Wave Impedance Determination for PCB SIWs Considering Metal Roughness Loss Effects.

This paper presents an expression to determine the complex wave impedance of a substrate-integrated waveguide for the dominant TE10 propagation mode, notably enhancing the accuracy in modeling the corresponding imaginary part. This was accomplished by systematically identifying the need to consider additional conductor losses caused by the interaction of the propagating fields with the conductor material. In fact, by using the proposed expression, the complex impedance can straightforwardly be determined by combining propagation constant data, and the resistance that represents the loss associated with longitudinal currents occurring at the top and bottom walls, which are influenced by the conductor surface roughness. This allows for completely describing the characteristics of the waveguide when assuming uniform propagation along its length. Furthermore, since the voltage-current, the power-current, and the power-voltage impedances can easily be obtained from the wave impedance, the proposal enables representing the matching characteristics of the waveguide for circuit design purposes. An agreement between simulated and experimental insertion loss is achieved for substrate-integrated waveguides of two different widths when reconstructing the corresponding S-parameters using the determined wave impedance.

Exploring Mixed Ionic-Electronic-Conducting PVA/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels as Channel Materials for Organic Electrochemical Transistors.

Here, we report the preparation and evaluation of PVA/PEDOT:PSS-conducting hydrogels working as channel materials for OECT applications, focusing on the understanding of their charge transport and transfer properties. Our conducting hydrogels are based on crosslinked PVA with PEDOT:PSS interacting via hydrogen bonding and exhibit an excellent swelling ratio of ~180-200% w/w. Our electrochemical impedance studies indicate that the charge transport and transfer processes at the channel material based on conducting hydrogels are not trivial compared to conducting polymeric films. The most relevant feature is that the ionic transport through the swollen hydrogel is clearly different from the transport through the solution, and the charge transfer and diffusion processes govern the low-frequency regime. In addition, we have performed in operando Raman spectroscopy analyses in the OECT devices supported by first-principle computational simulations corroborating the doping/de-doping processes under different applied gate voltages. The maximum transconductance (gm~1.05 µS) and maximum volumetric capacitance (C*~2.3 F.cm-3) values indicate that these conducting hydrogels can be promising candidates as channel materials for OECT devices.

Temperature-dependent potential for the molecular dynamics of the superionic conductor ß-PbF2.

Molecular dynamic (MD) calculations were performed to investigate the thermodynamic and structural properties of lead fluoride (PbF2) by using a proposed inter-ionic temperature-dependent potential. This potential allows calculating with high precision the linear thermal expansivity and the lattice parameter as a temperature function. In addition, the potential can be represented as a sum of two contributions, a temperature-independent potential added to another temperature-dependent potential, considered last as a correction justified by the one-dimensional Newtonian quantum equation. Two fitting regions were considered, the first region from 300 to 700 K and the other one from 700 to 900 K. These regions arise naturally due to the smooth and continuous transition that PbF2 undergoes until it reaches the superionic state and, allows us to model with high precision the anomaly in the dependence of the lattice parameter with the temperature of this material, a feature that until now under the molecular dynamic method has not been studied. These results are all in good agreement with the experimental measurements.

Estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamento de jovens universitários condutores / Parenting styles, impulsivity and behavior of young university drivers / Estilos parentales, impulsividad y comportamientos de jóvenes conductores universitarios

Devido à alta taxa de jovens envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as relações entre estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamentos de direção em uma amostra de 292 jovens adultos. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Inventário de Estilos Parentais, do Questionário do Comportamento do motorista e da Escala de Impulsividade de Barrat. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação negativa (p < 0,01) entre estilos maternos positivos com o comportamento de risco no trânsito e uma correlação positiva (p < 0,01) entre impulsividade e comportamento de risco, de forma que o baixo controle inibitório apresentou interação com práticas parentais negativas e associação significativa (p = 0,04) com erros, lapsos e violações no trânsito. Os modelos de regressão linear múltipla apontaram que os estilos parentais e a impulsividade são preditores do comportamento de risco do motorista.

Due to the high rate of young adults involved in traffic accidents, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relations among parenting styles, impulsiveness and driving behaviour in a sample of 292 young adults. Data was collected using the Parenting Style Inventory, the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The results showed a negative correlation (p <0.01) between positive maternal styles with traffic risk behaviour and a positive correlation (p <0.01) between impulsiveness and risk behaviour, with low inhibitory control showing interaction with negative parenting practices and statistically significant association (p = 0.04) with errors, lapses and traffic violations. Multiple linear regression models indicate that parenting styles and impulsivity are predictors of risk behaviour in drivers.

Debido a la alta tasa de jóvenes involucrados en accidentes de tránsito, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las relaciones entre los estilos parentales, impulsividad y comportamientos de dirección en una muestra de 292 adultos jóvenes adultos. Los datos se recopilaron a través del Inventario de Estilos Parentales, Cuestionario de Comportamiento del Conductor y Escala de Impulsividad de Barrat. Los resultados presentaron una correlación negativa (p <0.01) entre estilos maternos positivos con el comportamiento de riesgo en el tránsito y una correlación positiva (p <0.01) entre impulsividad y comportamiento de riesgo, de forma que el bajo control inhibitorio presentó interacción con prácticas parentales negativas y asociación significativa (p = 0.04) con errores, lapsos y violaciones de tránsito. Los modelos de regresión linear múltipla apuntaron que los estilos parentales y la impulsividad son predictores del comportamiento de riesgo del conductor.

