Revisão sistemática sobre resolução de problema e mediação de conflito pela terapia cognitivo-comportamental / Systematic review on problem solving and conflict mediation by cognitive-behavioral therapy

RESUMO Objetivo: Na prática clínica, é importante diferenciar problema e conflito, porque os passos sugeridos na técnica de resolução de problemas costumam não ser suficientes para auxiliar o cliente a lidar com conflitos. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivos: investigar como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) pode auxiliar na resolução de problemas e na mediação de conflito; sugerir uma estratégia que favoreça a melhor capacidade de mediar conflitos (QPD). Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science (ISI) e Scopus. O método prisma foi utilizado, e foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra artigos experimentais. Resultados: Trezentos e sessenta e quatro ensaios clínicos aplicaram a resolução de problemas, apontando a eficácia dessa técnica juntamente com outras estratégias/intervenções da TCC. Livros-guias de TCC: não diferenciam problema e conflito; descrevem detalhadamente passos para resolução de problemas, focando na perspectiva do cliente, no momento presente e no uso da razão lógica; não abordam a mediação de conflitos pela TCC. Sugerimos uma estratégia que pode ajudar na mediação de conflitos: auxiliando na coleta/organização de informações; melhorando a comunicação - empática e assertiva; favorecendo escolhas com o intuito de causar o menor dano possível a todas as partes envolvidas no conflito. Conclusões: Para treinar terapeutas para aplicarem a resolução de problemas, há descrição detalhada dos passos a serem seguidos. Entretanto, para capacitar os terapeutas para mediarem conflitos, práticas clínicas que têm sido frequentemente descritas/utilizadas nas terapias cognitivas contextuais podem ser necessárias: aceitação psicológica, mindfulness , entender valores individuais, vivenciar/considerar a emoção em tomadas de decisão, ativar a compaixão/autocompaixão.

ABSTRACT Objective: It is important to differentiate between problem and conflict in clinical practice, because the steps suggested in the problem-solving technique are usually not enough to help patients deal with conflicts. This systematic review aimed to: investigate how cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help in problem solving and conflict mediation; suggest a strategy that can improve conflict mediate skills (QPD). Methods: A search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of science (ISI) and Scopus. Prisma flow diagram was used and experimental articles were selected for full reading. Results: Three hundred and sixty four clinical trials applied problem solving, showing the effectiveness of this technique with other CBT strategies/interventions. CBT guide books: do not differentiate between problem and conflict; describe in detail problem solving steps, focusing on the customer's perspective, the present moment and the use of logical reason; do not explore conflict mediation in the CBT. We suggest a strategy that can help in the mediation of conflicts: assisting in the collection/organization of information; improving communication - empathic and assertive; favoring choices that can cause the least possible harm to all parties in the conflict. Conclusions: There is detailed description of the steps to train therapists to apply problem solving. However, to improve therapeutic skills to mediate conflicts, clinical practices that have been frequently described/used in the contextual cognitive behavioral therapies may be necessary: psychological acceptance, mindfulness, understanding personal values, experiencing/considering emotion in decision making, activating compassion/self-compassion.

Qualitative Evidence on the Implementation of Cure Violence in Trinidad and Tobago.

Violence is a significant social problem in many cities throughout the world. In seeking to prevent or control violence, communities have put in place a variety of interventions. Many of these rely on the formal criminal justice process to arrest, prosecute, and imprison offenders. However, formal social control is well known to be an incomplete solution to violence. As a result, some communities have experimented with community-based solutions. One such approach is Cure Violence, an initiative that treats violence as a public health issue. Based on methods used to prevent the spread of infectious disease, Cure Violence seeks to stop the spread of violence within communities. This study presents qualitative results on the implementation of Cure Violence in Trinidad and Tobago, a two-island nation in the southeastern Caribbean near Venezuela. We conducted 36 in-depth semi-structured interviews and two focus groups with a variety of stakeholders, including program staff, residents, family members of victims, and police. Our findings suggest that the implementation of Cure Violence in Trinidad and Tobago led to educational and employment support for community members and a reduction in violence, particularly retaliation killings in the target communities. Our results are useful for understanding the factors that shape the implementation of community-based violence reduction initiatives like Cure Violence.

The work of conflict mediation: Actors, vectors, and communicative relationality.

Mediation is a widely used form of third-party conflict management for which research has primarily focused on the role of mediators. But how are the relations between disputing parties constituted in communication involving written texts, such as official letters or medical reports, during mediation sessions? To gain deeper insight into the communicative dynamics through which third-party disputes are created, sustained, and resolved, this article proposes a new theoretical perspective on mediation that illuminates how human beings and written texts can act as vectors for each other, i.e., how they can make important differences in mediation sessions because they carry or convey what someone or something else is saying, doing, thinking, or feeling and, thus, contribute to composing the nature of disputants' relations. The value of this vectorial perspective on mediation is subsequently demonstrated through an inductive analysis of video-recorded sessions that took place at an administrative tribunal in Canada. By showing how texts (or their absence) can act as (1) conjunctive vectors that contribute to highlighting disputants' compatibilities and help them find common ground, or (2) disjunctive vectors that contribute to highlighting their incompatibilities and obstruct their dispute resolution, this article advances the academic and professional literature on the role of communication in conflict mediation work, and reveals significant implications for the study and practice of conflict management in organizations as well as scholarship on relational ontologies.

