Effects of Peripubertal Experiences on Competitive Behavior in Male Rats at Different Stages of Adulthood.

Past studies in animal models have extensively investigated the impact of early life experiences on behavioral development, yet relatively few have specifically examined the implications of peripubertal experiences on the evolution of competitive behavior across distinct stages of adulthood. In the current research, we probed potential differences in competitive behavior during emerging adulthood (3 months old) and middle adulthood (12 months old) in 81 Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to three different peripubertal (postnatal Days 37-60) environments: an enriched environment (EE), a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) condition, and a control condition. Anxiety-like behavior served as a positive control in our study. Results revealed significant variations in competitive behavior among the groups during emerging adulthood. The EE group displayed the least anxiety and outperformed their peers in food-reward-oriented competition, whereas the CUMS group excelled in status-driven, agonistic competition. However, these behavioral differentiations gradually attenuated by middle adulthood, at which point the control group began to show an advantage. Our findings suggest that although peripubertal experiences significantly shape competitive behavior in the emerging adulthood stage, this effect diminishes over time and is nearly non-detectable during mid-adulthood, underscoring the fluidity of behavioral development and demonstrating that the effects of peripubertal experiences can be modulated by subsequent life experiences.

Variables Associated with the Effectiveness of Ball Possession in At-Home Futsal Matches.

This study aims to identify contextual situations (score, game time, the interaction between teammates and opponents, start and restart plays) that increase the odds ratio of maintenance of ball possession and scoring a goal. Twenty professional futsal players were evaluated in seven home official matches. The games were filmed to analyze the offensive actions. In total, 828 attacking plays were analyzed. The absence of defensive pressure from the opponent resulted in a greater odds ratio (OR) for loss of ball possession (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.7 to 2.2), but also increased total effectiveness (OR = 6.5; 95%CI = 2.2 to 19.5). The received fouls did not increase the total effectiveness (OR = 0.2; 95%CI = 0.01 to 4.2; p = 0.40). The court regions close to the opponent's goal area and areas where there was less defensive pressure had a higher frequency of goals (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that shooting close to opponents' areas and having no defensive pressure were the situations with increased odds of goal-scoring. Maintaining ball possession per se did not increase the OR of goal scoring, however situations when shootings were performed with low defensive pressure could increase chances of goal scoring.

Women in their mid-follicular phase outcompete hormonal contraceptive users, an effect partially explained by relatively greater progesterone and cortisol reactivity to competition.

Early evidence suggests that hormonal contraceptive (HC) use alters psychological functioning and competitive behavior. Yet, there is limited data on endocrine models for explaining how HC use affects these outcomes. In this pre-registered and open-data study, we test if HC users and naturally cycling (NC) females in their low (mid-follicular) and high (mid-luteal) progesterone phase differ in competitive persistence and whether progesterone and cortisol reactivity mediate of this effect. HC users (N = 73) in the active hormone-exposure phase and NC participants in the mid-follicular (N = 69) or mid-luteal (N = 72) phase completed two behavioral measures of competitive persistence, holding up a weight for time followed by attempting to solve an unsolvable anagram. Participants also completed measures of handgrip strength and self-reported competitiveness as well as gave saliva samples before and after the tasks for hormone assay. Results showed that NC-follicular group had greater competitive persistence in the weight-holding task compared to both NC-luteal (d = 0.38) and HC use (d = 0.43) groups independent of physical strength and self-reported competitiveness covariates. Although anagram task performance showed similar trends for group differences, analyses for this task were inconclusive. Baseline progesterone did not mediate the effect of cycle phase group on competitive persistence. HC users showed relatively blunted cortisol and progesterone reactivity, and this effect partially mediated the difference in competitive persistence between HC users and the NC-follicular group. In sum, results suggest that HC use could downregulate competitive behavior at least partly by dampening cortisol-progesterone reactivity. These findings offer a new endocrine model for understanding HC use and cycle phase effects on motivational and energetic outcomes required for optimal performance in competitive contexts.

A systematic study on body control in golf players / Estudo sistemático sobre o controle corporal em jogadores de golfe / Estudio sistemático sobre el control corporal en jugadores de golf

