Food and nutritional education in rural quilombola communities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: methodological aspects / Educação alimentar e nutricional em comunidades quilombolas rurais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos metodológicos

Background: The construction of programs to promote healthy eating should be guided by the culture and living conditions of people. Objective: To describe the methodology for a community intervention in food and nutritional education (FNE) carried out in rural quilombola communities (QC) in Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: Two communities were included. The FNE actions consisted of six workshops with a focus on the concepts of food culture, adequate and healthy food, and health promotion, focusing on food rather than nutrients. The actions were planned from the production of strategies that could be replicated by the participants to the other residents. Results: The workshops were attended by people of various ages and the participation of women was more expressive. Each workshop had specific objectives and different dynamics employed. Conclusion: This approach sought to emphasize the experiences, culture, and opinions of the people residing in the QC included in the study. It is hoped that this FNE community intervention can guide and subsidize the planning and execution of similar initiatives in other QCs in Rio Grande do Sul or even the country.

Introdução: A construção de programas de promoção da alimentação saudável deve ser pautada sobre a cultura e as condições de vida das pessoas. Objetivo: Descrever a metodologia para uma intervenção comunitária de educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) realizada em comunidades quilombolas (CQ) rurais do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Foram incluídas duas comunidades. As ações de EAN consistiram na realização de seis oficinas com abordagem pautada nos conceitos de cultura alimentar, alimentação adequada e saudável e promoção da saúde, com foco em alimentos e comida ao invés de nutrientes. As ações foram planejadas a partir da produção de estratégias que pudessem ser replicadas pelos participantes aos outros moradores. Resultados: Participaram das oficinas pessoas de várias idades e a participação das mulheres foi mais expressiva. Cada oficina teve objetivos específicos e diferentes dinâmicas empregadas. Conclusão: Essa abordagem buscou enfatizar as experiências, a cultura e as opiniões das pessoas que residem nas CQ incluídas no estudo. Espera-se que essa intervenção comunitária de EAN possa nortear e subsidiar o planejamento e execução de iniciativas similares em outras CQ do estado ou até mesmo do país.

Confluences between arts, health, environment, listening and communications: the experience of the Ilha dos Abraços Project in the quilombola territory of Ilha de Maré in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil / Confluências entre artes, saúdes, ambiente, escutas e comunicações: a vivência do Projeto Ilha dos Abraços no território quilombola da Ilha de Maré em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil

This article proposed to build collectively with the community of Ilha de Maré, located in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; a text-territory-denouncement about environmental necropolitics and community resistance. The Ilha dos Abraços project, part of the Planet&Ar umbrella project, proposed working on popular surveillance through an artistic residency with a transdisciplinary group of artists, health professionals and urban planners to create a map of memories with the stories of the community and panels of graffiti that communicated in a "navigable book". The artistic residency took place between 11-20/11/2022 with workshops on comics, graffiti, planetary health; seven graffiti panels and interviews to compose the memory map. There is a need to know how to step into the territory to enter a traditional quilombola community and the perception not only of the oral tradition of Ilha de Maré, but also of listening, so the term "listenaction" is proposed. It also reflects on the island's invisibility in the face of pollution and public authorities, so art transgresses this silencing. Thus, planetary health can be an ally for the community's struggle, but the universalizing concept is questioned, proposing the idea of planetary(s) health(s).

Este artigo se propôs a construir coletivamente com a comunidade da Ilha de Maré, localizada em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil; um texto-território-denúncia sobre a necropolítica ambiental e a resistência da comunidade. O projeto Ilha dos Abraços, parte do projeto guarda-chuva Planet&Ar, se propôs trabalhar vigilância popular através de uma residência artística com um grupo transdisciplinar de artistas, profissionais da saúde e urbanistas para realizar um mapa de memórias com as histórias da comunidade e painéis de grafite que se comunicassem em um "livro navegável". A residência artística aconteceu entre 11-20/11/2022 com a realização de oficinas de quadrinhos, grafite, saúde planetária, sete painéis de grafite e entrevistas para a composição do mapa de memórias. Há a necessidade de saber pisar no território para adentrar uma comunidade quilombola e a percepção não apenas da tradição oral da Ilha de Maré, mas também a da escuta, e se propõe o termo "escutação". Reflete-se também sobre a invisibilização da ilha frente à poluição e aos poderes públicos, de forma que a arte transgride este silenciamento. Assim, saúde planetária pode ser uma aliada  para a luta da comunidade, porém questiona-se o conceito universalizante, propondo-se a ideia de saúde(s) planetária(s). 

Effects of perceptions of forest change and intergroup competition on community-based conservation behaviors.

Approximately one quarter of the earth's population directly harvests natural resources to meet their daily needs. These individuals are disproportionately required to alter their behaviors in response to increasing climatic variability and global biodiversity loss. Much of the ever-ambitious global conservation agenda relies on the voluntary uptake of conservation behaviors in such populations. Thus, it is critical to understand how such individuals perceive environmental change and use conservation practices as a tool to protect their well-being. We developed a participatory mapping activity to elicit spatially explicit perceptions of forest change and its drivers across 43 mangrove-dependent communities in Pemba, Tanzania. We administered this activity along with a questionnaire regarding conservation preferences and behaviors to 423 individuals across those 43 communities. We analyzed these data with a set of Bayesian hierarchical statistical models. Perceived cover loss in 50% of a community's mangrove area drove individuals to decrease proposed limits on fuelwood bundles from 2.74 (forest perceived as intact) to 2.37 if participants believed resultant gains in mangrove cover would not be stolen by outsiders. Conversely, individuals who believed their community mangrove forests were at high risk of theft loosened their proposed harvest limits from 1.26 to 2.75 bundles of fuelwood in response to the same perceived forest decline. High rates of intergroup competition and mangrove loss were thus driving a self-reinforcing increase in unsustainable harvesting preferences in community forests in this system. This finding demonstrates a mechanism by which increasing environmental decline may cause communities to forgo conservation practices, rather than adopt them, as is often assumed in much community-based conservation planning. However, we also found that when effective boundaries were present, individuals were willing to limit their own harvests to stem such perceived decline.