"I Drive Well, the Problem is the Other Driver": A Study About the Self-Assessment of the Ability to Drive / "Yo Conduzco Bien, el Problema es el Otro": Un Estudio Sobre la Autoevaluación de la Capacidad de Conducir

Abstract This study aims to verify the self-evaluation that people make about their ability to drive and investigate whether there is a difference between self-evaluation and evaluation about their friends' abilities. To this end, 151 people answered three different questionnaires, one questionnaire about driving abilities (self-evaluation and evaluation of friends), the Driver's Behavior Questionnaire and a socio-demographic questionnaire The sample consisted of 50.3% of males with a mean age of 25.32 years (SD = 1.66). As a result, self-evaluation was positively correlated with age, evaluation of friend, weekly driving hours, Common Violations, and Aggressive Violations. In addition, there was significant difference between evaluation by sex: males carry out self-assessments in a more positive way. It was also found that people evaluate themselves better than they evaluate their friends. From this research, it is possible to think the target audience that would most benefit from an intervention to reduce self-evaluation, that is, men, people over 24 years old, and people who have more driving experience.

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo verificar la autoevaluación que las personas hacen sobre su capacidad para conducir y si hay diferencia entre la autoevaluación y la evaluación de las habilidades de sus amigos. Fueron aplicados tres instrumentos, un cuestionario sobre habilidades de conducción (autoevaluación y evaluación de amigos), el Driver's Behavior Questionnaire y un cuestonario sociodemográfico. Participaron 151 personas (50.3% hombres) con una edad media de 25.32 años (DE=1.66). Hubo una correlación positiva entre la autoevaluación y la edad; evaluación de amigos; horas semanales de conducción; violaciones ordinarias y violaciones agresivas. Además, hubo una diferencia significativa entre la evaluación por sexo: los hombres realizan autoevaluaciones de una manera más positiva. También se descubrió que las personas evalúan mejor a sí mismas de lo que evalúan a sus amigos. Así, es posible pensar en el público que se beneficiaría más de una intervención para reducir la autoevaluación: hombres, personas mayores de 24 años y personas que tienen más experiencia de conducción.

Power-over-Fiber LPIT for Voltage and Current Measurements in the Medium Voltage Distribution Networks.

In this work, we present the design, laboratory tests, and the field trial results of a power-over-fiber (PoF) low power instrument transformer (LPIT) for voltage and current measurements in the medium voltage distribution networks. The new proposed design of this power-over-fiber LPIT aims to overcome the drawbacks presented by the previous technologies, such as the continuous operation (measuring and data transmission) for a wide current range conducted in the medium voltage transmission lines, damage due to lightning strikes, accuracy dependency on vibration, position and temperatures. The LPIT attends the accuracy criteria of IEC 61869-10 and IEC 61869-11 in terms of current and voltage accuracy and it attends the practical criteria adopted by Utilities companies including voltage measurements without removing the coating of the covered conductors. The PoF based LPIT was developed to be applied at 11.9 kV, 13.8 kV, and 23.0 kV phase-to-phase nominal voltages, and in two current ranges 1.25-30 A and 37.5-900 A. The digital data transmission of current, voltage, and temperature from the sensing unit to the processing unit uses a special synchronism technique and it is performed by two 62.5 µm multimode fibers in 850 nm. The optical powering in 976 nm is also performed by one 62.5 µm multimode fiber from the processing unit to the sensor unit. We presented all details of the sensor design and its laboratory characterization in terms of accuracy and temperature correction. We also presented the results of field tests of the sensor made in two different conditions: in a standard distribution network and an experimental hybrid fiber/power distribution network. We believe that these studies aim to incorporate optical fiber and devices, digital technologies, communications systems in electrical systems driving their evolution.

Prospective evaluation of micropulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation in refractory glaucoma: 1 year results / Avaliação prospectiva do laser de diodo micropulsado em pacientes com glaucoma refratário: resultados de um ano de seguimento

