Determination of a cut-off COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) for identifying cost-related treatment nonadherence and impaired health-related quality of life among Chinese patients with cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine a cut-off for the simplified Chinese version of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) that could identify cost-related treatment nonadherence among Chinese patients with cancer. The study also sought to validate this cut-off score by using it to assess impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the same population. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a cross-sectional survey of 1208 Chinese patients with cancer who were recruited from 12 hospitals in six cities across three provinces of the Chinese mainland. Sociodemographic information and data on financial toxicity (FT), cost-related treatment nonadherence, and HRQoL were used in the analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off for the simplified Chinese version of the COST. RESULTS: The ROC analysis identified a COST cut-off of 18.5 for identifying cost-related treatment nonadherence, yielding a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 71.4%. In the validation study, this cut-off score yielded a sensitivity of 64.2% and a specificity of 67.1% for identifying impaired HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Early and dynamic assessment of cancer-related FT in routine clinical practice may play a crucial role in the early identification and management of FT. Accordingly, a COST cut-off of 18.5 was identified to indicate cost-related treatment nonadherence and impaired HRQoL in a population of patients with cancer from the Chinese mainland. This finding may facilitate the implementation of universal FT screening among patients with cancer in specific settings such as the Chinese mainland.

Preparation of Novel Flaxseed Oil/Beeswax Oleogel Systems and Its Application in the Improvement of Sodium Alginate Films.

The purpose of this study was to prepare a novel kind of flaxseed oil (FO)/beeswax oleogel system and apply it to improve the properties of sodium alginate films. Three single factors, namely the ratio of beeswax/FO, the addition of oleogel, and the addition of glycerol, were optimized based on the comprehensive score of film characteristics: elongation at break (EAB), tensile strength (TS), hydroxyl radical clearance (HRC), and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the film. When the ratio of beeswax/FO was 7.807%, the addition of oleogel was 4.829%, and the addition of glycerol was 31.088%, the comprehensive score of the film characteristics was maximum. Moreover, the Decapterus maruadsi preserved by the produced films were assessed for drip loss, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and fatty acids composition. In comparison to the control, the produced films incorporated with linseed oil/beeswax oleogel had a longer shelf-life than Decapterus maruadsi. In conclusion, the oleogel system prepared via linseed oil/beeswax had good stability and hydrophobicity, which can significantly improve the characteristics of the film and extend the shelf-life of Decapterus maruadsi.

A Brief Screening Tool for Assessment of Financial Toxicity.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the utility of brief financial screening items to facilitate the implementation of routine financial toxicity screening. SAMPLE & SETTING: 50 women with breast cancer completed a one-time survey that included the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST): A FACIT Measure of Financial Toxicity, a visual analog scale, and a brief sociodemographic questionnaire. METHODS & VARIABLES: Survey responses were examined to assess the psychometric properties of individual COST items and the visual analog scale by calculating Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The mean COST was 21.4, and 27 respondents met criteria for financial toxicity (a COST lower than 22). As expected, all items correlated strongly to the overall COST, but four items (items 3, 6, 8, and 10) performed strongest (r > 0.8). IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: This study provides evidence for individual COST items to be used as brief screening items. Future research should test the utility of these items in larger sample sizes with a more diverse representation of patients by age, race, ethnicity, and tumor type and stage.

Cancer treatment-related financial toxicity in Japan: a scoping review.