Efectos de las percepciones del cambio forestal y la competencia intergrupal en los comportamientos de conservación comunitarios Resumen Aproximadamente una cuarta parte de la población mundial aprovecha directamente los recursos naturales para satisfacer sus necesidades diarias. Estos individuos se ven desproporcionadamente obligados a alterar sus comportamientos en respuesta a la creciente variabilidad climática y la pérdida de biodiversidad global. Gran parte de la ambiciosa agenda de conservación global se basa en la adopción voluntaria de comportamientos de conservación en dichas poblaciones. Por lo tanto, es fundamental comprender cómo esas personas perciben el cambio ambiental y utilizan las prácticas de conservación como herramienta para proteger su bienestar. Desarrollamos una actividad de mapeo participativo para generar percepciones espacialmente explícitas del cambio forestal y sus causantes en 43 comunidades dependientes de manglares en Pemba, Tanzania. Administramos esta actividad junto con un cuestionario sobre preferencias y comportamientos de conservación a 423 personas en esas 43 comunidades. Analizamos estos datos mediante un conjunto de modelos estadísticos jerárquicos bayesianos. La pérdida de cobertura percibida en el 50% del área de manglares de una comunidad llevó a los individuos a reducir los límites propuestos para los paquetes de leña de 2.74 (bosque percibido como intacto) a 2.37 si los participantes creían que las ganancias resultantes en la cobertura de manglares no serían robadas por personas ajenas a la comunidad. Por el contrario, las personas que creían que los bosques de manglares de su comunidad corrían un alto riesgo de robo flexibilizaron los límites de cosecha propuestos de 1.26 a 2.75 haces de leña en respuesta a la misma disminución percibida del bosque. Por lo tanto, las altas tasas de competencia entre grupos y pérdida de manglares estaban impulsando un aumento, que se auto reforzaba, en las preferencias de aprovechamiento insostenibles en los bosques comunitarios de este sistema. Este hallazgo muestra un mecanismo por el cual el creciente deterioro ambiental puede hacer que las comunidades renuncien a las prácticas de conservación, en lugar de adoptarlas, como a menudo se supone en gran parte de la planificación de la conservación basada en la comunidad. Sin embargo, también encontramos que cuando existían límites efectivos, los individuos estaban dispuestos a restringir sus propias cosechas para frenar esa disminución percibida.

Community engagement and power dynamics in conservation philanthropy grant making.

Funding decisions influence where, how, and by whom conservation is pursued globally. In the context of growing calls for more participatory, Indigenous-led, and socially just conservation, we undertook the first empirical investigation of how philanthropic foundations working in marine conservation globally engage communities in grant-making decisions. We paid particular attention to whether and how community engagement practices reinforce or disrupt existing power dynamics. We conducted semistructured remote interviews with 46 individuals from 32 marine conservation foundations to identify how conservation foundations engage communities in setting their priorities and deciding which organizations and projects to fund. We found that community engagement in foundation decision-making was limited in practice. Eleven of the 32 foundations reported some form of community engagement in funding decisions. Two of these foundations empowered communities to shape funding priorities and projects through strong forms of engagement. Many engagement practices were one way, one time, or indirect and confined to certain points in decision-making processes. These weaker practices limited community input and reinforced unequal power relations, which may undermine the legitimacy, equity, and effectiveness of conservation efforts. We suggest that foundations aim for stronger forms of community engagement and reflect on how their grant-making practices affect power relations between foundations and communities.

Participación comunitaria y dinámicas de poder en la concesión de subsidios para la filantropía de la conservación Resumen Realizamos la primera investigación empírica sobre la forma en que las fundaciones filantrópicas que trabajan con la conservación marina a nivel mundial involucran a las comunidades en las decisiones para la concesión de subsidios. Prestamos especial atención a cómo y si las prácticas de participación ciudadana refuerzan o interrumpen las dinámicas de poder existentes. Entrevistamos de forma remota a 46 individuos de 32 fundaciones de conservación marina para identificar cómo las fundaciones de conservación involucran a las comunidades para establecer sus prioridades y decidir cuáles organizaciones y proyectos financiar. Encontramos que la participación comunitaria en las decisiones de financiamiento estaba limitada en la práctica. Once de las 32 fundaciones reportaron algún tipo de participación ciudadana en sus decisiones de financiamiento. Dos de estas fundaciones empoderaron a las comunidades para que formaran las prioridades de financiamiento y a los proyectos por medio de una participación sólida. Muchas de las prácticas de participación eran de una manera, de una vez o indirectas y confinadas a ciertos puntos en el proceso de decisión. Estas prácticas más débiles limitaron la aportación comunitaria y reforzaron las relaciones desiguales de poder, lo que puede debilitar la legitimidad, equidad y eficiencia de los esfuerzos de conservación. Sugerimos que las fundaciones busquen maneras más sólidas de involucrar a la comunidad y reflexionen sobre el efecto de sus prácticas de concesión de subsidios sobre las relaciones de poder entre las fundaciones y las comunidades.