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness in in­traocular pressure reduction and safety of micropulse trans­scleral diode cyclophotocoagulation in refractory glaucoma. Methods: We prospectively evaluated a case series of 21 eyes of 21 consecutive patients with refractory glaucoma treated with micropulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation at 12-month follow-up. The total treatment time was at the discretion of the surgeon, considering baseline and target intraocular pressure and glaucoma diagnosis. Intraocular pressure, inflammation, visual acuity, and number of medications were monitored. Success was defined as intraocular pressure between 6 and 21 mmHg and/or 30% reduction from baseline intraocular pressure with or without the use of antiglaucoma medications. Visual acuity loss was defined as a loss of ≥2 lines of vision on the Snellen chart or a ≥2-level decrease in visual function in patients with nonmeasurable chart acuity. Results: The mean age was 61.04 ± 12.99 years, and 11 (52.4%) patients were male, with most (95%) patients showing low visual acuity at baseline (count fingers or worse). The mean intraocular pressure was 33.38 ± 15.95 mmHg, and the mean number of medications was 3.5 ± 1.1 at baseline. After 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, 76.19%, 57.14%, 55.56%, and 66.67%, respectively, of the patients were classified as treatment successes. Seven (33.3%) patients required new laser treatment and were considered treatment failures. The mean intraocular pressure reduction was 44.72% ± 29.72% in the first week and 41.59% ± 18.93% at the end of follow-up (p=0.006). The mean number of medications significantly dropped to 2.00 ± 1.7 at the 12-month visit (p=0.044). Complications included hypotony (4.8%), intraocular inflammation after 1 month (19%), and visual acuity loss (4.8%). Conclusions: Micropulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation was safe and effective for reducing intraocular pressure in eyes with refractory and advanced glaucoma, with reduced need for ocular antihypertensive medication.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia na redução da pressão intraocular e na segurança da ciclofotocoagulação com laser de diodo transescleral em glaucoma refratário. Métodos: Avaliamos prospectivamente uma série de casos de 21 olhos de 21 pacientes com glaucoma refratário tratados com ciclofotocoagulação com laser de diodo transescleral com acompanhamento por 12 meses. O tempo total de tratamento ficou a critério do cirurgião, considerando a pressão intraocular inicial e alvo e o tipo de glaucoma. Pressão intraocular, inflamação, acuidade visual e número de medicamentos foram monitorados. O sucesso foi definido como pressão intraocular entre 6 e 21 mmHg e/ou redução de 30% da pressão intraocular basal com ou sem o uso de medicamentos glaucomatosos. Perda da acuidade visual foi definida como perda de ≥2 linhas de visão na tabela de Snellen ou uma diminuição de ≥ 2 níveis na função visual em pacientes com acuidade do gráfico não mensurável. Resultados: A idade média foi de 61,04 ± 12,99 anos e 11 (52,4%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com a maioria (95%) dos pacientes apresentando baixa acuidade visual inicialmente (conta dedos ou pior). A pressão intraocular média foi de 33,38 ± 15,95 mmHg, e o número médio de medicamentos foi de 3,5 ± 1,1, no início do estudo. Após 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses, 76,19%, 57,14%, 55,56% e 66,67%, respectivamente, dos pacientes foram classificados como sucesso do tratamento. Sete (33,3%) pacientes necessitaram de novo tratamento com laser e foram considerados falhas no tratamento. A redução média da pressão intraocular foi de 44,72% ± 29,72% na primeira semana e 41,59% ± 18,93% no final do seguimento (p=0,006). O número médio de medicamentos diminuiu significativamente para 2,00 ± 1,7 na visita de 12 meses (p=0,044). As complicações incluíram hipotonia (4,8%), inflamação intraocular após 1 mês (19%) e perda de acuidade visual (4,8%). Conclusões: A ciclofotocoagulação com laser de diodo transescleral foi segura e eficaz para reduzir a pressão intraocular em olhos com glaucoma refratário e avançado, com necessidade reduzida de hipotensores oculares.

Adaptação Brasileira da Escala Clima Familiar para Segurança no Trânsito / Brazilian adaptation of the Family Climate Scale for Road Safety / Adaptación brasileña de la Escala Clima Familiar para la seguridad vial

Resumo (analítico): Esta pesquisa visa verificar evidências de validade da adaptação brasileira da Escala Clima Familiar para Segurança no Trânsito (Taubman-Ben-Ari & Katz-Ben- Ami, 2013), que avalia a percepção de jovens condutores sobre valores, prioridades, e práticas dos pais e da família em relação à condução segura. Participaram da pesquisa 420 universitários (63% homens), com idade entre 18 e 22 anos (média=19,7 anos; DP=1,3 anos). A análise fatorial indicou uma solução de cinco fatores: Comunicação/Mensagem (α=0,87), Monitoramento/Limites (α=0,87), Falta de Compromisso com a Segurança (α=0,70), Modelagem (α=0,79) e Feedback (α=0,80). Os dados mostram que a versão brasileira da escala apresentou resultados adequados e pode ser utilizada em estudos futuros sobre clima familiar em relação à condução.

Abstract (analytical): This research has the objective of verifying the evidence of the validity of the Brazilian version of the Family Climate Scale for Road Safety (Taubman-Ben-Ari & Katz-Ben- Ami, 2013), which evaluates the perception of young drivers of their values and priorities and the practices of parents and relatives in relation to safe driving. The participants were 420 university students (63% men) aged between 18 and 22 (mean=19.7 years, SD=1.3 years). Factor analysis indicated a five-factor solution: Communication / Message (α=0.87), Monitoring / Limits (α=0.87), Lack of Commitment to Safety (α=0.70), Modeling (α=0.79) and Feedback (α=0.80). The data show that the Brazilian version of the scale achieved suitable results and can be used in future studies of family environments in relation to driving.

Resumen (analítico): Esta investigación tiene como objetivo buscar evidencias de la validez de la versión brasileña de la Escala Clima Familiar para la Seguridad Vial (Taubman Ben-Ari y Katz-Bien-Ami, 2013), la cual evalúa la percepción de los conductores jóvenes sobre los valores, las prioridades y las prácticas de sus padres y de la familia con respecto a la conducción segura. Los participantes fueron 420 estudiantes universitarios (63% hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 22 años (media=19,7 años, DS=1,3 años). El análisis factorial indicó una solución en cinco factores: Comunicación/Mensaje (α=0,87), Monitoreo/Límites (α=0,87), Falta de Compromiso con la Seguridad (α=0,70), el Modelado (α=0,79) y Feedback (α=0,80). Los datos indican que la versión brasileña de la Escala Clima Familiar para la Seguridad Vial es adecuada y puede ser utilizada en futuros estudios que quieran evaluar el impacto del ambiente familiar en la formación de los conductores jóvenes.