ABSTRACT Introduction: Golf is a high-precision sport that requires excellent manual skills and motor coordination. These requirements are essential to determine a player's swing level and, consequently, their sports performance. Objective: Investigate the impact of athletes' body control on golf performance. Methods: To study the three-dimensional motion of golf players in China, the relevant theories and techniques of sports biomechanics were used on 12 golfing volunteers. Real-time sampling correction and analysis were performed using APAS dynamic analysis technology. This paper uses the DLT method to analyze the spatial location of each point three-dimensionally. SPSS15.0 software was used for statistical processing and screening of the results of the tests. Statistics are presented as mean and standard values. Results: The correlation between the golfers' center of gravity in hitting and the rate of motion in the swing was evidenced. The velocity obtained by the racket when hitting the ball is related to the golfer's hip inversion angle. Conclusion: A lower body center of gravity is beneficial to improve golf swing efficiency. Keeping the body in balance is the key to mastering the stroke and acceleration of the racquet. When the athlete performs the reverse pull, the energy they receive also increases, highlighting the need for specific training to promote the athlete's body balance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O golfe é um esporte de alta precisão que requer excelentes habilidades manuais e coordenação motora. Estes requisitos são essenciais para determinar o nível de balanço de um jogador e, consequentemente, o seu desempenho esportivo. Objetivo: Investigar o impacto do controle corporal dos atletas no desempenho do golfe. Métodos: Para estudar o movimento tridimensional dos jogadores de golfe na China, foram utilizadas as teorias e técnicas relevantes da biomecânica do esporte sobre 12 voluntários praticantes de golfe. A correção e a análise em tempo real da amostragem foram realizadas utilizando a tecnologia de análise dinâmica da APAS. Este artigo usa o método DLT para analisar a localização espacial de cada ponto tridimensionalmente. O programa SPSS15.0 foi usado para processamento estatístico e triagem dos resultados nos testes. As estatísticas são apresentadas como valores médios e padrão. Resultados: A correlação entre o centro de gravidade dos golfistas no acerto e na taxa de movimento no balanço foi evidenciada. A velocidade obtida pela raquete no momento da tacada da bola está relacionada ao ângulo de inversão do quadril do golfista. Conclusão: Um centro de gravidade inferior do corpo é benéfico para melhorar a eficiência da tacada de golfe. Manter o corpo em equilíbrio é a chave para dominar a batida e a aceleração da raquete. Quando o atleta realiza a tração reversa, a energia que ele recebe também aumenta, evidenciando a necessidade de um treinamento específico para promover o equilíbrio corporal do esportista. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El golf es un deporte de alta precisión que requiere excelentes habilidades manuales y coordinación motora. Estos requisitos son esenciales para determinar el nivel de balanceo de un jugador y, en consecuencia, su rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Investigar el impacto del control corporal de los atletas en el rendimiento del golf. Métodos: Para estudiar el movimiento tridimensional de los jugadores de golf en China, se utilizaron las teorías y técnicas pertinentes de la biomecánica deportiva en 12 voluntarios golfistas. La corrección y el análisis del muestreo en tiempo real se realizaron mediante la tecnología de análisis dinámico APAS. Este trabajo utiliza el método DLT para analizar la ubicación espacial de cada punto en tres dimensiones. Se utilizó el programa informático SPSS15.0 para el tratamiento estadístico y el cribado de los resultados en las pruebas. Las estadísticas se presentan como media y valores estándar. Resultados: Se evidenció la correlación entre el centro de gravedad de los golfistas en el golpeo y la velocidad de movimiento en el balanceo. La velocidad obtenida por la raqueta en el momento de golpear la pelota está relacionada con el ángulo de inversión de la cadera del golfista. Conclusión: Un centro de gravedad corporal más bajo es beneficioso para mejorar la eficiencia del balanceo de golf. Mantener el cuerpo en equilibrio es clave para dominar el golpe y la aceleración de la raqueta. Cuando el atleta realiza el tirón inverso, la energía que recibe también aumenta, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un entrenamiento específico para favorecer el equilibrio corporal del atleta. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Evaluation of difficulty in women's aerobic gymnastics competitions / Avaliação da dificuldade em competições de ginástica aeróbica feminina / Evaluación de la dificultad en competiciones de gimnasia aeróbica femenina