Uso y conocimiento tradicional de plantas medicinales en comunidades de Villa Corzo, Chiapas, México / Use and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in communities of Villa Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico

The use and knowledge of native and naturalized medicinal plants were evaluated in four communities of Villa Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. The information was obtained through semi - structured surveys conducted with 1 18 people of different age and gender categories. To determine the most important plant species, indexes of value and frequency of use were generated. Seventy - nine species of 49 families were recorded, as well as their use in the treatment of various disea ses according to local knowledge. The species with the highest value of use were Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Verbena officinalis L. (verbena), Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) and Psidium guajava L. (guava). (guava). The most important families by number of specie s used were, in order of importance: Asteraceae and Rutaceae with five species Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae with four species each.

Se evaluaron el uso y conocimiento de las plantas medicinales nativas y naturalizadas en cuatro comunidades de Villa Corzo, Chiapas, México. La información se obtuvo a través de encuestas semiestructuradas realizadas a 118 personas de distintas categorías de edad y género. Para determinar las especies de plantas más importantes se generaron índices de valor y frecuencia de uso. Se registraron 79 especies de 49 familias, así como su uso en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades de acuerdo al conocimiento local. Las especies con mayor valor de uso fueron Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (sábila), Verbena officinalis L. (verbena), Ocimum basilicum L. (albahaca) y Psidium guajava L. (guayaba). Las familias más importantes por el número de especies utilizadas fueron, en orden de importancia: Asteraceae y Rutaceae con cinco especies, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae y Rosaceae con cuatro especies cada una.

[Evolution of smoking prevalence in Spain and its 17 autonomous regions (1987-2020)]. / Evolución de la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en España y sus 17 comunidades autónomas (1987-2020).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous monitoring of smoking prevalence is essential to understand the evolution of the tobacco epidemic in a population. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of smoking prevalence in Spain and its 17 Autonomous Regions (ARs) in population ≥15 years during the period 1987-2020. METHODS: Tobacco consumption data were derived from the National Health Survey of Spain and the European Health Survey in Spain. A smoker was defined as a person who smoked at the time of the survey. The trend in prevalences by sex in Spain and its ARs was analyzed by applying joinpoint models. Age-standardized prevalences were calculated for Spain by applying the direct method. RESULTS: In Spain, the prevalence of consumption decreased 29 percentage points in men and 4.5 in women between 1987-2020. In men, the smoking prevalence decreased in all the ARs and the absolute change varied between -19.5% in the Balearic Islands and -33.9% in Andalusia. In women, the evolution of smoking prevalence differed between ARs. The absolute change varied between -15.4% in Basque Country and 0.5% in Andalusia. CONCLUSIONS: The number of men and women smokers has decreased in Spain between 1987-2020. Different patterns of evolution of the prevalence of consumption are observed among the ARs, especially among women. This reinforces the need for policies adapted to more local contexts and that take into account the gender perspective.

Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the faunaparticularly insectsassociated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile) / Insetos associados a lagoas temporárias em Huentelauquén (29ºS Região de Coquimbo, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Movilidades y experiencia escolar en la periferia urbana de Córdoba, Argentina / Mobilities and School Experience in the Urban Periphery of Córdoba, Argentina / Mobilidades e Experiência Escolar na Periferia Urbana de Córdoba, Argentina

(analítico) Se analizan las intersecciones entre territorio, movilidades y experiencias educativas de jóvenes de un barrio periférico de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. A partir de un abordaje etnográfico, basado en observaciones, talleres de mapeo territorial y entrevistas grupales con estudiantes de nivel secundario, damos cuenta de una monopolización de tiempos y espacios por parte de la escuela, que inhibe su participación en otras esferas sociales significativas. Desde la perspectiva juvenil, la escuela asume una connotación paradojal: es un «buen lugar» para estar, aunque también un ámbito que no satisface demandas específicas relativas a la salud, el respeto a la diversidad y el reconocimiento. El papel de las/os educadoras/es no es impugnado, tanto como el modo en que muchas/os están pudiendo hacer frente a dichas demandas.

(analytical) This paper analyzes the intersections between territory, mobilities, and educational experiences of youngsters from a peripheral neighborhood in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. Through an ethno-graphic approach based on observations, territorial mapping workshops, and group interviews with secondary level students, we account for a monopolization of time and space by the school, which inhibits their participation in other significant social spheres. From the youth perspective, the school assumes a paradoxical connotation: it is a «good place» to be, although it is also an environment that does not meet specific demands related to health, respect for diversity, and recognition. The role of educators is not contested, as much as the way in which many of them are able to meet these demands.

(analítico) O trabalho analisa as interseções entre território, mobilidade e experiências educacionais de jovens de um bairro periférico da cidade de Córdoba, Argentina. Através de uma abordagem etnográfica baseada em observações, oficinas de mapeamento territorial e entrevistas em grupo com estudantes do ensino medio, reconhecemos uma monopolização do tempo e do espaço pela escola, o que inibe sua participação em outras esferas sociais significativas. Do ponto de vista dos jovens, a escola assume uma conotação paradoxal: é um «bom lugar» para estar, embora também seja um ambiente que não atende às demandas específicas relacionadas à saúde, respeito à diversidade e reconhecimento. O papel dos educadores não é contestado, assim como a maneira como muitos deles estão lidando com essas demandas.