A Finite-Difference Solution for the EEG Forward Problem in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media.

Accurate source localization of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals requires detailed information about the geometry and physical properties of head tissues. Indeed, these strongly influence the propagation of neural activity from the brain to the sensors. Finite difference methods (FDMs) are head modelling approaches relying on volumetric data information, which can be directly obtained using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The specific goal of this study is to develop a computationally efficient FDM solution that can flexibly integrate voxel-wise conductivity and anisotropy information. Given the high computational complexity of FDMs, we pay particular attention to attain a very low numerical error, as evaluated using exact analytical solutions for spherical volume conductor models. We then demonstrate the computational efficiency of our FDM numerical solver, by comparing it with alternative solutions. Finally, we apply the developed head modelling tool to high-resolution MR images from a real experimental subject, to demonstrate the potential added value of incorporating detailed voxel-wise conductivity and anisotropy information. Our results clearly show that the developed FDM can contribute to a more precise head modelling, and therefore to a more reliable use of EEG as a brain imaging tool.

Behavior of an Inductive Loop Sensor in the Measurement of Partial Discharge Pulses with Variations in Its Separation from the Primary Conductor.

Ideally, an insulation system must be capable of electrically insulating the active components of a machine or device subjected to high voltages. However, due to the presence of polluting agents or imperfections inside or on the surface of the insulation, small current pulses called partial discharges (PDs) are common, which partially short-circuit the insulation and cause it to lose its insulating properties, and thus its insulation capacity, over time. In some cases, measurements of this phenomenon are limited by the type of sensor used; if it is not adequate, it can distort the obtained results, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of the state of the device. The inductive loop sensor has experimentally been demonstrated to be capable of properly measuring different types of PDs. However, because of its current design, there are several practical limitations on its use in real devices or environments. An example is the presence of a primary conductor located at a fixed distance from the sensor, through which PD pulses must flow for the sensor to capture them. In this article, the sensor's behavior is studied at different separation distances from the line through which the PD pulses flow. In addition, the measuring capacity of the sensor is tested by removing the presence of the primary conductor and placing the sensor directly over the line through which the PD pulses of a real device flow.

Valoración del riesgo cardiovascular en varones conductores profesionales del área mediterránea española y variables asociadas / Assessment of cardiovascular risk in male professional drivers of the Spanish mediterranean area and associated variables

INTRODUCCIÓN: El riesgo cardiovascular es una de las principales pre ocupaciones de los servicios de salud laboral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo y transversal en 2944 varones conductores profesionales (487 taxistas, 908 con ductores de autobús y 1549 conductores de camión) y se valoran diferentes variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: El 27,4% de los conductores son obesos, el 25% hiper tensos, un 48% presentan valores elevados de colesterol y un 29,5% triglicéridos altos, mientras la hiperglucemia aparece en el 6,5%. Un 15,8% cumplen los criterios de síndrome metabólico, un 2,6% presentan valores elevados en la escala REGICOR y un 7,9% en la escala SCORE. El riesgo elevado de padecer diabetes tipo 2 con la escala Findrisk aparece en el 13% de los conductores. CONCLUSIONES: Globalmente, el colectivo de taxistas es el que presenta peores resultados en todas las variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular risk is one of the main concerns of occupational health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2944 professional male drivers (487 taxi drivers, 908 bus drivers and 1549 truck drivers) and different variables related to cardiovascular risk were assessed. RESULTS: 27.4% of the drivers are obese, 25% hypertensive, 48% have high cholesterol and 29.5% high triglycerides, while hyperglycemia appears in 6.5%. 15.8% met the metabolic syndrome criteria, 2.6% presented high values on the REGICOR scale and 7.9% on the SCORE scale. The high risk of type 2 diabetes with the Findrisk scale appears in 13% of drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Globally the group of taxi drivers is the one that pres ents worse results in all the variables related to cardiovascular risk.

Caracterización del estilo de comportamiento basado en infracciones de los conductores de servicio público de Villavicencio / Style Characterization behavior based on breaches of the public service drivers of Villavicencio / Caracterização comportamento estilo baseado em violações dos conductores serviço público de Villavicencio

