una segunda en septiembre-octubre 2020, dada la contingencia sanitaria existente en la capital. Se analizaron esencialmente las viviendas visitadas y las cerradas, personas pesquisadas, cantidad de adultos mayores, así como los sospechosos de contagio diarios. La evaluación del trabajo comunitario integrado se basó en la asistencia y la calidad de la pesquisa. Resultados: Se pesquisó como promedio por día el 21 por ciento del universo poblacional en la primera etapa y el 35 por ciento en la segunda etapa. El número de sospechosos detectados fue bajo. El número de viviendas visitadas y de adultos mayores pesquisados fue también superior durante la segunda etapa. Aunque el trabajo comunitario integrado fue más productivo y mejor evaluado en esa etapa, se consideró meritoria la pesquisa activa desarrollada por los estudiantes en ambos periodos. Conclusiones: El trabajo comunitario integrado realizado por estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas, además de ser parte de su formación integral, representa un aporte necesario para enfrentar la COVID-19, de gran relevancia en un área con elevada prevalencia de adultos mayores(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, boundless efforts are being made for the prevention and control of COVID-19, such as the active screening carried out by students of Medical Sciences, as a community work integrated into the community itself. Objective: To describe the integrated community work fulfilled by students of Medical Sciences in the confrontation with COVID-19 in the health area of Rampa community clinic. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study was carried out to analyze the data from integrated community work. The investigation had a first stage, from March to July 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic in the country, and a second stage from September to October 2020, given the existing health contingency in the capital city. Essentially, the homes visited and closed were analyzed, as well as the people surveyed, the number of older adults, and the daily contagion suspects. The evaluation of integrated community work was based on the assistance and the quality of the research. Results: An average of 21percent of the population universe was surveyed per day in the first stage and 35percent in the second stage. The number of suspects detected was low. The number of homes visited and aged adults surveyed was also higher during the second stage. Although integrated community work was more productive and better evaluated in this stage, the active research carried out by the students in both periods was considered meritorious. Conclusions: The integrated community work carried out by students of Medical Sciences, in addition to being part of their comprehensive training, represents a necessary contribution to face COVID-19, of great relevance in an area with a high prevalence of aged adults(AU)

What COVID-19 has brought us to: Art, activism, and changes in social work education.

This essay is a reflection about the COVID-19 pandemic from the vantage point of being on a sabbatical. As a result of the virus and global shut down, people are experiencing widespread suffering and economic devastation. The author, a professor, artist, and qualitative researcher advocates for a return to the profession's community-based roots and an activist pedagogy. Additionally, as an artist/teacher/scholar, the author discusses the potential and importance of art and storytelling in social work education with examples of the author's art created during the pandemic.

Barriers and opportunities for nontraditional social work during COVID-19: Reflections from a small LGBTQ+ nonprofit in Detroit.

COVID-19 has significantly changed individual lives and organizational structures throughout the world. Certain regions and populations, however, have experienced the effects of this global pandemic to a heightened degree. This article includes reflections from a small LGBTQ+ nonprofit in Detroit, a city with some of the starkest health and economic disparities in the United States. While COVID-19 has illuminated numerous barriers for LGBTQ+ older adults in Detroit, it has also revealed surprising ways that nontraditional social work is emerging. The experiences from this organization suggest that when faced with limited resources, LGBTQ+ community members and advocates have expanded their services in ways that mirror the work of many professional social workers, including interpersonal support; facilitated group discussions; direct services; program design, delivery, and coordination; community organizing; and research. Through these roles, community members are beginning to serve as nontraditional social workers to address the urgent and unmet needs of LGBTQ+ older adults and increase the visibility of this population during COVID-19.

Managing older adults' fear of coronavirus disease: A new role for social work practice.

As the number of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) increases, the number of deaths has also been increasing. According to World Health Organization (WHO), as of 4 October 2020, 34,804,348 cases had tested positive for nCOVID-19 globally, which among them, 1,030,738 confirmed deaths had occurred, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 2.96%. However, in comparison with global statistics, the incidence and mortality of the nCOVID-19 infection are higher in Iran. As reported by the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology of Ministry of Health of Iran, the total number of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection has reached 468,119, of which 26,746 have died, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 5.71%. Currently, there is solid evidence that older adults are at a higher risk of severe disease following infection from COVID-19.

[The "Hamburg home visit for older citizens" : Development, execution and acceptance in 4716 older people in 15 months]. / Der "Hamburger Hausbesuch für Seniorinnen und Senioren" : Entwicklung, Durchführung und Akzeptanz bei 4716 älteren Menschen in 15 Monaten.