The willingness to forgive among the Wayuu and among people from other indigenous communities in Colombia

Introduction/Objectives: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.

Introducción/Objetivos: La voluntad de perdonar ha sido estudiada en diferentes situaciones, sin embargo, no existen estudios publicados en Colombia con población indígena y teniendo en cuenta su cosmovisión. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar la voluntad a perdonar de personas de diversas minorías étnicas en Colombia como la comunidad Embera, Nasa, Pijao, Kaamash-Hu y centrándose en particular en la comunidad Wayuu. Método: Se presentaron una serie de escenarios a una muestra de 159 adultos indígenas (30% hombres) de entre 18 y 76 años. Dichos escenarios describían una situación común en la que una huerta era dañada por animales domésticos de un vecino. Se manipularon tres factores en cada escenario: la gravedad del daño, el nivel de descuido del dueño de los animales y, las explicaciones y el comportamiento de disculpa del dueño de los animales. Resultados: El análisis de clústeres arrojó cinco posiciones cualitativamente diferentes: Nunca perdona bajo ninguna circunstancia (6% de la muestra, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Embera), Depende de las disculpas y del descuido (15%), Depende de las disculpas, las consecuencias y el descuido (30%, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Kaamash-Hu), y Casi siempre perdona (36%, principalmente personas de la comunidad Wayuu). Conclusiones: Por tanto, existe una convergencia entre los resultados de este estudio y las observaciones antropológicas que condujeron a la decisión de la Unesco de considerar el sistema de justicia restaurativa de la comunidad Wayuu como un patrimonio inalterable.

Distribution of diversity of fishes in an Andean fluvial network

Introduction: The distribution of freshwater fishes in the Colombian Andes results from the interaction between historical and recent factors. Currently, the Andean landscape is facing rapid transformation processes. However, the knowledge regarding species distribution and environmental requirements is advancing slower than the transformations underway in the fluvial networks. Objective: To understand the conformation of the fish assemblage in the middle and lower Cauca River basin, considering the local environmental context before the construction of the Ituango Dam, and quantifying β diversity and its two components (turnover and nestedness) amongst local fish communities. Methods: 58 localities were monitored during nine years (between February 2010 and November 2018), the period before the dam's operation. The species richness (α-diversity), species turnover (β-diversity), and assemblage composition were estimated for the given localities. Results: 114 species were recorded, representing ~ 49 % of the total richness of known species for the Magdalena basin. The richness distribution showed that the number of species varies among the aquatic environments. Swamps presented the most significant number of species, followed by the Cauca River, while streams had the lowest values of richness. The spatial analyses of β-diversity revealed a high variation component in the study area due to species replacement between the aquatic environments. Conclusions: The implementation of long-term monitoring allowed us to recognize that the Cauca River basin conserves a great variety of species-rich environments. The species turnover indicates a high proportion of endemism or multiple sites with unique species. Finally, our study will serve as a baseline to verify, over time, whether the dam's construction is associated with essential changes in the structure of fish communities.

Introducción: La distribución de los peces de agua dulce en los Andes colombianos es el resultado de la interacción entre factores históricos y recientes. Actualmente, el paisaje Andino enfrenta procesos de rápida transformación. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la distribución de las especies y sus requerimientos ambientales no avanza tan rápido como las transformaciones en curso en las redes fluviales. Objetivo: Comprender la conformación del ensamble de peces en la cuenca media y baja del río Cauca, considerando el contexto ambiental local antes de la construcción de la represa de Ituango, y cuantificar la diversidad beta y sus dos componentes (recambio y anidamiento) entre las comunidades de peces locales. Métodos: Se analizaron 58 localidades durante nueve años (entre febrero 2010 y noviembre 2018), período previo a la operación de la represa. La riqueza de especies (diversidad α), el recambio de especies (diversidad β) y la composición del conjunto se estimaron para las localidades dadas. Resultados: Se registraron 114 especies, que representan ~ 49 % de la riqueza total de especies conocidas para la cuenca del Magdalena. La distribución de la riqueza mostró que el número de especies varía entre los ambientes acuáticos. Las ciénagas presentaron el mayor número de especies, seguidas por el río Cauca, mientras que las quebradas presentaron los valores más bajos de riqueza. Los análisis espaciales de la diversidad β revelaron un alto componente de variación en el área de estudio debido al reemplazo de especies entre los ambientes acuáticos. Conclusiones: La implementación del monitoreo a largo plazo permitió reconocer que la cuenca del río Cauca conserva una gran variedad de ambientes ricos en especies. El recambio de especies indica una alta proporción de endemismo o múltiples sitios con especies únicas. Finalmente, nuestro estudio servirá como línea base para verificar, con el tiempo, si la construcción de la represa está asociada con cambios esenciales en la estructura de las comunidades de peces.