Resumen Se recopiló y analizó la información obtenida de las 18 empresas transportadoras de servicio público del municipio de Villavicencio. Se realizó un tamizaje inicial con el criterio de representatividad frente al número de vehículos matriculados y las empresas con menos de diez comparendos, de las que se excluyeron diez de ellas; es decir se estudiaron 8 empresas de transporte público. Se clasificaron por el número de infracciones cometidas y el número de vehículos afiliados en función del estilo de comportamiento, clase de vehículo, tipos de infracciones y la frecuencia de las mismas por empresa. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el estilo de comportamiento de los conductores de servicio público a partir de las contravenciones infringidas y poder asociarlos con los problemas de movilidad. Los resultados encontrados determinaron que son 6 las infracciones en las cuales los conductores son recurrentes; permitió identificar que en las empresas observadas el no uso del cinturón de seguridad es la infracción más reiterada, con una participación del 20%, seguido por conducir realizando maniobras altamente peligrosas y usar sistemas móviles de comunicación con un 18% cada una, luego se encontró que bloquear una calzada o intersección, dejar o recoger pasajeros en sitios distintos a los demarcados y no detenerse ante una luz roja o amarilla o señal de pare tienen respectivamente un 16, 15, y 14%, además hay que mencionar, que la empresa con mayor número de infracciones es Taxi estrella con 225, seguido por la cooperativa de transportadores con 79, luego Transcelutaxi y Rápido los centauros con 75 y 71, además la Nueva urbana de los llanos con 60, Transportes Arimena con 57 y finalmente Transasotax y Taxmeta con 43 y 41 respectivamente. Finalmente se determinó que en promedio el 52,7% de los conductores analizados poseen un estilo de comportamiento tipo riesgoso y peligroso (N).

Abstract It was collected and analyzed information from 18 carriers utilities the municipality of Villavicencio. An initial screening was conducted with the criterion of representativeness against the number of registered vehicles and businesses with less than ten infractions, of which ten of them were excluded; public transport 8 companies were studied. They were classified by the number of offenses committed and the number of affiliated vehicles depending on the style of behavior, vehicle class, type of infringements and the frequency of them by now . The aim of the study was to characterize the style of behavior of drivers of public service from the infringed violations and to associate them with mobility problems. The results found that are 6 violations in which drivers are recurring; identified that companies observed the non-use of seat belts is the most repeated infringements, with a share of 20%, followed by drive performing highly dangerous maneuvers and use mobile communication systems with 18% each, then found that blocking a driveway or intersection , leave or pick up passengers at sites other than demarcated and failing to stop at a red light or stop sign yellow or have respectively 16 , 15 and 14 %, we must also mention that the company with the highest number of infringements is Taxi estrella with 225 , followed by the Cooperativa de Transportadores 79 , then the Transcelutaxi and Rápido los centauros with 75 and 71 , plus the Nueva urbana de los llanos 60 , Transportes Arimena 57 and finally Transasotax and Taxmeta with 43 and 41 respectively . Finally it was determined that on average 52.7% of tested drivers have a style like behavior risky and dangerous (N).

Resumo Ele foi recolhido e informações a partir de 18 transportadores utilitários analisados do município de Villavicencio. Uma triagem inicial foi realizado com o critério de representatividade em relação ao número de veículos registrados e empresas com menos de dez intimações, dos quais dez deles foram excluídos; ou seja, os transportes públicos foram estudados 8 empresas. Eles foram classificados pelo número de infracções cometidas e do número de veículos afiliadas, dependendo do estilo de comportamento, classe de veículo, tipo de infracções, bem como a frequência deles até agora. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o estilo de comportamento dos motoristas de serviço público das violações violado e associá-los com problemas de mobilidade Os resultados encontrados que são 6 infracções para as quais são recorrentes ; Ele identificou que as empresas observaram a não utilização do cinto de segurança são as infracções mais utilizadas , com uma quota de 20% , seguido por unidade realizando manobras altamente perigosas e usar sistemas de comunicações móveis , com 18% cada , em seguida, encontrou que o bloqueio de uma entrada de automóveis ou cruzamento , deixar ou pegar passageiros em outros locais do que demarcada e des respeito de um sinal vermelho ou amarelo ou sinal pare têm , respectivamente, 16 , 15 e 14% , também devemos mencionar que a empresa com o maior número de infracções é Taxi estrella com 225, seguido pelo Cooperativa de Transportadores 79, em seguida, Transcelutaxi e 75 e Rapido los centauros 71, também Nueva urbana de los llanos 60, Transportes Arimena 57 e, finalmente, Transasotax e Taxmeta com 43 e 41 respectivamente. Finalmente, foi determinado que, em média, 52,7 % dos condutores testados têm um estilo como comportamento arriscado e perigoso (N).

Sedentarismo en la actividad de conducción / Sedentary in driving activity

RESUMEN: El sedentarismo en la actividad de conducción es un proceso de carácter degenerativo que afecta al usuario tanto de forma física como psicológica, estando propenso a padecer de enfermedades cró nicas y un aumento de estrés, debido a la demanda de trabajo que implica estar gran cantidad de horas diarias sentado, sin tener un horario de trabajo fijo, estar expuesto a agentes externos (ruido, vibraciones, entre otros), no dedicar tiempos para una actividad físi ca y una alimentación con una ingesta calórica reducida. Esta revisión busca determinar definiciones de conceptos pertinentes al tema, identificar estudios que evidencian alteraciones en la activi dad de conducción, métodos de estudio y determinar las variables que disponen a la aparición de enfermedades crónicas y problemas músculo-esqueléticos desarrollados en la actividad de conducción por el sedentarismo. Posteriormente, se analiza la situación actual y proyecciones sobre la materia al no presentar una actividad física de forma regular, dando hincapié al deterioro del tren superior e inferior y factores psicosociales que influyen en el conductor. Se presenta una metodología de búsqueda variable, que permite identificar la contextualización de la temática y su desarrollo, incorporando información de diferentes áreas para lograr un buen resultado. Existe un avance por parte de la UE en dar un seguimiento de forma anual en un análisis médico que pueda identificar el estado de salud de los trabajadores para determinar sus capacidades físicas para estar en condiciones de desarrollar la actividad. En conclusión, esta implementación podría ser una instancia a plas mar en otros países y así poder llevar un control de eficiencia de trabajadores y estar al tanto de sus condiciones de trabajo. Trabajar en el desarrollo de un plan de contingencia del estado de salud, capacidad física y mental de los usuarios otorgará un aporte al desa rrollo en vías de mejoras de esta labor.