O funcionamento da mediação: construção da concepção brasileira / The functioning of mediation: construction of the Brazilian conception

A mediação de conflitos no Brasil vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço e visibilidade desde a promulgação da Lei 13.140/15, que regulamenta o procedimento. Visto que ainda há o desconhecimento dessa metodologia por boa parte da sociedade, o presente artigo tem por objetivo a apresentação e reflexão, através de revisão bibliográfica, de duas linhas epistemológicas desse método conforme a mediação vem sendo construída no Brasil, bem como o que se pode esperar de um procedimento de mediação quando assim conduzido. Optou-se pela reflexão e análise do procedimento da mediação judicial e da mediação emancipadora, buscando pontos convergentes entre as duas correntes e com o intuito de oferecer uma bússola para que os mediadores em formação possam encontrar subsídios para a escolha de caminhos possíveis de condução do processo, tendo em vista a importância dos princípios de autonomia e responsabilização pelas escolhas feitas pelos mediandos.

Conflict mediation has been gaining prominence in Brasil since law 13.140/15 was promulgated to regulate its procedure. Since a large percentage of Brazilian society is unaware of this methodology, this article aims to present and reflect upon, through literature review, two epistemological trends of the method following the way mediation is being developed in Brazil, as well as to explore what can be expected of a mediation procedure when implemented in either way. Reflection and analysis about the procedure were chosen for both judicial and emancipatory mediation to address the similarities between the two approaches. Moreover, this article guides graduating mediators looking for ways of conducting the process while considering the importance of the principles of autonomy and responsibility regarding the mediation participants' choices.

Evolutionary conflict and coloniality in animals.

Despite considerable interest in the effects of evolutionary conflict in colonies of social insects, relatively little attention has been paid to this issue in clonal animals with modular construction, such as colonial ascidians, bryozoans, and cnidarians. These colonial animals are structural individuals, subdivided into repeated morphological modules, which can individually acquire, process, and share resources. While size-related selection favors colony formation, evolutionary conflicts remain a potent obstacle to such cooperation. These conflicts can occur at several levels and must be mediated for cooperation to emerge. Module-level conflicts potentially result in coalitions of genetically similar modules failing to share resources or monopolizing reproduction. Mediation occurs by a number of mechanisms including: (a) a single-module bottleneck at the initiation of colony formation, (b) allorecognition that limits colony fusion to close kin, (c) development of new modules from connective tissue, (d) synchronization of module budding, (e) programmed module death, (f) terminal differentiation of reproductive modules, and (g) architectural constraints. Effective mediation of module-level conflicts, however, may in some cases contribute to cell-level conflicts. Animal colonies typically have multipotent stem cells, and genetically variant stem cells can potentially monopolize gamete formation. Limiting colony fusion to close kin may not eliminate such conflict. Finally, in at least some taxa an association between photosymbiosis and coloniality is found. Allocation of photosynthate can lead to host-symbiont conflicts that can be mediated by housing symbionts intracellularly and using chemiosmotic mechanisms to detect defectors. Colonial animals thus serve as a living laboratory of evolutionary conflict and its mediation.

Reflexões sobre a inserção profissional de assistentes sociais na conciliação de conflitos e mediação familiar / Reflections on the professional insertion of social assistants in conciliation of conflicts and family mediation

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa a inserção da/o assistente social na atividade de conciliação de conflitos/mediação familiar. Aponta duas questões centrais que, a nosso ver, assinalam a (re)atualização do conservadorismo: I) o confronto aos fundamentos ético-políticos profissionais e II) a concepção do trabalho com famílias. Assim, a atuação profissional pende para práticas conciliatórias e neoconservadoras, na defesa da neutralidade, alijadas da luta de classes e das opressões, a partir de uma abordagem sistêmica das famílias.

Abstract: This article analyzes the insertion of the social worker in the activity of conciliation of conflicts/family mediation. It points to two central issues that, in our view, point to the (re) update of conservatism: I) confrontation with professional ethical-political foundations and II) the conception of work with families. The professional insertion in this activity depends on conciliatory and neoconservative practices, on the defense of neutrality, from class struggle and oppression, based on a systemic approach of families.

Violência doméstica de gênero e mediação de conflitos: a reatualização do conservadorismo / Domestic gender violence and conflict mediation: the reatualization of conservatism

Resumo O presente artigo problematiza a utilização da modalidade jurídica da mediação de conflitos em processos cíveis relacionados à violência doméstica de gênero. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica e documental acerca da implementação da Lei Maria da Penha pelo Poder Judiciário - especialmente no que tange a reatualização do uso dessa modalidade jurídica. Relaciona a reestruturação produtiva com a autorreforma do Poder Judiciário.

Abstract The present article problematizes the use of the legal modality of Conflict Mediation in civil cases related to domestic gender violence. This is an empirical and documentary research about the implementation of the Maria da Penha Law by the Judiciary Power - especially regarding the return to the utilization of this legal modality. Relates the productive restructuring with the self-reform of the Judiciary Power.

The evolution of individuality revisited.