Evolución de la tendencia de búsqueda en España de los términos “Ansiedad”, “Depresión” y “Suicidio” entre 2019 y 2022: Antes, durante y después de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Evolution of the search trend in Spain for the terms “Anxiety”, “Depression” and “Suicide” between 2019 and 2022: Before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha incrementado la prevalencia de la ansiedad, la depresión y el suicidio en la mayoría de los países. La utilización de herramientas como Google Trends ha mostrado su eficacia en el seguimiento de diferentes enfermedades y trastornos mentales, con la posibilidad de mejorar la respuesta sanitaria. En esta investigación se analizó la evolución de las tendencias de búsqueda de los términos “Ansiedad”, “Depresión” y “Suicidio” en las comunidades autónomas españolas entre 2019 y 2022. Método: Se utilizó la herramienta Google Trends para la obtención del Volumen Relativo de Búsqueda (VRB). Resultados: El VRB para “Ansiedad” se incrementó en 2020 y se mantuvo estable y moderado hasta 2022, mientras que para “Depresión” se mostró un incremento solo en 2022. Por otro lado, el VRB para “Suicidio” se redujo progresivamente de 2019 a 2022. Las comunidades que mostraron mayores niveles en VRB para “Ansiedad” y “Depresión” fueron Asturias y Aragón, que partían en 2019 con niveles altos que mantuvieron en los años posteriores. Mientras que Extremadura fue la comunidad que mayor progresión mostró, llegando a 2022 con niveles altos en ansiedad y depresión. Respecto al “Suicidio”, Castilla y León, Cantabria, Murcia y Andalucía, fueron las comunidades que tuvieron mayor VRB, si bien todas las comunidades mostraron disminuciones progresivas de 2019 a 2022. Conclusiones: Estudios que analicen las tendencias de búsqueda podrían ser útiles en determinadas situaciones de emergencia, facilitando la implementación de intervenciones preventivas y adaptadas a cada comunidad, que podrían atenuar el impacto sobre la salud mental.(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of anxiety, depression and suicide in most countries. The use of tools such as Google Trends has shown to be effective in monitoring different mental illnesses and disorders, with the potential to improve the health response. In this research we analyse the evolution of search trends for the terms “Anxiety”, “Depression” and “Suicide” in the Spanish autonomous communities between 2019 and 2022. Method: We used the Google Trends tool to obtain the Relative Search Volume (RSV). Results: The RSV of “Anxiety” increased in 2020 and remained stable and moderate until 2022, while “Depression” showed an increase only in 2022. On the other hand, the RSV of “Suicide” decreased progressively from 2019 to 2022. The communities that showed the highest levels of RSV for “Anxiety” and “Depression” were Asturias and Aragon, which started in 2019 with high levels that they maintained in the following years. While Extremadura was the community that showed the greatest progression, arriving in 2022 with high levels of anxiety and depression. Regarding “Suicide”, Castilla and León, Cantabria, Murcia and Andalusia, were the Communities with the highest RSV, although all communities showed progressive decreases from 2019 to 2022. Conclusions: Studies that analyse search trends could be useful in certain emergency situations, facilitating the implementation of preventive interventions adapted to each community, which could mitigate the impact on mental health.(AU)

Implications of the scale of detection for inferring co-occurrence patterns from paired camera traps and acoustic recorders.

Multifunctional landscapes that support economic activities and conservation of biological diversity (e.g., cattle ranches with native forest) are becoming increasingly important because small remnants of native forest may comprise the only habitat left for some wildlife species. Understanding the co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors, such as poaching activity and domesticated ungulates, is key to successful management of multifunctional landscapes. Tools to measure co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors include camera traps and autonomous acoustic recording units. We paired 52 camera-trap stations with acoustic recorders to investigate the association between 2 measures of disturbance (poaching and cattle) and wild ungulates present in multifunctional landscapes of the Colombian Orinoquía. We used joint species distribution models to investigate species-habitat associations and species-disturbance correlations. One model was fitted using camera-trap data to detect wild ungulates and disturbance factors, and a second model was fitted after replacing camera-trap detections of disturbance factors with their corresponding acoustic detections. The direction, significance, and precision of the effect of covariates depended on the sampling method used for disturbance factors. Acoustic monitoring typically resulted in more precise estimates of the effects of covariates and of species-disturbance correlations. Association patterns between wildlife and disturbance factors were found only when disturbance was detected by acoustic recorders. Camera traps allowed us to detect nonvocalizing species, whereas audio recording devices increased detection of disturbance factors leading to more precise estimates of co-occurrence patterns. The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) co-occurred with disturbance factors and are conservation priorities due to the greater risk of poaching or disease transmission from cattle.

Implicaciones de la escala de detección para inferir los patrones de coocurrencia a partir de fototrampas y grabaciones emparejadas Resumen Los paisajes multifuncionales que sostienen actividades económicas y la conservación de la biodiversidad (p. ej., ganadería en bosques nativos) son cada vez más importantes porque los pequeños reductos de bosque nativo podrían comprender el único hábitat disponible para algunas especies de fauna. Es importante entender la coocurrencia entre la fauna y los factores de perturbación, como la actividad furtiva y los ungulados domésticos, para tener un manejo exitoso de los paisajes multifuncionales. Las herramientas que miden esta relación incluyen las fototrampas y las unidades autónomas de grabaciones acústicas. Emparejamos 52 estaciones de fototrampas con grabadoras acústicas para investigar la asociación entre dos medidas de perturbación (actividad furtiva y ganado) y los ungulados silvestres presentes en los paisajes multifuncionales de la Orinoquía colombiana. Usamos modelos conjuntos de distribución de especies para investigar las asociaciones especie-hábitat y las correlaciones especie-perturbación. Ajustamos un modelo con datos de fototrampeo para detectar ungulados silvestres y factores de perturbación; un segundo modelo fue ajustado después de reemplazar las detecciones por fototrampas de los factores de perturbación con las detecciones acústicas correspondientes. La dirección, importancia y precisión del efecto de las covarianzas dependió del método de muestreo usado para los factores de perturbación. El monitoreo acústico casi siempre resultó en estimaciones más precisas de los efectos de las covarianzas y de las correlaciones especie-perturbación. Los patrones de asociación entre la fauna y los factores de perturbación sólo se presentaron cuando las grabadoras acústicas detectaron la perturbación. Las fototrampas nos permitieron detectar especies que no vocalizan, mientras que las grabaciones de audio incrementaron la detección de factores de perturbación, lo que resultó en estimados más precisos de los patrones de coocurrencia. El pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu), el tapir (Tapirus terrestris) y el venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) tuvieron coocurrencia con los factores de perturbación y tienen prioridad de conservación debido al mayor riesgo de caza furtiva o transmisión de enfermedades del ganado.