Financial toxicity during cancer survival has been studied mainly in the United States; 47-49% of cancer survivors reported financial hardships and 12-63% reported debt owing to treatment costs. Financial toxicity is influenced by each country's economic status and healthcare system. We aimed to review the evidence on financial toxicity in Japan. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Ichushi databases. We included English or Japanese peer-reviewed articles that (1) explored the experiences of cancer patients facing financial toxicity due to cancer diagnosis and treatment, (2) were specific to Japan, and (3) focused on the experiences of financial toxicities among cancer patients. Data were extracted focusing on the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare providers. The main themes were synthesized based on a previous study. The search yielded 632 citations from PubMed and 21 from Ichushi, and non-duplicates were identified. Of these, 31 articles were selected for full-text review. Literature was divided into studies describing the following elements: (a) risk factors for financial toxicity, (b) description of financial toxicity, (c) psychological reactions, (d) coping strategies for financial toxicity, and (e) impact on treatment outcomes. Only three studies reported comprehensive financial toxicity scores. Furthermore, treatment costs influenced physicians' treatment decisions, and patients and their families adopted various strategies to cope with treatment costs. Two studies showed that low current income and younger age were high-risk factors. As for utilization of the support system, approximately 70% of the patients used the high-cost medical expense system, 20% used the sickness benefit system, and 40% used the medical expense deduction system. Many cancer patients in Japan suffer from financial toxicity during cancer survival. One reason for this is that the awareness of the system supporting financial toxicity is insufficient and actual utilization is low. It is necessary to actively encourage patients to ask healthcare providers questions, improve the link between patients and the support system, reconstruct the support system design, and improve the method of publicizing the system.

Composition Analysis and Nutritional Value Evaluation of Amino Acids in the Fruit of 161 Jujube Cultivars.

Amino acids are an essential group of compounds involved in protein synthesis and various metabolic and immune reactions in the human body. Chinese jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) are an important fruit and medicinal plant which are native to China and have been introduced into around 50 countries. However, systematic research on the composition and content diversity of amino acids in the jujube is still lacking. In this experiment, the amino acid composition and the contents of the dominant amino acids in the fruit of 161 cultivars of jujube were determined by HPLC. Of the twenty-one kinds of amino acids detected, a total of fourteen kinds of amino acids were detected, of which eight kinds of amino acids were relatively high, including five essential amino acids (threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine) and three nonessential amino acids (glycine, alanine, and proline). However, the contents of the remaining six amino acids were relatively low (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, serine, arginine, and tryptophan). Therefore, the eight primary amino acids were used as the index to evaluate the amino acids of 161 jujube varieties. Proline accounts for 56.8% of the total amino acid content among the eight amino acids. The total content of the eight primary amino acids in most jujube varieties was 1-1.5 g/100 g, and the highest content of 'Zaoqiangmalianzao' was 2.356 g/100 g. The average content of proline was 6.01-14.84 times that of the other seven amino acids. According to the WHO/FAO revised model spectrum of ideal essential amino acids for humans, 19 cultivars met the E/T (essential amino acids/total amino acids) standard, and their values ranged from 35% to 45%; 12 cultivars meet E/NE (non-essential amino acids) ≥ 60%. All cultivars reached the requirement of BC (branched-chain amino acids)/E ≥ 40% with 15 cultivars over 68%. One hundred and fifty-seven cultivars reach the standard of BC/A (aromatic amino acids) ≈ 3.0~3.5. The amino acid ratio coefficient analysis showed that phenylalanine was the first limiting amino acid of all the jujube cultivars. The SRC (the score of amino acid ratio coefficient) values of 134 cultivars were between 50% and 70%, with 12 cultivars over 70%, indicating that jujube fruits are of high nutritional value in terms of amino acids. Based on the principal component analysis and comprehensive ranking of amino acid nutritional value, the top five cultivars were screened from the 161 ones tested, i.e., 'Tengzhouchanghongzao', 'Xinzhengxiaoyuanzao', 'Hanguowudeng', 'Xuputiansuanzao', and 'Lichengxiaozao'. This study established, firstly, a complete basic data analysis of amino acid content in jujube fruit which could be used to select germplasm resources suitable for developing functional amino acid food, and provide theoretical support for the high value utilization of amino acids in jujubes.