Evolutionary theory is formulated in terms of individuals that carry heritable information and are subject to selective pressures. However, individuality itself is a trait that had to evolve - an individual is not an indivisible entity, but a result of evolutionary processes that necessarily begin at the lower level of hierarchical organisation. Traditional approaches to biological individuality focus on cooperation and relatedness within a group, division of labour, policing mechanisms and strong selection at the higher level. Nevertheless, despite considerable theoretical progress in these areas, a full dynamical first-principles account of how new types of individuals arise is missing. To the extent that individuality is an emergent trait, the problem can be approached by recognising the importance of individuating mechanisms that are present from the very beginning of the transition, when only lower-level selection is acting. Here we review some of the most influential theoretical work on the role of individuating mechanisms in these transitions, and demonstrate how a lower-level, bottom-up evolutionary framework can be used to understand biological complexity involved in the origin of cellular life, early eukaryotic evolution, sexual life cycles and multicellular development. Some of these mechanisms inevitably stem from environmental constraints, population structure and ancestral life cycles. Others are unique to specific transitions - features of the natural history and biochemistry that are co-opted into conflict mediation. Identifying mechanisms of individuation that provide a coarse-grained description of the system's evolutionary dynamics is an important step towards understanding how biological complexity and hierarchical organisation evolves. In this way, individuality can be reconceptualised as an approximate model that with varying degrees of precision applies to a wide range of biological systems.

Mediação de conflitos e o resto não mediável / La médiation de conflits et le reste non susceptible de négociation / Conflict mediation and the rest without mediation

Esse artigo é resultado de uma dissertação de mestrado. Percorre a técnica da mediação de conflitos utilizada pelo Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG, articulando-a a pressupostos psicanalíticos que tratam da possibilidade de um resto não mediável. Elegeu-se abordar o resto não mediável a partir das construções de Freud e Lacan sobre o inconsciente e o ideal de felicidade. O resto contém a idéia de que há conflitos cuja saída é uma impossibilidade, se a eliminação é impossível, a solução reside na transformação.

Cet article est le résultat d'une thèse de master et fait un parcours sur la technique de la médiation de conflits, utilisée par le Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG (Programme de Médiation de Conflits du Département d'Etat de Sécurité Publique/MG),en l’articulant aux hypothèses psychanalytiques qui parlent de la possibilité d'un reste non susceptible de négociation. On a choisi d'aborder ce reste à partir des constructions de Freud et de Lacan sur l'inconscient et de l’idéal de bonheur. Le reste comprend l’idée qu'il y a des conflits avec l’impossibilité comme sortie, sans l’élimination du conflit, plutôt sa transformation.

This article is the result of a master's thesis and presents the technique of conflict mediation used by the Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG (Conflict Mediation Program of the State Department of Public Safety/Minas Gerais, Brazil), articulating it to psychoanalytic assumptions that states that every mediation leaves behind some rest. This article is based on theoretical assumptions of Freud and Lacanabout the unconscious and the ideal of happiness. The result includes an idea that there are conflicts with impossibility as an output, not eliminating the conflict, rather transforming it.

Mediação de conflitos e o resto não mediável / La médiation de conflits et le reste non susceptible de négociation / Conflict mediation and the rest without mediation

Esse artigo é resultado de uma dissertação de mestrado. Percorre a técnica da mediação de conflitos utilizada pelo Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG, articulando-a a pressupostos psicanalíticos que tratam da possibilidade de um resto não mediável. Elegeu-se abordar o resto não mediável a partir das construções de Freud e Lacan sobre o inconsciente e o ideal de felicidade. O resto contém a idéia de que há conflitos cuja saída é uma impossibilidade, se a eliminação é impossível, a solução reside na transformação(AU)

Cet article est le résultat d'une thèse de master et fait un parcours sur la technique de la médiation de conflits, utilisée par le Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG (Programme de Médiation de Conflits du Département d'Etat de Sécurité Publique/MG),en l’articulant aux hypothèses psychanalytiques qui parlent de la possibilité d'un reste non susceptible de négociation. On a choisi d'aborder ce reste à partir des constructions de Freud et de Lacan sur l'inconscient et de l’idéal de bonheur. Le reste comprend l’idée qu'il y a des conflits avec l’impossibilité comme sortie, sans l’élimination du conflit, plutôt sa transformation(AU)

This article is the result of a master's thesis and presents the technique of conflict mediation used by the Programa Mediação de Conflitos da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social/MG (Conflict Mediation Program of the State Department of Public Safety/Minas Gerais, Brazil), articulating it to psychoanalytic assumptions that states that every mediation leaves behind some rest. This article is based on theoretical assumptions of Freud and Lacanabout the unconscious and the ideal of happiness. The result includes an idea that there are conflicts with impossibility as an output, not eliminating the conflict, rather transforming it(AU)

Palliative Care in Critical Care Settings: A Systematic Review of Communication-Based Competencies Essential for Patient and Family Satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: There is an emerging literature on the physician competencies most meaningful to patients and their families. However, there has been no systematic review on physician competency domains outside direct clinical care most important for patient- and family-centered outcomes in critical care settings at the end of life (EOL). Physician competencies are an essential component of palliative care (PC) provided at the EOL, but the literature on those competencies relevant for patient and family satisfaction is limited. A systematic review of this important topic can inform future research and assist in curricular development. METHODS: Review of qualitative and quantitative empirical studies of the impact of physician competencies on patient- and family-reported outcomes conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. The data sources used were PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Fifteen studies (5 qualitative and 10 quantitative) meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified. The competencies identified as critical for the delivery of high-quality PC in critical care settings are prognostication, conflict mediation, empathic communication, and family-centered aspects of care, the latter being the competency most frequently acknowledged in the literature identified. CONCLUSION: Prognostication, conflict mediation, empathic communication, and family-centered aspects of care are the most important identified competencies for patient- and family-centered PC in critical care settings. Incorporation of education on these competencies is likely to improve patient and family satisfaction with EOL care.