"Nessa rua, nessa rua falta proteção": uma revisão de escopo sobre crianças e adolescentes, em situação de rua no Brasil

O aumento de crianças e adolescentes vivendo nas ruas é crescente. Objetivo: investigar a extensão, alcance e natureza dos estudos com crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua no Brasil. Percurso metodológico: revisão de escopo, que utilizou as bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, BVS, PudMed e o indexador Scielo para as consultas. As diretrizes do PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta) foram seguidas para sistematizar o processo de inclusão dos estudos, bem como o acrônimo PCC (P= população; C= conceito; C= contexto) para a questão orientadora. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes era composta por negros/pretos, do sexo masculino; com situação familiar de desemprego, chefiadas por mulheres; com baixa escolaridade e uso de drogas. Discussões: a intersetorialidade é imperativa para o engendramento de novos lugares a serem ocupados por essa população, além da rua e do risco social. A rua é um lugar de passagem, mas também território de cuidado às pessoas que nela permanecem.

Identificación del virus de hepatitis delta genotipo 3 en comunidades andinas y amazónicas del Perú

Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis delta (VHD) es el causante de la forma más severa de la hepatitis viral humana, se asocia con un riesgo alto de fibrosis al hígado y carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC). Existen 8 genotipos del VHD con diferente distribución geográfica. Objetivos. Identificar los genotipos del VHD circulante en Huanta y tres pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía peruana. Métodos. Estudio observacional y transversal, realizado en 582 muestras reactivas para anti-HBc del VHB. Por el método nRT-PCR se procesaron todos los anti VHD positivos, el genotipo fue determinado mediante secuenciamiento directo tipo Sanger y análisis filogenético del fragmento R0. Se utilizaron 111 secuencias de referencia del GenBank. Las 42 secuencias del estudio fueron editadas y ensambladas con programas bioinformáticos. El análisis filogenético y evolutivo se realizó con los programas: Beast V2.5.2, Jmodeltest v2.1.10, Tracer v1.7.1, Tree Annotator y Figtree v1.4.4. Se utilizaron los modelos Bayesianos Yule y Birth Death skyline serial, el MCMC en 30 y 80 millones respectivamente, con el relaxed uncorrelated Exponential molecular clock. Se calcularon las medidas de resumen y de tendencia central utilizando el programa en STATA 14.0. Resultados. La media de la edad fue de 38 años, el 52,8% fueron mujeres. 101 muestras fueron positivas para anticuerpos anti-VHD. El ARN del VHD fue detectado en el 49,5% de las muestras reactivas a ELISA anti-VHD. El análisis filogenético determinó la presencia del genotipo 3. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la presencia del genotipo 3 del VHD en comunidades andinas y amazónicas del Perú.

Introduction. The Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is the cause of the most severe form of human viral hepatitis and is associated with a high risk of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are 8 HDV genotypes with different geographic distribution. Objectives. To identify the genotypes of VHD circulating in Huanta and three indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. Methods. Observational and cross-sectional study, from 582 reactive samples for anti-HBc-HBV. Anti-HDV positive samples were processed with the nRT-PCR method, genotype was determined by direct Sanger-type sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the R0 fragment. 111 reference sequences from GenBank were used. The 42 sequences of the study were edited y assembled with the bioinformatics programs. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis was performed with the following software: Beast v2.5.2, Jmodeltest v2.1.10, Tracer v1.7.1, Tree Annotator and Figtree v1.4.4. The Bayesian Yule and Birth Death skyline serial models were used, the MCMC at 30 and 80 million respectively, with the relaxed uncorrelated Exponential molecular clock. Summary and central tendency measures were calculated using the program in STATA 14.0. Results. The mean age was 38 years, 52.8% were women. 101 samples were positive for anti-HDV antibodies. HDV RNA was detected in 49.5% of the anti-HDV ELISA reactive samples. Phylogenetic analysis determined the presence of genotype 3. Conclusions. The presence of HDV genotype 3 in Andean and Amazonian communities of Peru is evidenced.

Conceptualización y usos de las categorías etnia y raza en el análisis de salud para población afrocolombiana

Objetivo: El propósito del estudio fue analizar la conceptualización y el uso que se hace, desde el sector de la salud, de las categorías etnia y raza para esta población en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de tipo cualitativo. El corpus estuvo constituido por el apartado "2.3. Marco estratégico intercultural con las comunidades negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras" del capítulo 8 del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2022-2031 de Colombia y un texto en una revista médica. De los documentos seleccionados se analizaron puntos de vista y argumentos. Resultados: El estudio encontró que para la población afro en el sector salud hay, por lo menos, cuatro usos y conceptualizaciones de su etnia y raza: una considera esta como un determinante social, otra como un gradiente biológico, mientras los otros dos pueden ser complementarios, al considerar, la tercera, a la etnia afro como un hecho político, legal, que favorece un enfoque diferencial en salud; y la última, como una cultura con huella ancestral africana. Conclusión: En cuanto se considere la etnia y raza de los afrodescendientes como un gradiente biológico, se fortalecerán intervenciones individuales y biológicas; si, por el contrario, se asume un determinante social, se hará énfasis en aspectos que mejoren su calidad de vida, la afirmación de su ancestralidad en salud o el hecho político. Además, sin que se reconozcan las condiciones históricas y actuales de exclusión de esta población, no se podrá comprender e incidir en su situación de salud.