The Dynamics of Financial Toxicity in Multiple Myeloma.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: People with multiple myeloma are at risk for financial toxicity due to the high cost of treatment and prolonged treatment duration. However, little data exist regarding financial toxicity among people with myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, a cohort of 135 patients were recruited from an ongoing observational trial to complete the Comprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST). Participants were sent follow-up surveys at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The median age was 68 years; the majority were non-Hispanic whites (88%), male (63%), held a college degree (61%), and had left the workforce (70%). The median time from myeloma diagnosis was 28 months. The median COST score was 27; 48% of participants had a score below 27 and considered to have financial toxicity. The only characteristic associated with financial toxicity was a college degree. After controlling for other covariates, those with a college education were 69% less likely to have financial toxicity. Of the 108 participants who completed a follow-up survey, 34% reported changes in their financial toxicity status at a subsequent time point. Transitioning from not having financial toxicity to having financial toxicity was more common than the reverse. CONCLUSION: Because financial toxicity is a dynamic process, which patients are experiencing it at any given time is difficult to predict. Focusing the research agenda on improved detection and intervention may be warranted.

Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Cancer and Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Financial toxicity is recognized as an important adverse effect of cancer treatment that may decrease patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We aim to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies investigating the association of HRQOL and financial toxicity measured with the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity in patients with cancer and survivors. METHODS: A systematic literature search was completed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsycInfo (last update April 2022). Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Cohort Study Checklist. Where possible, study outcomes were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included with a combined sample of 13 481 patients and survivors with more than 25 cancer types from 9 countries. Nineteen different validated HRQOL instruments were used in these studies, with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (n = 9), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (n = 5), and EQ-5D (n = 5) being the most common. All but one included studies reported that higher financial toxicity was significantly associated with worse HRQOL. Ten HRQOL domains were correlated with financial toxicity, including physical health (r = 0.34-0.66), social health (r = 0.16-0.55), mental health (r = 0.21-0.54), and daily functioning (r = 0.23-0.52). The meta-analysis indicated a moderate correlation between financial toxicity and overall HRQOL as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy instruments (r = 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.44-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the literature on the association of financial toxicity and HRQOL in patients with cancer and survivors. Our findings substantiate financial toxicity as a relevant outcome of cancer care that is associated with a decline of HRQOL.

Financial Toxicity among Patients with Breast Cancer during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

This study reported the prevalence of financial distress (financial toxicity (FT)) and COVID-19-related economic stress in patients with breast cancer (BC). Patients with BC were recruited from the Ciitizen platform, Breastcancer.org, and patient advocacy groups between 30 March and 6 July 2021. FT was assessed with the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) instrument. COVID-19-related economic stress was assessed with the COVID-19 Stress Scale. Among the 669 patients, the mean age was 51.6 years; 9.4% reported a COVID-19 diagnosis. The prevalence rates of mild and moderate/severe FT were 36.8% and 22.4%, respectively. FT was more prevalent in patients with metastatic versus early BC (p < 0.001). The factors associated with FT included income ≤ USD 49,999 (adjusted odds ratio (adj OR) 6.271, p < 0.0001) and USD 50,000-USD 149,999 (adj OR 2.722, p < 0.0001); aged <50 years (adj OR 3.061, p = 0.0012) and 50-64 years (adj OR 3.444, p = 0.0002); living alone (adj OR 1.603, p = 0.0476); and greater depression severity (adj OR 1.155, p < 0.0001). Black patients (adj OR 2.165, p = 0.0133), patients with income ≤ USD 49,999 (adj OR 1.921, p = 0.0432), or greater depression severity (adj OR 1.090, p < 0.0001) were more likely to experience COVID-19-related economic stress. FT was common in patients with BC, particularly metastatic disease, during COVID-19. Multiple factors, especially lower income and greater depression severity were associated with financial difficulties during COVID-19.

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Financial Toxicity Among Adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Financial toxicity (FT) is a well-established side-effect of the high costs associated with cancer care. In recent years, studies have suggested that a significant proportion of those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) experience FT and its consequences. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare FT for individuals with neither ASCVD nor cancer, ASCVD only, cancer only, and both ASCVD and cancer. METHODS: From the National Health Interview Survey, we identified adults with self-reported ASCVD and/or cancer between 2013 and 2018, stratifying results by nonelderly (age <65 years) and elderly (age ≥65 years). We defined FT if any of the following were present: any difficulty paying medical bills, high financial distress, cost-related medication nonadherence, food insecurity, and/or foregone/delayed care due to cost. RESULTS: The prevalence of FT was higher among those with ASCVD when compared with cancer (54% vs. 41%; p < 0.001). When studying the individual components of FT, in adjusted analyses, those with ASCVD had higher odds of any difficulty paying medical bills (odds ratio [OR]: 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09 to 1.36), inability to pay bills (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.50), cost-related medication nonadherence (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.51), food insecurity (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.64), and foregone/delayed care due to cost (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.36). The presence of ≥3 of these factors was significantly higher among those with ASCVD and those with both ASCVD and cancer when compared with those with cancer (23% vs. 30% vs. 13%, respectively; p < 0.001). These results remained similar in the elderly population. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights that FT is greater among patients with ASCVD compared with those with cancer, with the highest burden among those with both conditions.