BACKGROUND: Preventive home visits are part of communal programs for older citizens. The city of Hamburg promoted the pilot project "The Hamburg home visit for older citizens" in two city districts. The voluntary program is offered to persons on their 80th birthday, without comprehensive assessment and is performed by visitors with a background in healthcare or social work. The aim is to provide information, to identify need of help and to initiate contact with officials for support if wanted. METHODS: The structural and administrative prerequisites were defined together with officials of the city of Hamburg and the two city districts. The data safety concept, provision of addresses, birthday letter, information to be provided, recruitment, qualification and training of the visitors, timing and performance of visits, guiding how to communicate during the home visit, documentation and quarterly reports are described in detail. RESULTS: From September 2018 to December 2019, 1636 (35%) out of 4716 persons contacted were visited by 59 visitors. The most frequent reasons for refusal were no need because of good health (40%) or satisfaction with existing support (14%). Most issues addressed were health situation (51%), mobility (43%), housing conditions (42%) and social contacts (41%). There was need of support as documented in 399 out of 1636 home visits, and contacts for support were initiated as required by 55 persons. CONCLUSION: The acceptance of this new approach was 10% higher than 25% per month that had been expected in both the concentrated urban as well as the more rural city districts. Home visits on the 80th birthday appear to be feasible provided that structural and operational prerequisites are considered. In 2020, they were offered to all districts of the city, i.e. to about 15,000 persons per year.

Psicodrama y Teatro Espontáneo: Experiencias innovadoras para el ámbito comunitario en Cuba / Psychodrama and Spontaneous Theatre: Innovative experiences for the community sphere in Cuba / Psicodrama e Teatro Espontâneo: Experiências inovadoras para a esfera comunitária em Cuba

Este trabajo relata experiencias innovadoras de implementación del psicodrama y el teatro espontáneo para el ámbito comunitario en Cuba. Las tres experiencias se desarrollaron en “El Canal”, espacio alternativo para la promoción del Psicodrama y el Teatro Espontáneo/Playback. Las modalidades implementadas fueron: el psicodrama público como dispositivo para potenciar la participación ciudadana; el psicodrama para la construcción y reconstrucción de la memoria histórica; y el teatro espontáneo comunitario para propiciar un encuentro intergeneracional, contando con la dirección de Julia Motta; Úrsula Hauser; Ana Ara y Bea Huber, respectivamente. Se fundamentan y describen las modalidades utilizadas, destacándose sus potencialidades para ser empleadas en función de diferentes propósitos dentro de algunas de las tareas esenciales que demanda el trabajo en ámbitos comunitarios.

This work tells innovative experiences of implementation of psychodrama and spontaneous theatre for the community environment in Cuba. The three experiences were developed in “El Canal”, an alternative space for the promotion of Psychodrama and Spontaneous Theatre/Playback. The modalities implemented were: public psychodrama as a device to enhance citizen participation; psychodrama for the construction and reconstruction of historical memory; and the spontaneous community theatre to promote an intergenerational meeting, with the direction of Julia Motta; Úrsula Hauser; Ana Ara and Bea Huber, respectively. The modalities used are based and described, highlighting their potential to be used for different purposes within some of the essential tasks that work in community settings demands.

Este trabalho conta experiências inovadoras de implementação do psicodrama e do teatro espontâneo para o ambiente comunitário em Cuba. As três experiências foram desenvolvidas no “El Canal”, um espaço alternativo para a promoção do Psicodrama e do Teatro Espontâneo/Playback. As modalidades implementadas foram: o psicodrama público como dispositivo para potencializar a participação cidadã; psicodrama para a construção e reconstrução da memória histórica; e o teatro comunitário espontâneo para promover um encontro intergeracional, sob a direção de Julia Motta; Úrsula Hauser; Ana Ara e Bea Huber, respectivamente. As modalidades usadas são baseadas e descritas, destacando seu potencial para serem usadas para diferentes propósitos dentro de algumas das tarefas essenciais requeridas pelo trabalho desenvolvido em ambientes comunitários.

Effectiveness and Challenges in Local Self-Governance: Multifunctional Autonomy in Japan.