ABSTRACT: The sedentary lifestyle in driving activity is a degenerative process that affects the user both physically and psychologically, being prone to suffer from chronic diseases and an increase in stress. This is due to the demand for work that involves a large number of hours Without having a fixed work schedule, to be exposed to external agents (noise, vibrations, among others), not to dedicate time for physical activity and a diet with a reduced caloric intake. This review seeks to determine definitions of concepts relevant to the topic, to identify studies that show alterations in driving activity, methods of study and to determine the variables that provide for the appearance of chronic diseases and musculoskeletal problems devel oped in driving activity by the sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, we analyze the current situation and projections on the subject by not presenting a physical activity on a regular basis, emphasizing the deterioration of the upper and lower train and psychosocial factors that influence the driver. A variable search methodology is presented, which allows the identification of the contextualization of the theme and its development, incorporating information from different areas to achieve a good result. There is progress by the EU to follow up annually in a medical analysis that can identify the health status of workers to determine their physical capacities to be able to develop the activity. In conclusion, this implementation could be an instance to express in other countries and thus be able to control workers' efficiency and be aware of their working conditions. Working in the development of a contingency plan of health status, physical and mental capacity of users will provide a contribution to development in the process of improvement of this work.

Evaluación de los riesgos ocupacionales asociados a indicadores bioquímicos en conductores profesionales / Evaluation of occupational risks associated to biochemical indicators in professional drivers

Introducción: en el campo de la Seguridad y Salud Laboral, el transporte por carretera sigue enfrentándose a una serie de condicionantes. La implantación de actuaciones en materia preventiva en las empresas del sector se viene realizando de una manera gradual, impulsada por el interés de las administraciones estatales y autonómicas, empresarios y trabajadores, y sus organizaciones respectivas. Objetivo: evaluar ergonómicamente los principales riesgos asociados a dicha actividad. Materiales y métodos: la evaluación consta de tres fases: la identificación y evaluación de riesgos a que están sometidos los conductores profesionales, la valoración de patologías potenciales asociadas a la actividad, la identificación de indicadores bioquímicos comprometidos con la actividad. Resultados: se destaca en la primera fase los accidentes de tránsito, los períodos largos de conducción sin descanso y las características de la vía. La segunda fase se desarrolla a partir de un reconocimiento médico y una encuesta para conocer las patologías potenciales, señalándose a los trastornos músculo-esqueléticos, la diabetes, los trastornos gastrointestinales y las alteraciones cardiovasculares como las de mayor presencia. En la tercera y última fase se analizan los indicadores bioquímicos: colesterol, glucosa, triglicéridos y apolipoproteína B. Finalmente se muestran las causas que pudieran condicionarlos, así como algunos elementos que deben ser considerados para minimizar su influencia en la salud de los conductores. Conclusiones: como resultado de la evaluación se determinaron los principales riesgos ergonómicos y se reafirma el criterio existente de considerar que las profesiones estresantes comprometen a diversas estructuras somáticas y sensoriales, cuyas manifestaciones son medibles y permiten inferir el desgaste sufrido por el organismo (AU).

Introduction: in the field of Occupational Security and Health, highway transportation is still affronting a series of conditionings. The implantation of preventive actions in transport enterprises is been taking place gradually, forced by the interest of government and autonomic administrations, businessmen and workers and their respective organizations. Aim: to evaluate ergonomically the main risks associated to driving. Materials and Methods: the evaluation has three stages: the identification and assessment of the risks professional drivers are at, the assessment of potential pathologies associated to the activity, the identification of bio-chemical indicators involved in the activity. Outcomes: driving long periods without break and highway’s characteristics stood out in the first stage. The second stage is developed beginning from a medical examination and a survey to know the potential pathologies, being the musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders the ones with higher presence. In the first and last stage biochemical indicators are analyzed: cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B. Finally, the causes that may condition them are showed, and also several elements that should be considered to minimize their influence on drivers´ health. Conclusions: the main ergonomic risks were determined as a result of the assessment and it also was reaffirmed the existent criteria of considering that stressing professions compromise several somatic and sensorial structures, the manifestations of which are measurable and allow to infer the burnout the organism suffered (AU).

Bebida Alcoólica e Direção Automotiva: Relatos de Policiais Militares Sobre a “ Lei Seca” / Alcoholic Beverage and Driving: Reports of Military Policy Officers on “ Lei Seca” / Bebida alcohólica y conducción automovilística. Relato de policías militares sobre la “ ley seca”.