Translation and validation of the Traditional Chinese version of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (Version 2).

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients often experience severe financial distress due to the high cost of their treatment, and strategies are needed to objectively measure this financial distress. The COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (COST-FACIT) is one instrument used to measure such financial distress. This study aimed to translate the COST-FACIT (Version 2) [COST-FACIT-v2] instrument into traditional Chinese (COST-FACIT-v2 [TC]) and evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation method was adopted. The translated version was reviewed by an expert panel and by 20 cancer patients for content validity and face validity, respectively, and 640 cancer patients, recruited from three oncology departments, completed the translated scale. Its reliability was evaluated in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis has been used to evaluate the one- and two-factor structures of the instrument reported in the literature. The convergent validity was examined by the correlation with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological distress. Known-group validity was examined by the difference in the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total mean score between groups with different income levels and frequency of health care service use. RESULTS: The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) showed good content and face validity and demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.86) and acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.71). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one- and two-factor structures of the instrument that have been reported in the literature could not be satisfactorily fitted to the data. Psychological distress correlated significantly with the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) score (r = 0.47; p < 0.001). HRQOL showed a weak to moderate negative correlation with the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) score (r = - 0.23 to - 0.46; p < 0.001). Significant differences were seen among the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) scores obtained in groups of different income level and frequency of health care service use. CONCLUSIONS: The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) showed some desirable psychometric properties to support its validity and reliability for assessing cancer patients' level of financial toxicity.

Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea Burden on Family Finances and Quality of Life.

OBJECTIVE: We previously found that financial concerns negatively affect the quality of life of families of children with persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after tonsillectomy. The goal is to quantify the financial impact on families of children with persistent OSA and assess contributing factors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey study with comparison group. SETTING: Upper airway center at a tertiary pediatric hospital. METHODS: Participants included consecutive children with persistent OSA from September to October 2017. Healthy children seen in a general otolaryngology clinic served as controls. Families of both groups completed the Family Impact Questionnaire and the modified Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST). RESULTS: Families of the 50 patients (25 study and 25 control) completed the surveys: the mean age was 6.4 years (95% CI, 5.0-7.8), and 19 (38%) were female. There were no differences in age, sex, race, or insurance status between groups (P > .05). The mean apnea-hypopnea index for the study group was 7.9 events/h (range, 5.5-10.3), and 40% (10/25) had Down syndrome. Positive airway pressure and/or oxygen were used by 72% (18/25). The Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity for study patients (21.9; 95% CI, 14.8-26.0) was significantly lower than for controls (30.2; 95% CI, 26.6-30.8; P = .003), reflecting elevated financial toxicity. Study families reported greater financial impact on the Family Impact Questionnaire (8.4; 95% CI, 6.1-10.7) versus controls (3.6; 95% CI, 1.8-5.4; P = .002); concerns regarding missed days of work and school were common (30.7%). CONCLUSION: Families of children with persistent OSA reported a high financial burden related to their children's disease and were more likely to report financial toxicity than families of controls. Concern regarding missed work and school associated with appointments and treatment was a significant factor.