Community organizing with government support, termed local self-governance (LSG), is a form of policy decentralization for community wellbeing through solutions tailored to local issues. One form of LSG is multifunctional autonomy, in which citizens can comprehensively manage their communities with government support. This study clarified the effect of multifunctional autonomy on healthy life expectancy by assessing related advantages and challenges in rural Japanese communities, using a mixed-methods approach. Disability-free life expectancy from 65 years (DFLE-65) was assessed to compare healthy life expectancies between two rural Japanese cities (with/without multifunctional autonomy). Comparisons revealed better DFLE-65 only among older men in a city with multifunctional autonomy. A cost-effectiveness analysis investigated the relationship between the budget and DFLE-65 change using questionnaire data. Cost-effectiveness analysis of multifunctional autonomy indicated 61,147 yen/DFLE-65. Thematic analysis revealed that multifunctional autonomy created new roles for older men, improving community relationships. However, sustainable multifunctional autonomy in LSG communities may be hindered by a generally aging society, generation gap, and lack of mutual understanding between rural communities and local governments. To ensure the sustainability of multifunctional autonomy, collaborations between local communities and governments and among various generations are critical.

Amplified injustices and mutual aid in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing injustices in the United States, which is exemplified in Ypsilanti, Michigan. However, the pandemic also provides an opportunity to re-imagine existing ways of being in the world, and mutual aid networks that have provided for people's basic needs during multiple crises while also working towards more radical change provide an opportunity for social workers to examine their relationship to "helping." The author uses their personal experience with a local mutual aid network to examine the power and possibility of mutual aid, particularly in times of crisis, as well as sources of social work resistance to decentralized and non-professional forms of helping and caring. These lessons are carried beyond the COVID-19 pandemic to their consequences for the looming climate crisis.

Guías en función del trabajo independiente para estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas / Guidelines for the independent work of Medical Sciences students

RESUMEN El hombre con su sabiduría e inteligencia ha sido capaz de crear medios de enseñanza, que no se han quedado relegados en el tiempo, los ha puesto al servicio de la educación para el logro de la formación integral de la personalidad. El nuevo siglo se ha caracterizado por un aumento del volumen de conocimientos en cualquier rama de la ciencia, necesita del trabajo independiente en la formación del estudiante, en cualquier nivel de enseñanza. El propósito orientar a los profesores un grupo de requerimientos didácticos para estructurar guías de estudio en función del trabajo independiente para estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas. Se realizó un estudio documental del tema, mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, Pubmed, de todo lo relacionado con el tema en el período 2017-2018. Se define como guía didáctica al instrumento digital o impreso que constituye un recurso para el aprendizaje a través del cual se concreta la acción del profesor y los estudiantes dentro del proceso docente, de forma planificada y organizada. Se declaran requerimientos didácticas para el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje que complementan la forma de asimilación de los conocimientos. Las guías didácticas en función del trabajo independiente constituyen recursos que tienen el propósito de orientar metodológicamente al estudiante en su actividad independiente, al mismo tiempo que sirvan de apoyo a la dinámica del proceso docente, al guiar al alumno en su aprendizaje, al favorecer la autonomía, la relación de los conocimientos, habilidades y valores, así como la participación comunitaria como escenario para realizar el trabajo independiente (AU).

SUMMARY The man, with his wisdom and intelligence, has been able to create teaching aids that have not been forgotten through the times; they have been put in to service of teaching to achieve the comprehensive training of the personality. The new century, characterized by the increase of knowledge volume in every branch of the sciences, needs the independent work for training students of all education levels. The purpose is providing the teachers a group of didactic requirements to prepare study guidelines for the independent work of Medical Sciences students. A documental study of the theme was carried out searching all publications on the theme published in Scielo Cuba, Scielo Regional, and Pubmed in the period 2017-2018. Didactic guideline is the digital or printed document used as a resource for learning, through which the performance of the teacher and the students is fulfilled in the teaching process, in an organized and planned way, and declares didactic requirements for the development of the teaching learning process complementing the assimilation of knowledge. Didactic guidelines in function of the independent work are resources having the purpose of methodologically orienting the student in its independent activity, serving at the same time as a support for the dynamic of the teaching process while guiding the student in its learning, favoring autonomy, the relation between knowledge, skills and values and also community participation as scenery for performing the independent work (AU).

