Importance of methodological pluralism in deriving counterfactuals for evidence-based conservation.

Most protected area impact research that uses counterfactuals draws heavily on quantitative methods, data, and knowledge types, making it valuable in producing generalizations but limited in temporal scope, historical detail, and habitat diversity and coverage of ecosystem services. We devised a methodological pluralistic approach, which supports social science qualitative methods, narratives, mixed methods, and interdisciplinarity, to fully unlock the potential of counterfactuals in ensuring a place-based and detailed understanding of the socioecological context and impacts of protected areas. We applied this approach to derive possible counterfactual conditions for the impact of a montane protected area on 40 years of vegetation change in the Cape Floristic Region-a global biodiversity hotspot and UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. We incorporated diverse methods, knowledge, and information sources, drawing on before-after protected area comparisons for inside and outside the protected area. A significant increase in shrubland vegetation (17-30%) was observed and attributed primarily to a decline in frequent burning for grazing. This also occurred outside the protected area and was driven by socioeconomic drivers and not by concerns over biodiversity conservation or land degradation. Had the protected area not been established the area would have seen intensification of cultivation and increased road networks, buildings, and water storage in dams. Our approach increased historical temporal coverage of socioecological change and contextualized assumptions around causality. Protected area impact evaluation should reengage in place-based research that fully incorporates pluralism in methodologies for constructing counterfactuals in a way that builds regional and global understanding from the local level upward. We devised 10 key principles for deriving counterfactuals grounded in methodological pluralism, covering aspects of collaboration, cocreation, inter- and transdisciplinarity, diverse values and lived experiences, multiple knowledge types, multiple possible causal mechanisms, social science qualitative methods, perceptions, perspectives, and narratives.

Importancia del pluralismo metodológico en la derivación de situaciones contrafactuales para la conservación basada en evidencias Resumen La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre el impacto de las áreas protegidas que usan situaciones contrafactuales se basan en gran medida en métodos cuantitativos, datos y tipos de conocimiento, por lo que son muy valiosas para producir generalizaciones, pero limitadas en el enfoque temporal, el detalle histórico y la diversidad de hábitats y cobertura de los servicios ambientales. Diseñamos una estrategia metodológica pluralista, la cual apoya los métodos cualitativos de las ciencias sociales, narrativas, métodos mixtos e interdisciplinarios para utilizar por completo el potencial de las situaciones contrafactuales para asegurar un conocimiento detallado y basado en el lugar del contexto socio ecológico y el impacto de las áreas protegidas. Aplicamos esta estrategia para derivar las posibles condiciones contrafactuales del impacto de un área protegida montañosa sobre 40 años de cambio de vegetación en el reino florístico del Cabo ­ un punto caliente de biodiversidad y Sitio de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO en Sudáfrica. Incorporamos varios métodos, conocimientos y fuentes de información a partir de las comparaciones antes­después dentro y fuera del área protegida. Observamos un incremento significativo en la vegetación del matorral (17­30%), el cual atribuimos principalmente en la disminución de la quema frecuente para el pastoreo. Esto también ocurrió fuera del área protegida y fue causado por factores socioeconómicos y no por preocupación por la conservación de la biodiversidad o por la degradación del suelo. De no haberse establecido el área protegida, la zona habría sufrido una intensificación de cultivos y un incremento de carreteras, edificios y almacenamiento de agua en presas. Nuestra estrategia incrementó la cobertura histórica temporal del cambio socio­ecológico y contextualizó las suposiciones sobre la causalidad. La evaluación del impacto del área protegida debe volver a la investigación basada en el lugar que incorpora de lleno el pluralismo en la metodología para construir situaciones contrafactuales de una forma que genere conocimiento regional y global a partir del nivel local y hacia arriba. Diseñamos diez principios clave para derivar las situaciones contrafactuales basados en el pluralismo metodológico, la cobertura de los aspectos de colaboración, creación conjunta, inter­ y transdisciplinariedad, valores diversos y experiencias vividas, varios tipos de conocimiento, diferentes mecanismos causales posibles, métodos cualitativos de las ciencias sociales, percepciones, perspectivas, historias y narrativas.

Sensitivity of North American grassland birds to weather and climate variability.

Grassland birds in North America have declined sharply over the last 60 years, driven by the widespread loss and degradation of grassland habitats. Climate change is occurring more rapidly in grasslands relative to some other ecosystems, and exposure to extreme and novel climate conditions may affect grassland bird ecology and demographics. To determine the potential effects of weather and climate variability on grassland birds, we conducted a systematic review of relationships between temperature and precipitation and demographic responses in grassland bird species of North America. Based on 124 independent studies, we used a vote-counting approach to quantify the frequency and direction of significant effects of weather and climate variability on grassland birds. Grassland birds tended to experience positive and negative effects of higher temperatures and altered precipitation. Moderate, sustained increases in mean temperature and precipitation benefitted some species, but extreme heat, drought, and heavy rainfall often reduced abundance and nest success. These patterns varied among climate regions, temporal scales of temperature and precipitation (<1 or ≥1 month), and taxa. The sensitivity of grassland bird populations to extreme weather and altered climate variability will likely be mediated by regional climates, interaction with other stressors, life-history strategies of various species, and species' tolerances for novel climate conditions.