Epistemologia e prática da mediação: por uma cultura de paz / Epistemology and practice of mediation: a culture of peace / Epistemología y la práctica de la mediación: una cultura de paz

Procuramos analisar a estreita relação estabelecida entre a existência de conflito, a procura da paz e a mediação, entendida esta hoje, em Portugal, como uma atividade socioprofissional com múltiplas formas de abordagem, aplicável em distintos campos de atuação e passível de integrar diferentes modelos de intervenção. De fato, a mediação pode inscrever-se num amplo contexto de pacificação social, que pode tomar formas tão díspares como uma simples via alternativa de resolução de conflitos, um meio autêntico, eficaz e construtivo de resolução de conflitos, um importante modo de regulação social ou um verdadeiro modelo de intervenção social. Independentemente dessas circunstâncias que delimitam, simultaneamente, sua epistemologia e sua pragmática, a mediação preconiza, sem exceção, o empoderamento dos indivíduos que a procuram e a alteração das suas premissas conflituais iniciais para um acordo que se pretende "co-construído" pelos intervenientes. Muitas e pertinentes questões podem, assim, ser colocadas e isso é o que nos propomos debater

We try to analyze, the close relationship established between the existence of conflict, the search for peace and mediation, understood in Portugal today, as a socio-professional activity with multiple forms of approach, applicable in different fields of activity and which can integrate different intervention models. Indeed, mediation can be part of a larger context of social peace, which may take such diverse forms as a simple alternative route to conflict resolution; an authentic environment, effective and constructive conflict management; an important mode of social regulation; or a real model of social intervention. Regardless of the circumstances that define, simultaneously, its epistemology and its pragmatic, mediation promotes, without exception, the empowerment of individuals who seek it and changing its initial conflicting premises for an agreement that is to be "co-built" by individuals. Many relevant questions can thus be asked and this is what we propose to discuss

Se buscó analizar, en detalle, la estrecha relación que se establece entre la existencia de conflicto, la búsqueda de la paz y la mediación, entendida hoy en día, en Portugal, como una actividad socio-profesional con múltiples formas de acercamiento, aplicable en diferentes campos de actividad y que pueda integrar diferentes modelos de intervención. De hecho, la mediación puede ser parte de un contexto más amplio de pacificación social, que puede tomar formas tan diversas como una simple vía alternativa para la resolución de conflictos, un medio auténtico, eficaz y constructiva de gestión de conflictos, un importante modo de regulación social o un modelo de intervención social. Independientemente de las circunstancias que definen, a la vez, su epistemología y su pragmática, la mediación promueve, sin excepción, el empoderamiento de las personas que la buscan y el cambio de sus premisas contradictorias iniciales para un acuerdo que debe ser "co-construido" por los mediados. Muchas preguntas pertinentes pueden, por lo tanto, plantearse y esto es lo que nos proponemos discutir

Mediação de conflitos de violência intrafamiliar contra pessoas idosas: uma proposta não jurídica / Proposed methodology of work for the mediation of violence against elderly people conflicts: a non-legal proposition

O texto propõe uma metodologia de trabalho para Mediação de Conflito de Violência Intrafamiliar (MCVI) contra pessoas idosas, de forma não jurídica, a ser desenvolvida nas Unidades de Saúde por equipe multiprofissional. Método: pesquisa social qualitativa, com o método da pesquisa ação por meio de estudo piloto. Resultados: a proposta metodológica foi construída por meio do atendimento de dez casos de violência, visando o estabelecimento de passos para nortear os profissionais de saúde, a fim de estabelecer uma rede de parcerias com os cuidadores por meio de propostas concretas de ação de cada integrante da família no intuito de resolver tais conflitos. Conclusões: essa metodologia de MCVI pode ser utilizada na Assistência Básica de Saúde e no Programa Saúde da Família, visto tratar-se de uma metodologia de fácil aplicação, baixo custo, alta resolutividade, exigindo uma equipe profissional restrita envolvida.

The text propose a methodology for Family Violence Conflict Mediation (MCVI) against elderly people in a non-legal proposition, which will be developed at the Basic Health Units by a multi-professional team. Method: qualitative social research using action research trough a pilot experiment. Results: the methodology was developed via the care of ten cases of violence, aimed to establish the steps to guide health professionals in order to determine a network of partnerships with caregivers through specific action proposals from each member of the family so as to solve such conflicts. Conclusions: this methodology can be used in MCVI Primary Health Care and in the Family Health Program, since it is a methodology with easy application, low cost, high capacity of problem solving and that requires a small team of professionals.