Ética y psicología social comunitaria entre los "psicólogos en formación" de una universidad pública del norte de México / Ethics and community social psychology among the "psychologists in training" of a public university in northern Mexico / Ética e psicologia social comunitária entre os "psicólogos em formação" de uma universidade pública do norte do México

El presente estudio trata de responder a la necesidad de reflexionar, desde la ética, sobre el desarrollo de la Psicología y de la formación universitaria con pertinencia social. En este caso, sobre los "psicólogos en formación" de una universidad pública del norte de México, en el trabajo comunitario. A partir de un abordaje cualitativo con herramientas como la entrevista a profundidad y grupos focales, así como la revisión de asignaturas donde se plantea lo comunitario, los significados y reflexiones expresados por alumnos y docentes dejan en claro la apuesta por el trabajo desde la comunidad y el interés porque éste se realice de mejor forma. La necesidad de un trabajo con las comunidades, con un sentido ético, implica no sólo la información sino también su participación y la posibilidad de generar cambios sociales que se traduzcan en el bienestar de las comunidades.

The present paper tries to meet the need to reflect on the development of an ethical Psychology, and university education with social relevance. In this case, on the "psychologists in training" of a public university in northern Mexico, in community work. Using a qualitative approach, with techniques such as in-depth interviews and focus groups, as well as the review of subjects where the community is raised, the meanings and reflections expressed by students and teachers make clear the commitment to work from the community, and the interest to do it in the best possible way. The need to work with an ethical sense, from the communities, implies not only the information, but also their participation and the possibility of generating social changes that translate into the well-being of the communities.

O presente trabalho responde à necessidade de refletir, desde a ética, sobre o desenvolvimento da Psicologia e da formação superior com uma perspectiva comunitária. Para tanto foi realizada uma investigação com "psicólogos em formação" de uma universidade pública localizada na região norte do México enfocando as especificidades do "trabalho comunitário" ofertado na formação profissional. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa e o uso de ferramentas como a entrevista em profundidade e grupos focais, assim como a revisão das ementas em que se identificou a categoria "comunitário", verificamos que os significados e as reflexões enfocados pelos alunos e docentes expressam uma certa aposta pelo trabalho desde as localidades e o interesse por acompanhar o seu desenvolvimento. A necessidade do trabalho com as comunidades incluindo pautas éticas implica não apenas o processamento da informação, mas também a participação ativa de quem pesquisa e a possibilidade de gerar mudanças sociais que se traduzam em bem-estar para as comunidades.

Collective narrative practice with unaccompanied refugee minors: "The Tree of Life" as a response to hardship.

During the summer of 2016, in the midst of one of the biggest refugee crises in centuries, the author of this article joined the team from a shelter for unaccompanied refugee minors on Samos, Greece, in an effort to provide young boys seeking asylum in Europe with an opportunity to engage in speaking about the difficulties they have encountered in life. The team used a collective narrative methodology called the "Tree of Life", originally developed by Ncube-Mlilo and Denborough. In addition to traditional psychological treatments, collective narrative practice creates a secure foundation for addressing trauma, suffering, and hardship. This approach takes into consideration cultural differences and is easy to access for refugees with perceived stigma of traditional mental health services. The Tree of Life is a minimum of 8-hour workshop involving a strength-based narrative methodology, using the tree as a metaphor. This enables participants to share and develop enriching stories about their lives, which are rooted in their cultural and social histories. The workshop conducted on Samos proved to be an effective way to invite young unaccompanied minors to speak about their difficulties in ways that were not retraumatizing, but instead made them stronger.

[Municipalities as places for social work for the elderly]. / Kommunen als Orte Sozialer Altenarbeit.

Against the background of social and demographic changes, this article addresses the design and organization of processes of aging within municipal contexts. It is assumed that the renaissance of the local communal situation corresponds to processes of individualization and subjectivation, which are characteristic for (post)industrial western societies, and that this development is one of the reasons that community-based social work is regaining importance. A case study of social work for the elderly in a municipality of the Ruhr area, which is imbedded in a municipal senior citizens policy concept, illustrates this assumption. The conclusion identifies the scope of actions for social work for the elderly as well as their limitations.

Consideraciones sobre el Trabajo Comunitario desde la perspectiva de equipos estatales y ONG

En este trabajo se compartirán reflexiones del Equipo de Investigación de la Cátedra Estrategias de Intervención Comunitaria de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Dicha producción se enmarca en el proyecto que indagó sobre las "Características del Trabajo Comunitario (TC) en la ciudad de Córdoba" (2012-2013) desde el Estado y las ONG's. Se compararán resultados con un estudio anterior (1998-1999)focalizando en: cómo definen el TC, cuál es su importancia y finalidad última, cuáles son los principales obstáculos y facilitadores para su desarrollo. Puede sostenerse, como aspecto común el reconocimiento de que es un trabajo compartido con la gente y con un colectivo. Esto permitirá tensionarlo con categorías centrales como participación y construido en común.