ABSTRACT Introduction Feminine aerobic gymnastics is a highly artistic competition, and analyzing its difficulties is fundamental. Objective This work analyzes the difficulty of the movements of feminine aerobic gymnastics. This study aims to explore the choreographic characteristics of the difficulty of the movements and evaluate their difficulties. Methods Several female aerobics athletes are selected as volunteers for the research. The women's aerobic gymnastics video points are classified, grouped, scored, and their actions combined, recorded, and organized. Mathematical statistics are used to analyze the difficulty of aerobics movements. Results The difficulty factor is the best quantitative scoring criterion to judge the competition results. The highest frequency in Group B was the right-angle split leg combination to support the 720° twist. The highest frequency in Group C was the 180° scissor transformation. The highest frequency in Group D was the unsupported vertical split. The five-person project difficulty score choice tended to be stable and high. Conclusion The transition types of difficulty action space in the competition of the women's aerobics team are B-C-B, B-C-A, B, A. The difficulty score of the women's aerobics team competition was significantly correlated with the final score. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução A ginástica aeróbica feminina é uma competição altamente artística e a análise de suas dificuldades é fundamental. Objetivo Este trabalho analisa a dificuldade dos movimentos da ginástica aeróbica feminina. Este estudo visa explorar as características coreográficas da dificuldade dos movimentos e avaliar as suas dificuldades. Métodos Várias atletas de aeróbica feminina são selecionadas como voluntárias para a pesquisa. Os pontos de vídeo da ginástica aeróbica feminina são classificados, agrupados, pontuados, tem suas ações combinadas, gravadas e organizadas. São utilizadas estatísticas matemáticas para analisar a dificuldade dos movimentos da aeróbica. Resultados O fator de dificuldade é o melhor critério de pontuação quantitativa para julgar os resultados da competição. A maior frequência no Grupo B foi a combinação de perna dividida em ângulo reto para suportar o giro de 720°. A mais alta frequência no Grupo C foi a transformação em tesoura de 180°. A mais alta frequência no Grupo D foi a divisão vertical sem suporte. A escolha da pontuação da dificuldade do projeto de cinco pessoas tende a ser estável e alta. Conclusão Os tipos de transição do espaço de ação de dificuldade na competição da equipe de aeróbica feminina são B-C-B, B-C-A, B, A. A pontuação da dificuldade da competição da equipe de aeróbica feminina foi significativamente correlacionada com a pontuação final. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La gimnasia aeróbica femenina es una competición altamente artística y el análisis de sus dificultades es fundamental. Objetivo Este trabajo analiza la dificultad de los movimientos de la gimnasia aeróbica femenina. Este estudio pretende explorar las características coreográficas de la dificultad de los movimientos y evaluar sus dificultades. Métodos Se seleccionan varias atletas de aeróbic como voluntarias para la investigación. Los puntos de vídeo de la gimnasia aeróbica femenina se clasifican, se agrupan, se puntúan, se combinan sus acciones, se graban y se organizan. Se utilizan estadísticas matemáticas para analizar la dificultad de los movimientos aeróbicos. Resultados El factor de dificultad es el mejor criterio de puntuación cuantitativa para juzgar los resultados del concurso. La frecuencia más alta en el Grupo B fue la combinación de pierna dividida en ángulo recto para soportar el giro de 720°. La mayor frecuencia en el Grupo C fue la transformación en tijera de 180º. La frecuencia más alta en el Grupo D fue la división vertical sin apoyo. La elección de la puntuación de dificultad del proyecto de cinco personas tendió a ser estable y alta. Conclusión Los tipos de transición del espacio de acción de dificultad en la competición del equipo de aeróbic femenino son B-C-B, B-C-A, B, A. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

The stability of athletes' psychological quality in major basketball games / A estabilidade da qualidade psicológica dos atletas em grandes jogos de basquetebol / La estabilidad de la calidad psicológica de los deportistas en los grandes partidos de baloncesto

ABSTRACT Introduction Athletes go through psychological wear during competition phases and we should pay attention to the training of athletes' physical quality, in addition to the exercise of the athlete's psychological quality. Objective This study aims to analyze the relationship between the psychological quality of basketball players and their performance in the game. Methods Basketball players volunteer for the experiment with the "Sixteen Personality Factors Test" scale compiled by American psychologist R.B Cartel to conduct a survey questionnaire. The mathematical statistics method to analyze the data of the research results. Results There were significant differences among the athletes in the broad internal attention and attention pictures (P<0.05). The tenacity, self-control, decision and self-confidence of the analyzed basketball players are at the medium-high level. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between basketball players' psychological quality and their athletic performance. Basketball players need to develop self-control and overcome psychological barriers during the game. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Os atletas passam por desgastes psicológicos durante as fases de competição e devemos atentar-nos ao treinamento da qualidade física dos atletas, além do exercício da qualidade psicológica do atleta. Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre a qualidade psicológica dos jogadores de basquetebol e o desempenho no jogo. Métodos Jogadores de basquetebol se voluntariam para o experimento com a escala de "Teste dos Dezesseis Fatores de Personalidade" compilada pelo psicólogo americano R.B Cartel para realizar um questionário de pesquisa. O método de estatística matemática para analisar os dados dos resultados da pesquisa. Resultados Houve diferenças significativas entre os atletas quanto a atenção interna ampla e as imagens de atenção (P<0,05). A tenacidade, autocontrole, decisão e autoconfiança dos jogadores de basquetebol analisados encontram-se no nível médio-alto. Conclusão Há uma correlação positiva entre a qualidade psicológica dos jogadores de basquetebol e o seu desempenho atlético. Os jogadores de basquetebol precisam desenvolver autocontrole e superar barreiras psicológicas durante o jogo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Los atletas pasan por un desgaste psicológico durante las fases de competición y debemos prestar atención al entrenamiento de la calidad física de los atletas, además del ejercicio de la calidad psicológica del atleta. Objetivo Este estudio pretende analizar la relación entre la calidad psicológica de los jugadores de baloncesto y el rendimiento en el juego. Métodos Los jugadores de baloncesto se ofrecen como voluntarios para el experimento con la escala "Sixteen Personality Factors Test" compilada por el psicólogo estadounidense R.B Cartel para realizar un cuestionario de investigación. El método estadístico matemático para analizar los datos de los resultados de la investigación. Resultados Hubo diferencias significativas entre los atletas en cuanto a la atención amplia interna y los cuadros de atención (P<0,05). La tenacidad, el autocontrol, la decisión y la autoconfianza de los jugadores de baloncesto analizados están en el nivel medio-alto. Conclusión Existe una correlación positiva entre la calidad psicológica de los jugadores de baloncesto y su rendimiento deportivo. Los jugadores de baloncesto necesitan desarrollar el autocontrol y superar las barreras psicológicas durante el juego. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Special training for boxer's athletic ability and body control / Treinamento especial para habilidade atlética de boxeador e controle corporal / Entrenamiento especial para la capacidad atlética del boxeador y el control corporal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Boxing is a global sport, including tactics, body, and mind for intense fighting. Athletes need high strength, speed, endurance, agility, and endurance. Through professional training, athletes' agility and body control are continuously improved. Objective: To develop special fitness training for professional boxers. This conclusion can provide a reference for boxing education and training. Methods: This paper studies the special training of professional boxers by employing literature materials, expert interviews, and self-experience methods. Analysis of the results is done using mathematical statistics. Results: This paper found several particular boxing training methods, such as high-intensity, intensive and developmental training, through analysis. Conclusion: Professional training has a particular promoting effect on improving the physical fitness and competition level of boxers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O boxe é um esporte global, incluindo táticas, corpo e mente para uma luta intensa. Os atletas precisam de muita força, velocidade, resistência, agilidade e resistência. Através do treinamento profissional, a agilidade e o controle corporal dos atletas são continuamente melhorados. Objetivo: Desenvolver um treinamento especial de aptidão física para boxeadores profissionais. Esta conclusão pode fornecer uma referência para o ensino e treinamento do boxe. Métodos: Este artigo estuda o treinamento especial de boxeadores profissionais empregando materiais de literatura, entrevistas com especialistas e métodos de auto experiência. Faz-se análise dos resultados empregando estatísticas matemáticas. Resultados: Este trabalho encontrou vários métodos particulares de treinamento de boxe, tais como treinamento de alta intensidade, intensivo e de desenvolvimento, através de análise. Conclusão: O treinamento profissional tem um efeito particular de promoção na melhoria da aptidão física e do nível de competição dos boxeadores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El boxeo es un deporte global, que incluye la táctica, el cuerpo y la mente para un combate intenso. Los atletas necesitan mucha fuerza, velocidad, resistencia, agilidad y resistencia. Gracias al entrenamiento profesional, la agilidad y el control corporal de los atletas mejoran continuamente. Objetivo: Desarrollar un entrenamiento físico especial para boxeadores profesionales. Esta conclusión puede servir de referencia para la educación y la formación del boxeo. Métodos: Este trabajo estudia el entrenamiento especial de los boxeadores profesionales empleando materiales bibliográficos, entrevistas con expertos y métodos de auto experiencia. El análisis de los resultados se realiza mediante estadísticas matemáticas. Resultados: Este trabajo encontró varios métodos particulares de entrenamiento de boxeo como el entrenamiento de alta intensidad, intensivo y de desarrollo a través del análisis. Conclusión: El entrenamiento profesional tiene un efecto especial de promoción en la mejora de la condición física y el nivel de competición de los boxeadores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Influence of high-intensity exercise on physical fitness of swimmers / Influência do exercício de alta intensidade sobre a aptidão física dos nadadores / Influencia del ejercicio de alta intensidad en la aptitud física de los nadadores