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the conceptualization and use (from the health sector) of the ethnicity and race variables for this population in Colombia. Methodology: This is a qualitative-type study. The corpus consisted of the section "2.3. Intercultural strategic framework with black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquera communities" from chapter 8 of the Colombian Ten-Year Public Health Plan 2022-2031 and a text in a medical journal. Points of view and arguments were analyzed from the selected documents. Results: The study found that, for the Afro population in the health sector, there are at least four uses and conceptualizations of their ethnicity and race: one considers this as a social determinant, another as a biological gradient, while the other two may be complementary, when considering the third, the Afro ethnic group as a political, legal fact, which favors a differential approach in health; and the last one, as a culture with African ancestral traces Conclusion: As soon as the ethnicity and race of Afro-descendants is considered as a biological gradient, individual and biological interventions will be strengthened. If, on the contrary, a social determinant is assumed, the focus will be placed on aspects that improve their quality of life, the affirmation of their ancestry in health or the political fact. In addition, without acknowledging the historical and current conditions of exclusion of this population, it will not be possible to understand and influence their health situation.

Objetivo: O propósito do estudo foi analisar a conceptualização e o uso que se faz, desde o setor da saúde, das categorias etnia e raça para essa população na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo de tipo qualitativo. O corpus constituiu-se pelo parágrafo "2.3. Quadro estratégico intercultural com as comunidades negras, afro-colombianas, raizales e palenqueras" do capítulo 8 do Plano Decenal de Saúde Pública 2022-2031 da Colômbia e um texto em uma revista médica. Nos documentos selecionados foram analisados pontos de vista e argumentos. Resultados: O estudo encontrou que para a população afro no setor saúde há, pelo menos, quatro usos e conceptualizações de sua etnia e raça: um deles a considera como um determinante social; outro como um gradiente biológico; já os outros dois podem ser complementários, pois o terceiro considera a etnia afro como um fato político, legal, que favorece um enfoque diferencial em saúde; e, o último, como uma cultura com uma impronta ancestral africana. Conclusão: Sempre que a etnia e a raça dos afrodescendentes se considerem um gradiente biológico, serão fortalecidas intervenções individuais e biológicas; pelo contrário, se é compreendida como determinante social, haverá atenção especial em aspectos que melhorem sua qualidade de vida, a afirmação de sua ancestralidade em saúde ou o fato político. Além disso, sem o reconhecimento das condições históricas e atuais de exclusão dessa população, sua situação de saúde não poderá ser compreendida nem modificada.

Effects of seagrass restoration on coastal fish abundance and diversity.

Restoration is accelerating to reverse global declines of key habitats and recover lost ecosystem functions, particularly in coastal ecosystems. However, there is high uncertainty about the long-term capacity of restored ecosystems to provide habitat and increase biodiversity and the degree to which these ecosystem services are mediated by spatial and temporal environmental variability. We addressed these gaps by sampling fishes biannually for 5-7 years (2012-2018) at 16 sites inside and outside a rapidly expanding restored seagrass meadow in coastal Virginia (USA). Despite substantial among-year variation in abundance and species composition, seine catches in restored seagrass beds were consistently larger (6.4 times more fish, p < 0.001) and more speciose (2.6 times greater species richness, p < 0.001; 3.1 times greater Hill-Shannon diversity, p = 0.03) than seine catches in adjacent unvegetated areas. Catches were particularly larger during summer than autumn (p < 0.01). Structural equation modeling revealed that depth and water residence time interacted to control seagrass presence, leading to higher fish abundance and richness in shallow, well-flushed areas that supported seagrass. Together, our results indicate that seagrass restoration yields large and consistent benefits for many coastal fishes, but that restoration and its benefits are sensitive to the dynamic seascapes in which restoration is conducted. Consideration of how seascape-scale environmental variability affects the success of habitat restoration and subsequent ecosystem function will improve restoration outcomes and the provisioning of ecosystem services.