As práticas restaurativas e suas possibilidades na escola: primeiras aproximações / Restorative practices and school: first aproaching / La justicia restaurativa y sus posibilidades en la escuela: primeras aproximaciones / Les pratiques de justice réparatrice et ses possibilités à l'école: premières approches

A violência na escola tem merecido uma série de pesquisas com o propósito de compreender suas origens, sua dinâmica e pensar formas de atuação possíveis que venham a fazer da escola um lugar contra a barbárie e não produtor da barbárie, como nos ensina Theodor W. Adorno. Tendo tomado contato com certas modalidades de intervenção, interessamo-nos por investigar as Práticas Restaurativas que vêm sendo pensadas e aplicadas em diversas partes do mundo. Apresentaremos então um breve histórico dessas práticas, seu surgimento, suas modalidades existentes, sua expansão para alguns países, retomando alguns de seus pressupostos conceituais e técnicos utilizados no manejo de situações de conflito. Também apresentaremos o momento em que a discussão a respeito da Justiça Restaurativa chega ao Brasil e as primeiras experiências em território nacional. Nosso interesse primordial é relatar algumas experiências de mediação de conflitos escolares e comunitários, pensando o que trazem essas experiências de contribuição para a reflexão a respeito da violência como barbárie. O antídoto para a barbárie está na aposta feita de que é pelo esclarecimento, pela formação intelectual, racional, pela palavra em oposição à força física,que é possível preservar a finalidade humana em todas as suas ações. A partir disso, analisamos as práticas restaurativas não deixando de enxergar seu alcance e seus limites.

School violence has been studied to understanding its source, its dynamic and changings possibilities for many researches. In other way, Restourative practices have been used on schools to prevent many violences aspects. So, in this article, it has intended to present the history, conceptions, and technics on restourative practices, used to deal with a lot of differents situations, specially, in Brasil, and their possibilities as an alternative way to deal with violence on school in that country. In this way, there is as a brief history of these practices around the world, so the manner it has been introduced in which country. One of the most important Restourative practices conceptions is the belief that the dialogue can replace the violence. Thus, it has been studied how some restourative practices can be a pacific way to deal with school and social conflicts in order to fight against the barbarism, as in Theodor W. Adorno works. In such way, it has been analyzed the restorative practices to considering their limits and ranges.

La violencia en la escuela ha merecido una serie de estudios con el propósito de comprender sus orígenes, su dinámica y pensar formas de actuación posibles. La Justicia Restaurativa viene destacándose en todo el mundo, como una forma de intervenir en las situaciones de violencia escolar. El interés primordial de este artículo fue pensar cómo las prácticas y los principios teóricos de la Justicia Restaurativa pueden ser utilizados en el enfrentamiento de los conflictos escolares. Para eso, se presentará una breve historia de las prácticas restaurativas, especialmente de la Justicia Restaurativa del Brasil, retomando algunos de sus presupuestos conceptuales y técnicos, utilizados en el manejo de situaciones de conflicto. El interés principal es informar algunas experiencias de mediación para la escuela y los conflictos comunitarios, teniendo en cuenta lo que aportan estas experiencias para contribuir a la reflexión sobre la violencia y la barbarie. El antídoto a la barbarie es la apuesta que es la aclaración, el intelectual , la formación racional, la palabra en lugar de la fuerza física, es posible preservar propósito humano en todas sus dimensiones. De esto, se analizan las prácticas restaurativas no ven salir de su alcance y límites.

La violence dans les écoles a reçu beaucoup de recherche afin de comprendre ses origines , sa dynamique et ses façons de penser des actions possibles qui feront de l'école un lieu contre la barbarie , pas un producteur de la barbarie , comme enseigné dans Theodor W. Adorno. Après avoir pris contact avec certains types d'aide , nous sommes intéressés à l'étude des pratiques de justice réparatrice qui ont été conçus et mis en œuvre dans différentes parties du monde . Présentera ensuite un bref historique de ces pratiques , leur apparence , leurs arrangements existants , leur extension à certains pays , la reprise de certains de ses concepts et techniques utilisés dans la gestion des situations de conflit hypothèses . Nous présentons aussi le moment de la discussion de la justice réparatrice arrive au Brésil et les premières expériences dans le pays . Notre intérêt principal est de rendre compte des expériences de médiation pour l'école et les conflits communautaires , compte tenu de ce qu'ils apportent ces expériences pour contribuer à la réflexion sur la violence et la barbarie . L'antidote à la barbarie est le pari qui est la clarification , la formation intellectuelle, rationnelle , le mot , par opposition à la force physique , il est possible de préserver finalité humaine dans toutes ses actions . De cela, nous analysons les pratiques de justice réparatrice voient pas quitter leur portée et les limites.

Uma experiência de intervenção em um projeto cultural: o psicólogo e a defesa dos direitos humanos nas instituições socioeducativas / An experience of intervention in a cultural projetct: the psychologist and the defense of human rights in social-educational institutions

O artigo discute, a partir da experiência da realização do Projeto Oficinas Culturais do AfroReggae no Degase, a atuação do psicólogo num projeto cultural direcionado às instituições socioeducativas. Na problematização a respeito da inserção profissional nesse contexto, tece considerações sobre o estatuto da intervenção, baseando-se na tecnologia de mediação de conflitos do Grupo Cultural AfroReggae como exemplo de dispositivo utilizado estrategicamente para esse fim. O papel do psicólogo caracteriza-se, nas relações com os jovens em conflito com a lei, como o de facilitador dos processos coletivos e do plano político, proporcionando a construção de uma rede de gestão de atividades em prol da defesa dos seus direitos fundamentais.