Optimization of Ethanol Extraction Technology of Mongolian Medicine Naru- 3 / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To optim ize ethanol extraction technology of Mongolian medicine Naru- 3. METHODS ：The L 9（34） orthogonal design was used to optimize ethanol extraction technology of Mongolian medicine Naru- 3 with solid-liquid ratio ，ethanol volume fraction and extraction time as factors ，using comprehensive scores for the contents of benzoylaconitine ，benzoylneoaconitine， benzoylhypoaconitine，aconitine，neoaconitine，hypoaconitine，piperine and gallic acid as indexes. RESULTS ：The optimal ethanol extraction technology was that solid-liquid ratio of 1∶10（g/mL），ethanol volume fraction of 75％，extracting for 1.5 h. After 3 times of validation tests ，average contents of above 8 components in ethanol extract from Naru- 3 were 1.69，1.48，14.69，0.28， 0.05，0.08，26.01，17.33 mg/g（RSDs were 0-4.96％，n＝3），respectively. Average comprehensive score was 19.03（RSD＝1.42％， n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimal ethanol extraction technology of Mongolian medicine Naru- 3 is stable and feasible.

Optimization of extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of Psidium guajava by orthogonal test based on information entropy weighting / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of Psidium guajava. Methods: L9(34) orthogonal test was used to screen the optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from leaves of P. guajava with ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, and extraction times as factors. The weight coefficient of the four evaluation indicators, including the yield of total flavonoids, hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-pyranarabinoside, and quercetin-3-O-α-L-furanarabinoside was calculated by information entropy weighting so as to calculate comprehensive score. We obtained the optimal technology by orthogonal analysis based on the comprehensive score. Results: The optimal extraction technology was that using 8-fold 70% ethanol water to extract 2 h for three times. The mean comprehensive score of the three batches was 0.142 1 and the RSD was 2.37%. Conclusion: The optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from leaves of P. guajava was stable and feasible with high yield.

Optimization of Water Extraction Technology of Taohe Chengqi Decoction by Response Surface Methodology Combined with Information Entropy Theory / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of classic formula Taohe chengqi decoction. METHODS： Based on single factor test， combined with response surface methodology and information entropy theory， the soaking time， solid-liquid ratio and extraction time were investigated. Using the contents of rhein， amygdalin， cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizic acid in Taohe chengqi decoction as indexes， information entropy theory was used to assign weight coefficients to each evaluation index and calculate the comprehensive score. Through Design-Expert 10 software， the interactions of each factor were analyzed. Water extraction technology was optimized， and validation test was also performed. RESULTS： According to information entropy theory， the weight coefficients of rhein， amygdalin， glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamaldehyde were located at 0.097 6， 0.363 2， 0.173 5 and 0.365 7. The results of interaction analysis showed that the material-liquid ratio had a greater impact on the comprehensive score. The optimal water extraction technology of Taohe chengqi decoction were determined as that soaking time was 60 min； the ratio of material to liquid was 1 ∶ 10 （g/mL）； total extraction time was 130 min （extracting for 3 times， lasting for 65， 33， 32 min each time）. The results of verification test showed that RSD of content of each index component and the comprehensive score was less than 3％. CONCLUSIONS： The optimal water extraction technology is proved to be stable and feasible， which can provide the basis for the further development and utilization of Taohe chengqi decoction.

Exploration on extraction process of Modified Simiao Granule based on orthogonal design in information entropy theory combined wtih fingerprint optimization / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the optional extraction process parameters of Modified Simiao Granule (MSG). Methods: HPLC was employed to determine the content of rhodoglycoside, chlorogenic acid, ammonium glycyrrhizate, berberine hydrochloride, and glycyrrhizin, using the extraction ratio, dried cream yield, and fingerprint similarity of which as comprehensive evaluation indexes, orthogonal test was used to investigate effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and times on extraction process. Information entropy method was used to determine the objective weight of each index to achieve orthogonal test optimization of extraction process. Results: According to the result of comprehensive score, the optimal extraction conditions of this preparation were as follows: extracted twice with 10 times of water quantity, each for 30 min. The mean of the three batches of comprehensive evaluation was 88.91 and the RSD value was 0.61%. Conclusion: The optimized technologies are stable, repeatable, feasible and suitable for the industrial production of MSG.

Inference of time-delayed gene regulatory networks based on dynamic Bayesian network hybrid learning method.