ABSTRACT Introduction High-intensity swimming requires athletes to have explosive power, endurance, lactic acid resistance, aerobic metabolism, and other qualities. Pre-competition physical training is mainly based on high interval training, promoting ATP-CP synthesis in the body. It can enhance the resistance to lactic acid and promote lactic acid clearance. Objective This article explores the effect of high-intensity pre-competition training on the physical fitness of swimmers. The results can be used as a reference for swimmers to perform high-intensity training before the competition. Methods Eight swimmers were selected by random sampling. The study subjects received eight weeks of high-intensity training before the competition. The athletes' gas metabolism and anaerobic thresholds were detected before and after training. At the same time, the physiological and chemical indicators of the experimental subjects were detected in this paper. Finally, this paper analyzes the experimental results by employing mathematical statistics. Results The metabolism function of the athletes changed significantly in the later period of pre-competition training (P<0.05). Serum lactate concentration had no significant effect on the anaerobic threshold (P>0.05). Conclusion High-intensity exercise has a particular promotion effect on improving the physical quality of swimmers. This exercise can lay a solid foundation for the swimmer's physical fitness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução A natação de alta intensidade requer que os atletas tenham uma força explosiva, resistência, tolerância ao ácido láctico, metabolismo aeróbico e outras qualidades. O treinamento físico pré-competição é baseado principalmente no treinamento de alto intervalo, o que pode promover a síntese de ATP-CP no corpo. Ele pode aumentar a resistência ao ácido láctico e promover a sua eliminação. Objetivo Este artigo explora o efeito do treinamento pré-competição de alta intensidade sobre a aptidão física dos nadadores. Os resultados podem ser usados como referência para os nadadores realizarem treinamentos de alta intensidade antes da competição. Métodos Oito nadadores foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória. Os sujeitos do estudo receberam oito semanas de treinamento de alta intensidade antes da competição. O metabolismo dos gases e os limiares anaeróbicos dos atletas foram detectados antes e depois do treinamento. Paralelamente, os indicadores fisiológicos e químicos dos sujeitos experimentais foram detectados neste trabalho. Finalmente, este trabalho analisa os resultados experimentais empregando estatísticas matemáticas. Resultados A função metabólica dos atletas alterou-se significativamente no último período de treinamento pré-competição (P<0,05). A concentração sérica de lactato não teve efeito significativo no limiar anaeróbico (P>0,05). Conclusão O exercício de alta intensidade tem um efeito especial de promoção na melhoria da qualidade física dos nadadores. Este exercício pode estabelecer uma base sólida para a aptidão física do nadador. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La natación de alta intensidad requiere que los atletas tengan fuerza explosiva, resistencia, tolerancia al ácido láctico, metabolismo aeróbico y otras cualidades. El entrenamiento físico previo a la competición se basa principalmente en el entrenamiento de alto intervalo, que puede promover la síntesis de ATP-CP en el cuerpo. Puede aumentar la resistencia al ácido láctico y favorecer su eliminación. Objetivo Este trabajo explora el efecto del entrenamiento de alta intensidad previo a la competición en la condición física de los nadadores. Los resultados pueden servir de referencia para que los nadadores realicen un entrenamiento de alta intensidad antes de la competición. Métodos Se seleccionaron ocho nadadores por muestreo aleatorio. Los sujetos del estudio recibieron ocho semanas de entrenamiento de alta intensidad antes de la competición. Se detectó el metabolismo gaseoso y los umbrales anaeróbicos de los atletas antes y después del entrenamiento. Paralelamente, en este trabajo se detectaron los indicadores fisiológicos y químicos de los sujetos experimentales. Por último, este documento analiza los resultados experimentales empleando estadísticas matemáticas. Resultados La función metabólica de los atletas cambió significativamente en el último período de entrenamiento previo a la competición (P<0,05). La concentración de lactato sérico no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el umbral anaeróbico (P>0,05). Conclusión El ejercicio de alta intensidad tiene un efecto promotor especial en la mejora de la calidad física de los nadadores. Este ejercicio puede establecer una base sólida para la aptitud física del nadador. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Quality of Life of Young Gastric Cancer Survivors: An Interpretation in the Context of Our Society.