Based on the project "Oficinas Culturais do AfroReggae no Degase", the article discusses the possibilities of the psychologist practice in a cultural project developed in social-educational institutions. As to the professional inclusion in this context, this paper considers the status of the intervention, based on the conflict mediation technology used by the cultural group AfroReggae as an example of a device strategically used for this purpose. Concerning the relationship with the youngsters in conflict with the law, the role of the psychologist is that of a facilitator of the collective process and the political level, providing the construction of a network of activities and defense of their fundamental rights.

Uma experiência de intervenção em um projeto cultural: o psicólogo e a defesa dos direitos humanos nas instituições socioeducativas / An experience of intervention in a cultural projetct: the psychologist and the defense of human rights in social-educational institutions

O artigo discute, a partir da experiência da realização do Projeto Oficinas Culturais do AfroReggae no Degase, a atuação do psicólogo num projeto cultural direcionado às instituições socioeducativas. Na problematização a respeito da inserção profissional nesse contexto, tece considerações sobre o estatuto da intervenção, baseando-se na tecnologia de mediação de conflitos do Grupo Cultural AfroReggae como exemplo de dispositivo utilizado estrategicamente para esse fim. O papel do psicólogo caracteriza-se, nas relações com os jovens em conflito com a lei, como o de facilitador dos processos coletivos e do plano político, proporcionando a construção de uma rede de gestão de atividades em prol da defesa dos seus direitos fundamentais.(AU)

Based on the project "Oficinas Culturais do AfroReggae no Degase", the article discusses the possibilities of the psychologist practice in a cultural project developed in social-educational institutions. As to the professional inclusion in this context, this paper considers the status of the intervention, based on the conflict mediation technology used by the cultural group AfroReggae as an example of a device strategically used for this purpose. Concerning the relationship with the youngsters in conflict with the law, the role of the psychologist is that of a facilitator of the collective process and the political level, providing the construction of a network of activities and defense of their fundamental rights.(AU)

Mal-estar contemporâneo e conflitos entre vizinhos / Contemporary discontent and conflicts between neighbors / Malestar contemporáneo y conflictos entre vecinos / Malaise contemporain et les conflits entre voisins

Este artigo tem como foco os conflitos entre vizinhos, fato que crescentemente vem sendo observado na vida urbana das grandes cidades brasileiras. Partindo de uma discussão teórica sobre o mal-estar contemporâneo, que se apresenta marcado por intolerância e violência como formas de enfrentar dificuldades e impasses interpessoais, o presente estudo tem por objetivo revelar como as situações conflituosas são vivenciadas por moradores vizinhos. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no IV Juizado Especial Criminal do Rio de Janeiro, e a análise de conteúdo dos registros de ocorrência das queixas prestadas na delegacia pelos envolvidos em processos penais mostrou que os conflitos de vizinhança se caracterizavam principalmente por três aspectos: uma reação desproporcional ao fato do desentendimento, a presença de sociabilidade esgarçada nos laços comunitários, e um autocentramento nas relações interpessoais. Constatou-se, também, que o Poder Judiciário era convocado a intervir em questões até então consideradas do âmbito privado e a dirimir conflitos cujas tensões eram, basicamente, ocasionadas pela intolerância. Verificou-se, ainda, a importância de criar espaços de diálogo em que os envolvidos em uma controvérsia possam expor suas...

This article centers on conflicts between neighbors, a fact that has increasingly been observed in the urban life of big Brazilian cities. The goal of the present study is to reveal how neighbors experience conflictive situations and it starts out with a discussion over contemporary discontent, which is marked by intolerance and violence as ways of coping with interpersonal problems and impasses. Fieldwork was carried out at the IV Criminal Claims Court, at Rio de Janeiro and content analysis was performed in the complains recorded at the police station by those involved in criminal processes. Such analysis revealed that mainly three aspects characterized neighborhood conflicts: an overreaction to the cause of misunderstanding; the presence of broken sociability of community bonds; and self-centered interpersonal relationships. It was also verified that the Judiciary was asked to intervene in questions that until then were considered to be of a private nature, and to settle conflicts whose tensions were basically caused by intolerance. Further, the importance of creating spaces of dialogue was verified, so that those involved in a controversy might present their differences and together engage in constructing alternatives...

Este artículo enfoca los conflictos entre vecinos, hecho que se ha ido observando de manera creciente en la vida urbana de las grandes ciudades brasileñas. Partiendo de una discusión teórica sobre el malestar contemporáneo, que aparece marcado por la intolerancia y la violencia como formas de enfrentar las dificultades y los callejones sin salida interpersonales, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo revelar como las situaciones conflictivas son vividas por vecinos. El trabajo de campo fue realizado en el IV Juzgado Especial Criminal de Rio de Janeiro, y el análisis del contenido de los registros de ocurrencia de las quejas presentadas en la comisaría por los que están involucrados en procesos penales mostró que los conflictos de vecindad se caracterizan principalmente por tres aspectos: una reacción desproporcionada en relación al desacuerdo, la presencia de una sociabilidad reducida en los vínculos comunitarios, e individuos autocentrados en sus relaciones interpersonales. Se constató también que el Poder Judicial se convocaba para intervenir en asuntos hasta ahora considerados del ámbito privado y resolver conflictos cuyas tensiones eran, básicamente, ocasionadas por la intolerancia. Se verificó también la importancia de crear espacios de dialogo en que los involucrados en una controversia puedan exponer sus diferencias y elaborar juntos alternativas de solución al litigio. En este sentido...