Resumo Dirigir sob efeito de bebida alcoólica é comportamento de risco associado a expressivo volume de acidentes de trânsito. Em vários estados brasileiros foram adotadas ações de fiscalização e punição de motoristas flagrados em tal comportamento de risco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o contexto atual de realizações e dificuldades um programa de fiscalização implantado em 2003, no estado do Espírito Santo, por meio de entrevistas com 25 policiais militares que atuam em tal programa. O material textual composto pela transcrição das entrevistas foi processado por meio do software Alceste, que organizou as respostas dos policiais em 6 classes de conteúdos: Naturalização e valorização do beber excessivo; Menosprezo do risco da associação entre bebida e direção; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações de fiscalização; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações educativas; Aspectos Legais e operacionais em torno da verificação da embriaguez; Aspectos legais e operacionais relativos à punição do condutor. Considera-se que as concepções de profissionais que participam de forma direta da intervenção relativa ao problema podem contribuir para a discussão e aprimoramento das modalidades de intervenção a serem continuadas....(AU)

Abstract To drive under the influence of alcohol is considered a risky behaviour and has been associated with a significant number of car accidents. Considering that, several Brazilian states have adopted control and punishing actions against drivers who are caught in such risky behaviour. The main objective of this study was to understand the current context of achievements and difficulties of a monitoring program implemented in 2003 in the state of Espirito Santo. To this end, twenty-five military officers who work in this program were interviewed. The resulting data was transcribed and processed through the software Alceste, which organized the responses of police officers in 6 classes of contents: naturalization and appreciation of excessive drinking; underestimation of the risk of association between drinking and driving; achievements and difficulties in the context of enforcement actions; achievements and difficulties in the context of educational activities; legal and operational aspects around the verification of drunkenness; and legal and operational aspects regarding punishment of the driver. It is considered that the views of professionals who participate directly on the issue of intervention can contribute to the discussion and improvement of methods of future possible intervention....(AU)

Resumen Conducir bajo los efectos de bebidas alcohólicas es considerado un comportamiento de riesgo asociado a un gran número de accidentes de tránsito. En varios estados brasileros fueron adoptadas acciones de fiscalización y punición de conductores sorprendidos conduciendo bajo los efectos del alcohol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el contexto actual y las dificultades del programa de fiscalización implantado en 2013, en el estado de Espíritu Santo, por medio de entrevistas con veinticinco policías militares que actúan en tal programa. Los datos obtenidos, compuestos por transcripciones de las entrevistas, fueron procesados por medio del software Alceste, que organizó las respuestas de los policías en 6 clases de contenidos: naturalización y valorización del consumo excesivo de alcohol; subestimación del riesgo de la relación entre bebida y conducción; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones impositivas; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones educativas; aspectos legales y operacionales en torno a la verificación del estado de embriaguez; y aspectos legales y operacionales relativos a la punición del conductor. Se considera que las concepciones de los profesionales que participan de forma directa en la intervención relativa al problema pueden contribuir para la discusión y actualización de las modalidades de intervención que seguirán a futuro....(AU)

Bebida alcoólica e direção automotiva: relatos de policiais militares sobre a “Lei Seca” / Alcoholic beverage and driving: reports of military policy officers on “Lei Seca” / Bebida alcohólica y conducción automovilística: relato de policías militares sobre la “ley seca”

Resumo Dirigir sob efeito de bebida alcoólica é comportamento de risco associado a expressivo volume de acidentes de trânsito. Em vários estados brasileiros foram adotadas ações de fiscalização e punição de motoristas flagrados em tal comportamento de risco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o contexto atual de realizações e dificuldades um programa de fiscalização implantado em 2003, no estado do Espírito Santo, por meio de entrevistas com 25 policiais militares que atuam em tal programa. O material textual composto pela transcrição das entrevistas foi processado por meio do software Alceste, que organizou as respostas dos policiais em 6 classes de conteúdos: Naturalização e valorização do beber excessivo; Menosprezo do risco da associação entre bebida e direção; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações de fiscalização; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações educativas; Aspectos Legais e operacionais em torno da verificação da embriaguez; Aspectos legais e operacionais relativos à punição do condutor. Considera-se que as concepções de profissionais que participam de forma direta da intervenção relativa ao problema podem contribuir para a discussão e aprimoramento das modalidades de intervenção a serem continuadas.(AU)

Abstract To drive under the influence of alcohol is considered a risky behaviour and has been associated with a significant number of car accidents. Considering that, several Brazilian states have adopted control and punishing actions against drivers who are caught in such risky behaviour. The main objective of this study was to understand the current context of achievements and difficulties of a monitoring program implemented in 2003 in the state of Espirito Santo. To this end, twenty-five military officers who work in this program were interviewed. The resulting data was transcribed and processed through the software Alceste, which organized the responses of police officers in 6 classes of contents: naturalization and appreciation of excessive drinking; underestimation of the risk of association between drinking and driving; achievements and difficulties in the context of enforcement actions; achievements and difficulties in the context of educational activities; legal and operational aspects around the verification of drunkenness; and legal and operational aspects regarding punishment of the driver. It is considered that the views of professionals who participate directly on the issue of intervention can contribute to the discussion and improvement of methods of future possible intervention.(AU)