Background and Objectives: This retrospective case-control study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QoL) of young gastric cancer survivors and determine what should be pursued to obtain the best QoL for them after surgery. Materials and Methods: Patients with stage I gastric cancer who underwent distal subtotal gastrectomy were included. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaires were used to assess QoL. The QoL outcomes of younger (age 30-49 years, n = 76) and older (age 50-69 years, n = 232) groups were compared preoperatively, 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative QoL except for the physical functioning scale, which favored the younger group (p = 0.020). This difference remained significant throughout the postoperative periods (3 months, p = 0.002; 1 year, p = 0.004). Better QoL was found for the younger group according to the body image scale (p = 0.031). However, it was limited to the 3-month postoperative assessment. Persistent QoL disadvantages for the younger group were revealed by the diarrhea scale at the 3-month (p = 0.007) and 1-year (p = 0.005) postoperative assessments. Conclusions: While young gastric cancer survivors enjoyed better QoL in physical functioning and body image, worse QoL was related to diarrhea after surgery. Despite ever-rising concerns about QoL deterioration in elderly patients in our aged society, young gastric cancer survivors also need QoL support.

Physical function characteristics of swimmers in pre-competition training / Características da função física dos nadadores em treinamento pré-competição / Características de la función física de los nadadores en el entrenamiento previo a la competición

ABSTRACT Introduction: Swimming is a competitive athletic activity whose fundamental objective is to produce high-performance athletes capable of standing out worldwide. Aerobic balance directly affects the athletic performance of these professionals. Objective: Investigate the changes in the physical composition and functional characteristics of swimmers before the competition. The results can play an important guiding role in the training plan of the Chinese athletics team in the competition. Methods: To explore the relationship between swimmers of different ages, the athletes were trained, and their physiological and chemical changes were monitored before the competition. A statistical, mathematical method was used to analyze the data. Results: After exercise, the swimmers' hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, creatine kinase, blood urea, and other indices had changed. The difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the swimmers' body function was stable before the competition with better exercise load capacity. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A natação é uma atividade atlética competitiva cujo objetivo fundamental é produzir atletas de alto rendimento capazes de destacarem-se mundialmente. O equilíbrio aeróbico afeta diretamente o desempenho atlético desses profissionais. Objetivo: Investigar as mudanças na composição física e nas características funcionais dos nadadores antes da competição. Os resultados podem desempenhar um importante papel de orientação no plano de treinamento da equipe de atletismo chinesa na competição. Métodos: Para explorar a relação entre nadadores de diferentes idades, os atletas foram treinados e suas alterações fisiológicas e químicas foram monitoradas antes da competição. Utilizou-se método matemático estatístico para analisar os dados. Resultados: Após exercício físico, a hemoglobina dos nadadores, contagem de glóbulos vermelhos, hematócrito, creatinaquinase, ureia no sangue e outros índices tiveram alterações. A diferença entre os dois grupos foi significativa (P<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que antes da competição, a função corporal dos nadadores foi estável com melhor capacidade de carga de exercício. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La natación es una actividad atlética competitiva cuyo objetivo fundamental es producir atletas de alto rendimiento capaces de destacarse a nivel mundial. El equilibrio aeróbico afecta directamente al rendimiento deportivo de estos profesionales. Objetivo: Investigar los cambios en la composición física y las características funcionales de los nadadores antes de la competición. Los resultados pueden desempeñar un importante papel de guía en el plan de entrenamiento del equipo de atletismo chino en la competición. Métodos: Para explorar la relación entre nadadores de diferentes edades, se entrenó a los atletas y se controlaron sus cambios fisiológicos y químicos antes de la competición. Para analizar los datos se utilizó el método matemático estadístico. Resultados: Tras el ejercicio, la hemoglobina, el recuento de glóbulos rojos, el hematocrito, la creatina quinasa, la urea en sangre y otros índices de los nadadores presentaron cambios. La diferencia entre los dos grupos fue significativa (P<0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron que antes de la competición, la función corporal de los nadadores era estable y con mejor capacidad de carga de ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