Cet article a pour objet les conflits entre voisins, conflits qui s'observent de manière croissante dans le milieu urbain des grandes villes brésiliennes. Sur la base d'une discussion théorique sur le mal- être contemporain, marqué par l'intolérance et la violence comme manières d'affronter les difficultés et les impasses interpersonnelles, la présente étude veut révéler comment les situations conflictuelles sont vécues par les voisins. Le travail sur le terrain a été réalisé auprès du IV e Tribunal Criminel Spécial de Rio de Janeiro, et l'analyse du contenu des registres concernant les cas de plaintes déposées au commissariat par les personnes mêlées à des procès pénaux a révélé que les conflits de voisinage sont principalement caractérisés par trois aspects : une réaction disproportionnée par rapport au sujet du litige, la présence d'une sociabilité distendue dans les liens communautaires et des individus auto-centrés dans leurs relations interpersonnelles. Il a été constaté également que le Pouvoir Judiciaire était requis pour intervenir sur des questions considérées jusqu'à présent comme appartenant à la sphère du privé et résoudre des conflits dont les tensions étaient surtout causées par l'intolérance. Limportance de créer des espaces de dialogue ou les intervenants des controverses puissent exposer leurs différences et élaborer ensemble des...

Mal-estar contemporâneo e conflitos entre vizinhos / Contemporary discontent and conflicts between neighbors / Malestar contemporáneo y conflictos entre vecinos / Malaise contemporain et les conflits entre voisins

Este artigo tem como foco os conflitos entre vizinhos, fato que crescentemente vem sendo observado na vida urbana das grandes cidades brasileiras. Partindo de uma discussão teórica sobre o mal-estar contemporâneo, que se apresenta marcado por intolerância e violência como formas de enfrentar dificuldades e impasses interpessoais, o presente estudo tem por objetivo revelar como as situações conflituosas são vivenciadas por moradores vizinhos. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no IV Juizado Especial Criminal do Rio de Janeiro, e a análise de conteúdo dos registros de ocorrência das queixas prestadas na delegacia pelos envolvidos em processos penais mostrou que os conflitos de vizinhança se caracterizavam principalmente por três aspectos: uma reação desproporcional ao fato do desentendimento, a presença de sociabilidade esgarçada nos laços comunitários, e um autocentramento nas relações interpessoais. Constatou-se, também, que o Poder Judiciário era convocado a intervir em questões até então consideradas do âmbito privado e a dirimir conflitos cujas tensões eram, basicamente, ocasionadas pela intolerância. Verificou-se, ainda, a importância de criar espaços de diálogo em que os envolvidos em uma controvérsia possam expor suas diferenças e juntos elaborar alternativas de solução do litígio. Neste sentido, sugere-se que os desentendimentos entre vizinhos possam ser tratados de maneira mais adequada com um trabalho de mediação de conflitos, de natureza transdisciplinar.(AU)

This article centers on conflicts between neighbors, a fact that has increasingly been observed in the urban life of big Brazilian cities. The goal of the present study is to reveal how neighbors experience conflictive situations and it starts out with a discussion over contemporary discontent, which is marked by intolerance and violence as ways of coping with interpersonal problems and impasses. Fieldwork was carried out at the IV Criminal Claims Court, at Rio de Janeiro and content analysis was performed in the complains recorded at the police station by those involved in criminal processes. Such analysis revealed that mainly three aspects characterized neighborhood conflicts: an overreaction to the cause of misunderstanding; the presence of broken sociability of community bonds; and self-centered interpersonal relationships. It was also verified that the Judiciary was asked to intervene in questions that until then were considered to be of a private nature, and to settle conflicts whose tensions were basically caused by intolerance. Further, the importance of creating spaces of dialogue was verified, so that those involved in a controversy might present their differences and together engage in constructing alternatives to the solution of the litigation. Thus, it is suggested that conflict mediation, a work whose nature is transdisciplinary, could more appropriately deal with misunderstandings between neighbors.(AU)

Este artículo enfoca los conflictos entre vecinos, hecho que se ha ido observando de manera creciente en la vida urbana de las grandes ciudades brasileñas. Partiendo de una discusión teórica sobre el malestar contemporáneo, que aparece marcado por la intolerancia y la violencia como formas de enfrentar las dificultades y los callejones sin salida interpersonales, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo revelar como las situaciones conflictivas son vividas por vecinos. El trabajo de campo fue realizado en el IV Juzgado Especial Criminal de Rio de Janeiro, y el análisis del contenido de los registros de ocurrencia de las quejas presentadas en la comisaría por los que están involucrados en procesos penales mostró que los conflictos de vecindad se caracterizan principalmente por tres aspectos: una reacción desproporcionada en relación al desacuerdo, la presencia de una sociabilidad reducida en los vínculos comunitarios, e individuos autocentrados en sus relaciones interpersonales. Se constató también que el Poder Judicial se convocaba para intervenir en asuntos hasta ahora considerados del ámbito privado y resolver conflictos cuyas tensiones eran, básicamente, ocasionadas por la intolerancia. Se verificó también la importancia de crear espacios de dialogo en que los involucrados en una controversia puedan exponer sus diferencias y elaborar juntos alternativas de solución al litigio. En este sentido, se sugiere que los desacuerdos entre vecinos puedan ser tratados de manera más adecuada con un trabajo de mediación de los litigios, de naturaleza transdisciplinaria.(AU)