Efectos de la restauración de pastos marinos sobre la abundancia y diversidad de peces costeros Resumen La restauración ecológica está acelerándose para revertir la declinación mundial de hábitats importantes y para recuperar las funciones ambientales perdidas, particularmente en los ecosistemas costeros. Sin embargo, hay una gran incertidumbre en cuanto a la capacidad a largo plazo que tienen los ecosistemas restaurados de proporcionar hábitats e incrementar la biodiversidad y el grado al que estos servicios ambientales están mediados por la variabilidad ambiental espacial y temporal. Abordamos estos vacíos mediante el muestreo bianual de peces durante 5-7 años (2012-2018) en 16 sitios dentro y fuera de una pradera restaurada de pastos marinos con expansión acelerada en la costa de Virginia (E.U.A.). A pesar de la variación sustancial anual en abundancia y composición de especies, la captura de cerco en los lechos de pastos marinos restaurados fue mayor (6.4 veces más peces, p< 0.001) y con más especies (2.6 veces mayor riqueza de especies, p< 0.001; 3.1 veces mayor diversidad Hill-Shannon, p= 0.03) que la captura de cerco en las áreas aledañas sin vegetación. En particular, las capturas fueron mayores durante el verano que durante el otoño (p < 0.01). Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que la profundidad y el tiempo de residencia acuática interactúan para controlar la presencia de los pastos marinos, lo que resulta en una mayor abundancia y riqueza de peces en áreas someras con buena circulación que fomentan los pastos marinos. En conjunto, nuestros resultados indican que la restauración de los pastos marinos produce grandes beneficios constantes para muchos peces costeros, pero también que la restauración y sus beneficios son sensibles a la dinámica marina en la que se realiza la restauración. Si se considera cómo la variabilidad ambiental a escala de paisaje afecta el éxito de la restauración del hábitat y la función ambiental subsecuente, entonces mejorarán los resultados de restauración y el suministro de servicios ambientales.

Círculos de la palabra con líderes vecinales: sistematización de la experiencia

Se realizó una sistematización de la experiencia de: "círculos de la palabra" con líderes barriales del municipio de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia entre 2016 y 2019, con base en los lineamientos de los autores: Jara, Ghiso y Verger. La experiencia permitió identificar tres hitos: "conocernos, el acompañamiento y los sueños", "sujetos de conocimiento" y "la experiencia construida socialmente". Los círculos de la palabra se configuraron para dar a los líderes de las comunidades un espacio donde tener voz y promover la reflexión movilizadora, construir tejidos y crear redes sociales de apoyo para conseguir un buen vivir.

A systematization of the experience titled: "word circles" with neighborhood leaders in Villamaría - Caldas (Colombia) between 2016 and 2019, was conduc ted based on Jara, Ghiso, and Verger guidelines. This experience allowed to iden tify three milestones: "getting to know each other, accompaniment and dreams," "subjects of knowledge," and "experience socially constructed". The word circles were created to provide to community leaders a place where they may have a voice and to foster mobilizing reflection, to build social fabric, and creating support networks to achieve a good life.

El pueblo indígena mapuche en argentina, 1992-2022: treinta años de revitalización de la identidad, movilizaciones e interpelación al estado

El pueblo mapuche es uno de los grupos originarios de mayor importancia y nivel de conocimiento público en los países del Cono Sur de América del Sur, tanto en Chile como en Argentina, con crecientes conflictos con propietarios privados y algunos niveles estatales. Nos proponemos abordar las movilizaciones y repercusiones públicas de este pueblo a partir del accionar de sus movimientos y comunidades asentados en la zona del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi y áreas aledañas, en la región cordillerana de las provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro, en la Patagonia argentina. Daremos cuenta del recorrido en este periodo de 1992 hasta el presente, en el cual el pueblo mapuche se va transformando en un sujeto social y político. Analizaremos estos aspectos a la luz de las diversas transformaciones socioeconómicas y los efectos de la aplicación de las diferentes políticas públicas y legislaciones.

The Mapuche people are one of the most important and publicly known indigenous groups in the Southern Cone countries of South America, both in Chile and Argentina, and they have increasingly taken part in conflicts with private landowners and some levels of government. This article addresses the mobilizations and public repercussions of the actions of the Mapuche people, looking into their movements and communities set in the Nahuel Huapi National Park and surrounding areas, in the mountainous region of the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro, in Argentine Patagonia. We will account for the period between 1992 and the present, during which the Mapuche people become a social and political subject. We will analyze these aspects in the light of the various socioeconomic transformations and the effects of the application of different public policies and legislations.

La estigmatización de las comunidades gitanas en la pandemia de gripe española. Un estudio de caso a través de la provincia de Bizkaia en 1918 / The stigmatisation of gypsy communities in the spanish flu pandemic. A case study across the province of bizkaia in 1918

La pandemia de gripe española que tuvo lugar entre 1918 y 1920 ha sido profundamente estudiada desde numerosas perspectivas. Sin embargo, existen efectos sociales de la pandemia que todavía no se han explorado lo suficiente. La estigmatización y discriminación de ciertos grupos significados étnicamente como los gitanos fueron producto de las medidas profilácticas aplicadas para poner freno a la extensión del virus. La circulación y presencia de las comunidades gitanas sirvieron como argumento para explicar en ocasiones los desastres sociosanitarios. Por medio del estudio concreto de la provincia de Bizkaia este artículo pretende profundizar en la dimensión social del conflicto y, al mismo tiempo, analizar el encaje de los gitanos ante la situación de crisis sanitaria que dio lugar a discursos y prácticas dirigidas al control de estos grupos étnicos que históricamente han contraído relaciones complejas con las regulaciones gubernativas.(AU)

The Spanish flu pandemic that took place between 1918 and 1920 has been studied from various perspectives. However, there are social effects of the pandemic that have not yet been sufficiently explored. The stigmatization and discrimination of certain ethnically significant groups such as gypsies were the product of the prophylactic measures applied to stop the spread of the virus. The circulation and presence of the Roma communities served as an argument to explain some social and health problems. Through the specific study of the province of Biscay, this article aims to analyze the social dimension of the conflict and, at the same time, study the situation of these Roma communities in this health crisis. During the pandemic, discourses and practices aimed at controlling these ethnic groups were generated. These have historically had complex relationships with government regulations.(AU)