In this work we will share reflections from the Research Team of the Chair "Strategies of Community Intervention" at the Faculty of Psychology, National University of Córdoba. This production is part of the project that investigated the "Characteristics of Community Work (CW) in the city of Córdoba" (2012-2013) on the part of the State and the NGOs. We will compare results with aprevious study (1998-1999) focusing on: how the CW is defined, which is its importance and ultimate purpose, and which are the main obstacles and facilitators for its development. We can hold, as a common aspect, that it is a work shared both with the people and a collective. This would allow us to put a strain with central categories such as "participation" and "built in common".

El trabajo de campo con enfoque de Ecosalud, para la prevención y control de Dengue / Field work with an ecohealth approach for preventing and controllyng Dengue

In order to apply the Epidemiology knowledge and the fundamentals of the ecohealth approach for dengue prevention and control, field activities with nursing students from the Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado University were done, it took place in the community of Tamaquita parish Cují Tamaca, Iribarren, in Lara state, which included a) information to community residents on the aims and institutional character of the field activities; b) a Workshop on Dengue prevention and control, and ecohealth approach by integrating students, community and facilitators; c) application of a research instrument in order to know health needs, social and living conditions, risk perceptions, attitudes about health and role of community members. The developed activities facilitated community participation in order to eliminate useless discarded water containers in and out their homes and the application of larvicide Abate (Temephos) to the water tanks. The results showed the role of the Community Council, the community knowledge about Aedes aegypti breeding sites, and the identification of the houses where Dengue cases occurred; however low motivation of young people for the Prevention and Control of Dengue were perceived. We conclude on the need to promote community work to encourage behavioral changes in young people about health care and especially activated for the Dengue prevention and control.

Con el objetivo de aplicar los conocimientos de Epidemiología y los fundamentos del enfoque de ecosalud, para la prevención y control de Dengue, se realizo una jornada de trabajo de campo con estudiantes de enfermería, de la Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, en la comunidad de Tamaquita, parroquia Cují Tamaca, municipio Iribarren en el estado Lara, que incluyo a) información a los habitantes de la comunidad, sobre los propósitos y carácter institucional de la Jornada; b) un Taller sobre ecosalud y control de Dengue integrando a estudiantes, comunidad, facilitadores; c) aplicación de un instrumento para conocer necesidades prioritarias de salud, condiciones sociales y de vida, percepciones de riesgo, actitudes sobre la salud y rol de los miembros de la comunidad. Las actividades desarrolladas facilitaron la participación de la comunidad en la eliminación de recipientes inservibles de las viviendas y de sus sitios cercanos y la aplicación del larvicida Abate (Temephos) a los depósitos de agua. Los resultados evidenciaron el protagonismo del Consejo Comunal, el conocimiento que tiene la comunidad sobre los criaderos de Aedes aegypti, y la identificación de las casas donde ocurrieron casos de Dengue; no obstante se percibió baja motivación de jóvenes para la prevención y el control de Dengue. Se concluye en la necesidad de promover el trabajo comunitario para incentivar cambios de conducta en los jóvenes sobre los cuidados a la salud y en especial activarse a la prevención y control de Dengue.

Examining an occupational perspective in a rural Canadian age-friendly consultation process.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The age-friendly community movement is a community-level approach to promoting seniors' health that has yet to be thoroughly examined from an occupational perspective. Through the application of the Canadian Practice Process Framework to an age-friendly consultation process, the authors examined how age-friendly community consultations may provide strategies for occupational therapists to strengthen their work with communities. METHODS: A consultation with a rural Canadian community was guided by the Age-Friendly Rural/Remote Communities Initiative. Focus groups were held with 35 older adults to identify age-friendly features of the community. Twenty key informants who provide services to seniors were also interviewed individually. Following the community consultation, we examined the relationship between the age-friendly community consultation process and occupational therapy community development practice processes using the Canadian Practice Process Framework. RESULTS: The steps of the consultation process paralleled the occupational therapy practice process, with occupational issues implicitly identified in the age-friendly consultation. The age-friendly consultation process emphasised the importance of collaborative partnerships and the need for occupational therapists to adopt a facilitative rather than leadership role. Skills that enable occupation were used throughout this age-friendly consultation. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the process of this age-friendly community consultation has relevance to occupational therapy theory and practice, and can provide a useful framework for collaborative consultative processes when working with communities.