Cet article a pour objet les conflits entre voisins, conflits qui s'observent de manière croissante dans le milieu urbain des grandes villes brésiliennes. Sur la base d'une discussion théorique sur le mal- être contemporain, marqué par l'intolérance et la violence comme manières d'affronter les difficultés et les impasses interpersonnelles, la présente étude veut révéler comment les situations conflictuelles sont vécues par les voisins. Le travail sur le terrain a été réalisé auprès du IV e Tribunal Criminel Spécial de Rio de Janeiro, et l'analyse du contenu des registres concernant les cas de plaintes déposées au commissariat par les personnes mêlées à des procès pénaux a révélé que les conflits de voisinage sont principalement caractérisés par trois aspects : une réaction disproportionnée par rapport au sujet du litige, la présence d'une sociabilité distendue dans les liens communautaires et des individus auto-centrés dans leurs relations interpersonnelles. Il a été constaté également que le Pouvoir Judiciaire était requis pour intervenir sur des questions considérées jusqu'à présent comme appartenant à la sphère du privé et résoudre des conflits dont les tensions étaient surtout causées par l'intolérance. Limportance de créer des espaces de dialogue ou les intervenants des controverses puissent exposer leurs différences et élaborer ensemble des alternatives de solution du litige a été mise en avant. Pour abonder dans ce sens, les mésententes entre voisins pourraient être traitées de manière plus adéquate par un travail de médiation des conflits dont la nature serait transdisciplinaire.(AU)

Análisis del proceso de comunicación en un proceso de mediación de conflictos con una pareja de separados, basado en la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Habermas y el modelo relacional simbólico / Communication analysis to the type of dialogues occurred in a conflict mediation process with a separated couple, based on Jurgen Habermas action communication theory and the symbolic relationship model of mediation (MRS)

Este es un estudio de caso, realizado con una pareja de separados con quienes se llevó a cabo una mediación familiar en el Consultorio Jurídico de la Universidad del Rosario. El propósito fue analizar el proceso de comunicación que emergió durante el proceso de mediación, basado en el Modelo Relacional Simbólico (MRS) desarrollado por la Escuela de Altos Estudios de la Familia de la Universidad Cattólica del Sacro Cuore de Milán. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de la información se diseñaron con base en el MRS y la pragmática formal del lenguaje de Jurgen Habermas. Esta última se utilizó para analizar la acción comunicativa a partir de la identificación de los actos de habla de los enunciados textuales de la pareja, en las diferentes fases del proceso de mediación, lo que permitió visibilizar sus efectos. Los instrumentos desarrollados con este fin y los resultados arrojados en su aplicación, permiten enunciar que la pragmática formal del lenguaje puede ser una herramienta para articular la conceptualización teórica del modelo MRS con la investigación empírica.

The present includes a case study of a family mediation process with a separated couple in a Judiciary Consultant service of the Rosario University at Bogotá, Colombia. Its purpose was to analyze the type of communication dialogues that occurred during the mediation process, based on Jurgen Habermas Action Communication Theory and the Symbolic Relationship Model of Mediation (MRS) developed by the School of Family Studies of the Université Cattólica del Sacro Cuore di Milano. The core of the conflict mediation process is centered upon the comprehension of bonding in a couple, family or community members, as well as the symbolic meaning that act as regulators of the relationship. The structure of the bonding between a couple, together with the basic gender differences between being a man or a woman, and the task of providing for the generations within the conscience of nurturing, is basic to guarantee the maintenance of the parental task for their offspring after the rupture of the marriage bonding.

Many from one: Lessons from the volvocine algae on the evolution of multicellularity.

The volvocine green algae are a model system for the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. A combination of molecular genetic and phylogenetic comparative approaches has resulted in a detailed picture of the transition from single cells to differentiated, multicellular organisms in this group. To be useful as a model system, the volvocine algae should provide information that is relevant to other groups. Here I discuss recent advances in understanding the origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae and consider the implications for such transitions in general. Several general principles emerge that are relevant to the origins of major multicellular groups, such as animals, plants, fungi, red and brown algae. First, if the lessons learned from the volvocine algae can be generalized to other origins of multicellularity, we should expect these transitions to be understandable as a series of small changes, each potentially adaptive in itself. In addition, cooperation, conflict and mediation of conflicts among cells are likely to have played central roles. Finally, we should expect the histories of these transitions to include parallel evolution of some traits, periods of relatively rapid change interspersed with long periods of stasis, and simpler forms coexisting with more complex forms for long periods of time as in the evolution of the volvocine algae.