Resumen Conducir bajo los efectos de bebidas alcohólicas es considerado un comportamiento de riesgo asociado a un gran número de accidentes de tránsito. En varios estados brasileros fueron adoptadas acciones de fiscalización y punición de conductores sorprendidos conduciendo bajo los efectos del alcohol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el contexto actual y las dificultades del programa de fiscalización implantado en 2013, en el estado de Espíritu Santo, por medio de entrevistas con veinticinco policías militares que actúan en tal programa. Los datos obtenidos, compuestos por transcripciones de las entrevistas, fueron procesados por medio del software Alceste, que organizó las respuestas de los policías en 6 clases de contenidos: naturalización y valorización del consumo excesivo de alcohol; subestimación del riesgo de la relación entre bebida y conducción; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones impositivas; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones educativas; aspectos legales y operacionales en torno a la verificación del estado de embriaguez; y aspectos legales y operacionales relativos a la punición del conductor. Se considera que las concepciones de los profesionales que participan de forma directa en la intervención relativa al problema pueden contribuir para la discusión y actualización de las modalidades de intervención que seguirán a futuro.(AU)

Manual de buenas prácticas: transporte de pasajeros / Good practice handbook for bus drivers

Este manual propone una guía de buenas prácticas para la prevención de los riesgos del trabajo, la protección y la promoción de la salud, destinada a los trabajadores y empleadores del sector del transporte de pasajeros. Es fruto del trabajo conjunto de los actores sociales involucrados que integraron la Comisión Cuatripartita de Transporte de Pasajeros, en el marco del ProNaPre ­Programa Nacional de Prevención- impulsado por la Superintendencia en el año 2013. Al cabo de numerosas reuniones y trabajo de campo, la Comisión elaboró el presente Manual. Junto a la SRT integran la Mesa Cuatripartita a Nivel Nacional: el Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Nación (MTEySS), la Unión Tranviarios Automotor (UTA), Asociación Argentina de Empresarios del Transporte Automotor (AAEA), y la Unión de Aseguradoras de Riesgos del Trabajo (UART). Ver publicación

Anomalous X-ray diffraction study of Pr-substituted BaCeO3†-†δ.

The effect of Pr doping on the crystal structure and site occupancy was studied for the nominally synthesized BaCe1 - xPrxO3 - δ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) perovskites using anomalous X-ray powder diffraction (AXRD) data and Rietveld analysis. Crystal structure parameters were accurately determined using 10,000 eV photons, and the Pr occupancy was refined using data collected with 5962 eV photons, close to the Pr LIII absorption edge. BaCe1 - xPrxO3 - δ crystallizes in the Pnma (No. 62) space group for all x values. Pr cations are mainly located at the Ce sites (perovskites B site), but a small fraction of them increasingly substitute some of the Ba ions at the A site as Pr content increases. The Pr doping introduces electronic defects (Pr(+3)/Pr(+4)) and oxygen vacancies needed for H2O incorporation and H-ionic conductivity. A decrease in the orthorhombic distortion would produce the opposite effects on the electronic and ionic mobility. The electronic mobility should increase due to an improvement in the overlap of the (Ce/Pr)4f-O2p orbital, while the proton mobility should decrease as a consequence of a larger hopping distance.

BICUVOX.1-matrix composite electrolyte with yttria-stabilized zirconia as an inert phase: SEM evaluation of the chemical stability under hydrogen atmosphere.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) as an inert phase to prevent the decomposition of Bi2 V0.9 Cu0.1 O5.5 -δ (BICUVOX.1) electrolyte under reducing atmosphere. A post-mortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was performed after chemical stability tests under hydrogen-rich atmosphere using a Sieverts-type apparatus. SEM results showed that BICUVOX.1 decomposition starts under a hydrogen pressure of 19.7 atm at 300°C, even in the case of the composite containing 3Y-TZP. The microstructure of BICUVOX.1 after decomposition was observed to be composed of microspheres ranging from 10 to 100 µm formed primarily of metallic bismuth. In the composite, in addition to microspheres, the microstructure contained bismuth fibers growth from the grain area of the BICUVOX.1 matrix. Despite significant surface morphological modifications, the grain-boundary-arranged 3Y-TZP particles in a BICUVOX.1-matrix composite did not result in enhanced chemical stability.

Bases fisiológicas do eletroencefalograma / Electroencephalogram physiological basis

O principal objetivo deste artigo é descrever as origens fisiológicas do eletroencefalograma (EEG). Para entender isso, é necessário conhecer algumas questões: os geradores neurais e a base celular da atividade elétrica, as interações neuronais e a condutividade dos tecidos através dos quais os potenciais de campo transitarão até serem captados por eletrodos, e a orientação relativa dos geradores com os eletrodos. Assim, são estudados os mecanismos fundamentais dos potenciais de campo extracelulares e a soma da atividade elétrica das populações de neurônios captada fora do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que origina o EEG. Este registra a diferença de voltagem entre locais do cérebro ao longo do tempo.

The main objective of this paper is to describe the physiological origins of the electroencephalogram (EEG). To understand this, it is necessary to know some issues: neural generators and the cellular basis of electrical activity, neuronal interactions and the conductivity of the tissues through which the potentials will travel until they are captured by the electrodes, and the relative orientation of the generators to the electrodes. Therefore, the fundamental mechanisms of extracellular potentials and the sum of the electrical activity of populations of neurons captured outside the central nervous system (CNS) that originate the EEG were studied. The latter records the voltage difference between locations of the brain over time.