A psychological model of competitive behavior: social comparison as a mediator of the critical thinking, self-efficacy, and adaptation ability prediction among college students.

This study is aimed to test a theoretical model of the critical thinking, self-efficacy, and adaptation ability prediction towards competitive behavior, with social comparison as a mediator. Participants comprised 334 active university students in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. This study applied a predictive-correlational design, with data obtained using questionnaires and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling. The analysis indicated that the theoretical model corresponds to empirical data (RMSEA = 0.00, NNFI = 1.00) showing that sample data is an accurate representation of the data that would be present in the population (RMSEA < 0.05, NNFI > 0.90). However, critical thinking ability can not predict competitive behavior as mediated by social comparison. This present study provides a deeper understanding that competition is a complex behavior that involves the dimensions of a person's cognitive, self, and adaptive qualities, that cannot be separated from the social context.

Contextual situations in competitions that influence well-being and recovery of Futsal athletes before home official matches

Introduction: contextual variables associated with competitive stress may affect the perception of the well-being and recovery of futsal athletes.Material and Methods : twenty male professional futsal players responded to the Hooper Index (HI) and Total Quality of Recovery Scale (TQR) two hours before eleven official matches. Data were collected on age, predicted game difficulty, distance from the previous game, time interval since the previous game, ranking of the team and opponent, and outcome of the previous game of the team and the opponent (defeat/draw/win). Multivariate logistic regression analysis and the Spearman rank-sum test were used to identify stressors that influenced HI and TQR scores, considering p<0.05.Resultsthe HI was higher in the National League (11.2 ± 2.9 a.u., p<0.005) compared to the State championship (10.0 ± 2.4 a.u.). The DOMS were higher in National League (p<0.001) and games preceded by victory (p<0.005). The HI (r=-0.53, p<0.001), age (r=-0.18, p<0.01), and muscle pain (r = -0.39, p <0.001) correlated with the TQR. The TQR was higher in games preceded by defeat (15.5 ± 1.6) compared to victory (14.6 ± 1.7, p<0.01). The pre-game HI and TQR scores were not significantly different (p>0.05) in games that ended in victory, draw or defeat.Conclusionthe results suggest that the DOMS scores of HI and TQR reported before at home official Futsal games are correlated with contextual factors including the level of championship and outcome of the last game. (AU)

Unmanned Aircraft Systems as a Powerful Tool to Detect Fine-Scale Spatial Positioning and Interactions between Waterbirds at High-Tide Roosts.

The surveillance of behavioral interactions between individuals in bird populations is important to understand social dynamics and explain distribution patterns caused by competition for food and space. For waterbirds, little is known about interactions between individuals at high-tide roosts. In the present study, we used surveying with unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) to provide enhanced information on previously hidden aspects of the highly dynamic communities of roosting waterbirds in the non-breeding season. Fine-scale density estimations, derived from aerial photos obtained with UASs, were used as a measure to explain intra- and inter-species interactions for 10 selected waterbird species on a major roost site in the Danish Wadden Sea. Uniquely defined density distributions were detected, which, to some degree, were dependent on species and species size, with smaller waders exhibiting densely packed flocks (e.g., dunlin Calidris alpina and golden plover Pluvialis apricaria), whereas larger species, such as ducks and geese (Anatidae) exhibited lower densities. Multi-species flocks were observed to occur frequently (31.9%) and generally resulted in lower densities than single-species flocks for each of the species involved. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that UAS aerial photos can be used both to assess positions for roosting waterbirds and to classify habitats (i.e., mudflats, vegetated areas, waterline, and flooded areas) during high-tide. This facilitated the collection of precise data for temporal habitat choices for individual species when using the studied roost site. Our study highlights UAS surveys as an effective tool to gather hitherto unobtainable data for individual occurrences of roosting waterbirds on a spatiotemporal scale.