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) research reveals complex life phenomena from the perspective of gene interaction, which is an important research field in systems biology. Traditional Bayesian networks have a high computational complexity, and the network structure scoring model has a single feature. Information-based approaches cannot identify the direction of regulation. In order to make up for the shortcomings of the above methods, this paper presents a novel hybrid learning method (DBNCS) based on dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to construct the multiple time-delayed GRNs for the first time, combining the comprehensive score (CS) with the DBN model. DBNCS algorithm first uses CMI2NI (conditional mutual inclusive information-based network inference) algorithm for network structure profiles learning, namely the construction of search space. Then the redundant regulations are removed by using the recursive optimization algorithm (RO), thereby reduce the false positive rate. Secondly, the network structure profiles are decomposed into a set of cliques without loss, which can significantly reduce the computational complexity. Finally, DBN model is used to identify the direction of gene regulation within the cliques and search for the optimal network structure. The performance of DBNCS algorithm is evaluated by the benchmark GRN datasets from DREAM challenge as well as the SOS DNA repair network in Escherichia coli, and compared with other state-of-the-art methods. The experimental results show the rationality of the algorithm design and the outstanding performance of the GRNs.

Evaluation on the Service Quality of Domestic Famous Mobile Medical App / 医学信息学杂志

The paper selects 10 mobile medical App with relatively large influence in the industry,evaluates the data about quality of inquiry service and overall quality of these App in accordance with the information provided on the interface,and meanwhile analyzes the trend of downloading App by people.

Optimization of the Processing Technology of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata by Muti-indexes Integrating Score-Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata. METHODS:Using transfer rates of catalpol,rehmaionoside D,acteoside,isoacteoside,polysaccharide as indexes for comprehensive score,heating tempera-ture(pressure),heating time and heating times as investigating factors,L9(34)orthogonal test was used to optimize the processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata was as follow as heating temperature of 125 ℃,pressure of 150 kPa for twice,2 h every time. The comprehensive scores of 3 batches of samples were 0.6985,0.6755,0.7016 in the verification test,respectively,RSDs were less than 5%(n=3). CONCLUSIONS:Optimized processing technology is simple,stable,feasible,and can provide reference for in-dustrial production of rehmanniae radix praeparata.

Optimization of extraction technology for Fufang-Fuqing-Xiji by orthogonal test combined with Plackett-Burman experimental design / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To optimize extraction technology of Fufang-Fuqing-Xiji.Methods Orthogonal test combined with Plackett-Burman experimental design was adopted to study the influence factors of water extraction in Fufang-Fuqing-Xiji. The contents of chlorogenic acid, paeoniflorin and caffeic acid in Fufang-Fuqing-Xiji were determined by HPLC gradient elution method at the same time. A multi-index comprehensive score method was applied to analyze the data and to screen the optimum extraction technology. Results The best extraction conditions of Fufang-Fuqing-Xiji were as following: threaded 80 mesh sieve, soaked 2 h, decocted 3 times with 12 times the amount of water for 1h each time.Conclusions This optimized extraction technology was rational and stable, which could be used for the extraction ofFufang-Fuqing-Xiji.

Preparation Optimization for TCM Pastes (Tonic Semifluid Extract of Ten Ingredients) by Response Sur-face Method / 中国药师

Objective:To screen the best decocting technology by multi-index comprehensive score combined with response sur-face. Methods:The content of paeoniflroin and the ratio of dry extraction were used as the indicators, and response surface Central Composite with two factors and five levels was used in the experimental design. The effects of the ratio of solvent to solid, decocting du-ration and decocting times on the preparation process of tonic semifluid extract of ten ingredients were studied. Results:Design Expert 8. 0. 6b software was used for the data analysis. A quadratic mathematical model between the factors and the comprehensive score of paeoniflroin content and the ratio of dry extraction was established. Combined with the actual production, the best decocting conditions were as following:the ratio of solvent to solid was 10. 6 ml·g-1 , the decocting duration was 96 min, and decocted 3 times. Conclu-sion:The optimal decocting technology is scientific, reasonable and stable.