Fundamentos moleculares de la exclusión competitiva durante la coinfección de virus respiratorios: a propósito del COVID-19 / Molecular foundations of competitive exclusion during coinfection of respiratory viruses: about COVID-19

Introducción: La idea de exclusión competitiva es indiscutible cuando se trata de animales y bacterias que intentan ocupar el mismo nicho ecológico, pero su aplicación a la coinfección viral no es tan sencilla de interpretar. La interferencia viral es un fenómeno en el que un virus suprime competitivamente la replicación de otros virus coinfectantes y es el resultado más común de las coinfecciones virales. Objetivo: Comprender mejor el comportamiento de las infecciones respiratorias concomitantes en escenarios de brotes comunitarios y de forma individual en entornos hospitalarios e individuos con comorbilidades. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de información en las bases de datos MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. También se consideraron artículos publicados en el repositorio de preimpresión medRxiv y los informes de los Centros para el Control y Prevención de enfermedades de los Estados Unidos de América. Mediante el gestor de referencias Mendeley, se eliminaron los duplicados y aquellos que no se ajustaban al objetivo del estudio, seleccionando 48 artículos para la revisión. Análisis y síntesis de la in formación: En la literatura científica se encontró evidencia que sustenta la exclusión competitiva viral entre virus relacionados que comparten células susceptibles y permisivas. Conclusión: La exclusión competitiva impide que dos virus que comparten rutas de transmisión similares y el mismo órgano diana, infecten no sólo al mismo tiempo, sino que también se propaguen con éxito. Por lo tanto, la sindemia producida por virus que comparten estas características podría ser un evento improbable(AU)

Introduction: The idea of competitive exclusion is undisputed when it comes to animals and bacteria trying to occupy the same ecological niche, but its application to viral coinfection is not so simple to interpret. Viral interference is a phenomenon in which one virus competitively suppresses the replication of other co-infecting viruses and is the most common outcome of viral co-infections. Objective: To better understand the behavior of concomitant respiratory infections in community outbreak settings and individually in hospital settings and individuals with comorbidities. Methods: A search for information was performed in the MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. Articles published in the preprint repository medRxiv and reports from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were also considered. Using the Mendeley reference manager, duplicates and those that did not fit the study objective were eliminated, selecting 48 articles for the review. Analysis and synthesis of information: Evidence supporting viral competitive exclusion between related viruses sharing susceptible and permissive cells was found in the scientific literature. Conclusion: Competitive exclusion prevents two viruses that share similar transmission routes and the same target organ from infecting not only at the same time, but also from spreading successfully. Therefore, syndemia produced by viruses sharing these characteristics could be an unlikely event(AU)

Do papel do treinador ao ambiente competitivo no futebol infantil: o que está em jogo? / From coaches' roles to the competitive environment in children's football: what's at play? / Del papel del entrenador al entorno competitivo en el fútbol infantil: ¿qué está en juego?

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo averiguar a percepção dos treinadores sobre o papel do treinador e o ambiente competitivo no futebol da categoria sub-10. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 treinadores e observadas cinco partidas das fases finais da competição. Os resultados evidenciam que os treinadores reconhecem o seu papel formador, mas não orientam as suas intervenções para valores e competências mais adequados para essa etapa de formação. Os treinadores percebem a competição como um ambiente de aprendizagem, reconhecendo o jogo e a competição como ambientes de pressão inerentes a outras tarefas da vida, mas salientam que em muitas situações esse ambiente de pressão se torna excessivo, por conta do comportamento dos adultos. Assim, os propósitos dos adultos são sobrepostos às possibilidades de experiência e aprendizado das crianças na competição.

Abstract This study examines coaches' views about their role in the U-10 football competitive environment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 coaches, and 5 matches of the final stages of the competition were observed. The results show that coaches recognize their educational role but do not focus on values and the most appropriate skills in that stage of training. Coaches perceive competition as a learning environment, recognizing the game and competition as a pressure environment inherent to other tasks in life, but they stress that this pressure environment often becomes excessive due to the behavior of adults. Thus, adults' purposes are often superimposed on children's possibilities for experiencing and learning in competition.

Resumen La investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer la percepción de los entrenadores sobre su papel y el ambiente competitivo en el fútbol de la categoría sub-10. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 12 entrenadores y se observaron cinco partidos de la fase final de una competición en nivel estatal. Los resultados muestran que los entrenadores reconocen su papel como formadores, pero no orientan sus intervenciones hacia el desarrollo de valores y habilidades más apropiados en esta etapa de formación deportiva. Los entrenadores perciben la competición como un ambiente de aprendizaje, así como reconocen los partidos como un ambiente de presión inherente a otras tareas de la vida, pero destacan que en muchas situaciones ese ambiente de presión se vuelve excesivo, debido al comportamiento de los adultos. Así, los propósitos de los adultos a menudo se superponen a las posibilidades de experiencia y aprendizaje de los niños en la competición.

Why the Economic Aspects of Healthcare are not Unique.

Frequent claims suggest that healthcare and its production are not only different from other goods, but that they differ to such an extent that healthcare should be viewed as unique. Various features of healthcare, such as the lack of a perfect market and the existence of information asymmetry, are cited as evidence of this claim. However, such a view results from unduly emphasising the characteristics of healthcare as being atypical. This article redresses this imbalance by taking an alternative approach and examines the ways in which the economic aspects of healthcare are similar to those of other goods. It was found that the differential aspects are less distinctive than claimed and the economic aspects of healthcare are not unique.

Gratitude inhibits competitive behaviour in threatening interactions.

It is well established that gratitude favours prosocial tendencies in neutral and amicable social interactions. Less is clear, however, about the role of gratitude in threatening situations that breed competitive impulses. As gratitude inhibits self-centred impulses and motivates a communal orientation, we predict and demonstrate that gratitude reduces competitive behaviour in threatening interactions. In Study 1 (N = 171), after emotion induction, participants went through the classic Trucking game paradigm, whereby a bogus opponent behaved in a competitive manner (i.e. closing the gate on them). Gratitude, as compared to joy and a neutral mood state, reduced participants' competitive behaviour against the opponent. In Study 2 (N = 422), after losing to a bogus opponent on a self-relevant task, participants were given an opportunity to sabotage the opponent's chances of winning a lottery. Individuals induced to feel gratitude showed less sabotaging behaviour than those in a neutral mood state. Importantly, this effect was only observed against a highly competitive, but not a neutral, opponent, suggesting that gratitude inhibits competitive behaviour only under high threat. Our findings suggest that gratitude is instrumental in arresting the competitive cycles from developing in threatening social interactions.

Relação entre maturação esquelética e a orientação esportiva em jovens futebolistas

RESUMO O objetivo foi verificar a relação entre a orientação esportiva e a idade esquelética em atletas de futebol de 12 a 15 anos. A amostra foi de 106 jovens futebolistas, do sexo masculino, e foram feitas medidas do tamanho corporal, idade esquelética e para avaliação do comportamento competitivo usou-se o Sport Orientation Questionnaire com as subescalas competir (TQ1), vencer (TQ2) e estabelecer metas (TQ3). A Ancova não verificou diferença significativa entre os diferentes grupos de maturidade (p> 0,05) com a orientação esportiva, já a correlação de Spearman observou uma relação negativa apenas no grupo de maturidade "no tempo", com o TQ2 (r=-0,28). Conclui-se que a maturação esquelética apresentou fraca relação com o comportamento dos jovens atletas de futebol.

ABSTRACT The objective was to verify the relationship between sportsmanship and skeletal age in soccer players aged 12 to 15 years. The sample was of 106 young male soccer players, and measurements of body size, skeletal age and competitive behavior were used. The Sport Orientation Questionnaire was used with the sub scales to compete (TQ1), to win (TQ2) and to establish goals (TQ3). The ANCOVA did not find a significant difference between the different maturity groups (P> 0.05) with the sports orientation, whereas the Spearman correlation observed a negative relation only in the maturity group "in time", with TQ2 (r=- 0.28). It was concluded that the skeletal maturation presented a weak relation with the behavior of the young soccer athletes.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue comprobar la relación entre la orientación deportiva y la edad esquelética en futbolistas de 12 a 15 años. La muestra estaba compuesta por 106 jóvenes futbolistas de sexo masculino y se tomaron medidas del tamaño corporal y la edad esquelética, y para la evaluación del comportamiento competitivo se utilizó el Sport Orientation Questionnaire con las subescalas competir (TQ1), ganar (TQ2) y establecer metas (TQ3). El ANCOVA no verificó ninguna diferencia considerable entre los diferentes grupos de madurez (p> 0,05) respecto a la orientación deportiva, mientras que la correlación de Spearman observó una relación negativa solo en el grupo de madurez «en el tiempo¼ con el TQ2 (r=-0,28). Se concluye que la maduración esquelética presentó una débil relación con el comportamiento de los jóvenes futbolistas.

When Does Status Turn Into Proactive Helping Behavior? The Moderating Role of Cooperative/Competitive Behavior Intention.

Self-perceived status is considered an important antecedent of an employee's extra-role behavior. However, the relationship between self-perceived status and "proactive helping" has been neglected in previous human resource management (HRM) research. Data were collected from 214 employees and their supervisors in two waves of dyads. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that self-perceived status is positively related to proactive helping behavior, while cooperative and competitive behavior intentions were both found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between self-perceived status and proactive helping behavior. Specifically, the relationship between self-perceived status and proactive helping behavior became stronger as the cooperative behavior intention increased, but weakened as competitive behavior intention increased. These conclusions indicate that organizations should guide employees to enhance their cooperative behavior intention or decrease their competitive behavior intention, which may increase their willingness to proactively help others. The study's theoretical and practical contributions and future research are discussed.

Balancing model-based and memory-free action selection under competitive pressure.

In competitive situations, winning depends on selecting actions that surprise the opponent. Such unpredictable action can be generated based on representations of the opponent's strategy and choice history (model-based counter-prediction) or by choosing actions in a memory-free, stochastic manner. Across five different experiments using a variant of a matching-pennies game with simulated and human opponents we found that people toggle between these two strategies, using model-based selection when recent wins signal the appropriateness of the current model, but reverting to stochastic selection following losses. Also, after wins, feedback-related, mid-frontal EEG activity reflected information about the opponent's global and local strategy, and predicted upcoming choices. After losses, this activity was nearly absent-indicating that the internal model is suppressed after negative feedback. We suggest that the mixed-strategy approach allows negotiating two conflicting goals: 1) exploiting the opponent's deviations from randomness while 2) remaining unpredictable for the opponent.