Sensibilidad de las aves norteamericanas de pastizales ante la variabilidad climática y el clima Resumen Las aves de los pastizales norteamericanos han declinado gravemente durante los últimos 60 años, principalmente debido a la pérdida generalizada y la degradación del hábitat. El cambio climático ocurre cada vez más rápido en los pastizales en relación con otros ecosistemas, y la exposición a las condiciones climáticas nuevas y extremas puede afectar la demografía y la ecología aviar en los pastizales. Realizamos un análisis sistemático de las relaciones entre la temperatura y la precipitación y las respuestas demográficas de las especies de aves de pastizales en Norteamérica para determinar los efectos potenciales del clima y la variabilidad climática sobre estas aves. Usamos un método de conteo de votos basado en 124 estudios independientes para cuantificar la frecuencia y dirección de los efectos significativos del clima y la variabilidad climática sobre las aves de pastizal. Las aves de pastizal tendieron a experimentar los efectos positivos y negativos de las altas temperaturas y la precipitación alterada. El incremento moderado y sostenido en las medias de temperatura y precipitación beneficiaron a algunas especies, pero el calor extremo, la sequía y las lluvias torrenciales redujeron con frecuencia la abundancia y el éxito de anidación. Estos patrones variaron entre las regiones climáticas, las escalas temporales de temperatura y precipitación (< 1 mes o ≥ 1 mes) y los taxones. La sensibilidad de las poblaciones de aves de pastizal ante el clima extremo y la variabilidad climática alterada probablemente será mediada por los climas regionales, la interacción con otros estresantes, las estrategias de vida de varias especies y la tolerancia de las especies a las condiciones climáticas nuevas.

Hunger in Brazil: Notes on the narratives in the Folha de São Paulo newspaper during the 2020 pandemic period / A fome no Brasil: notas sobre as narrativas no jornal Folha de São Paulo no período pandêmico de 2020

ABSTRACT Objective This survey aims atreviewing the journalistic narratives of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo (digital edition) about hunger in Brazil during the 2020 pandemic period. It is known that journalism plays an important role in keeping the public informed and in helping to contribute to the shaping of society's opinion. Despite hunger being a structural phenomenon in this country, little is published in the mainstream media discussing the magnitude of the problem and the articulation of measures taken in the three government spheres (federal, state and municipal), to ensure access to food to the most vulnerable populations. Method News excerpts addressing hunger as the main topic were selected from Folha de São Paulo daily newspaper and were highlighted based on reading keys (n=11, published between March and December 2020). Results In all the selected articles, the newspaper addressed the cause of hunger from the perspective of the pandemic (passing event and manifestation). Issues linked to the economic and social crisis experienced in the country were not emphasized. This form of covering hunger in news articles can enhance the idea that the poor are the result of the currently spreading fatality. Conclusion Finally, from these first results we could infer that the newspaper, when addressing hunger in Brazil in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, sought to construct a biased reality that hunger was derived from the health crisis, at the same time that it presents the hungry people narratives as a discursive strategy to sensitize the reader to Folha de São Paulo intentions.

RESUMO Objetivo A nota tem como objetivo examinar as narrativas jornalísticas do jornal Folha de São Paulo (digital) sobre a fome no Brasil, no período pandêmico de 2020, uma vez que se compreende que as narrativas jornalísticas têm um papel importante na formação de opinião da sociedade. Apesar da fome ser um fenômeno estrutural no país, pouco se vê nos grandes meios de comunicação o debate sobre a magnitude dos problemas e articulação de medidas governamentais nas três esferas de gestão (federal, estadual e municipal), que possam assegurar o acesso à alimentação adequada e saudável dos mais vulneráveis. Método Foram selecionadas notícias na Folha de São Paulo que tratavam da fome como pauta principal, sendo analisadas com base em chaves de leitura (n=11, divulgadas entre março e dezembro de 2020). Resultados Em todas as matérias selecionadas o jornal abordou a causa da fome a partir da perspectiva da pandemia (acontecimento e manifestação passageira). As questões vinculadas à crise econômica e social vivenciada no país não foram enfatizadas. A forma de acionar os famintos nas matérias pode reforçar a ideia de que os pobres são fruto da fatalidade que se propaga. Conclusão Por fim, os resultados iniciais permitem inferir que o jornal ao editar a fome no Brasil, no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19, procurou construir uma realidade enviesada de que a fome é derivada de uma crise sanitária ao mesmo tempo que apresenta as narrativas dos famintos como estratégia discursiva para sensibilizar o leitor em relação às suas intenções.

Individual and contextual factors associated with the survival of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by COVID-19 in Brazil / Fatores individuais e contextuais associados à sobrevida de pacientes com síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the influence of individual and contextual factors of the hospital and the municipality of care on the survival of patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19. Methods: Hospital cohort study with data from 159,948 adults and elderly with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19 hospitalized from January 1 to December 31, 2022 and reported in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. The contextual variables were related to the structure, professionals and equipment of the hospital establishments and socioeconomic and health indicators of the municipalities. The outcome was hospital survival up to 90 days. Survival tree and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. Results: Hospital lethality was 30.4%. Elderly patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation and were hospitalized in cities with low tax collection rates had lower survival rates compared to other groups identified in the survival tree (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study indicated the interaction of contextual factors with the individual ones, and it shows that hospital and municipal characteristics increase the risk of death, highlighting the attention to the organization, operation, and performance of the hospital network.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos fatores individuais e contextuais do hospital e do município de assistência sobre a sobrevida de pacientes com Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo de coorte hospitalar com dados de 159.948 adultos e idosos com Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave por COVID-19 internados de 01 de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2022 e notificados no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Influenza. As variáveis contextuais foram relacionadas à estrutura, aos profissionais e equipamentos dos estabelecimentos hospitalares e indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde dos municípios. O desfecho foi a sobrevida hospitalar em até 90 dias. Árvore de sobrevida e curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizados para analisar a sobrevida. Resultados: A letalidade hospitalar foi de 30,4%. Idosos submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva e internados em cidades com baixo percentual de arrecadação de impostos apresentaram menor sobrevida quando comparados aos demais grupos identificados na árvore de sobrevida (p<0,001). Conclusão: O estudo indicou a interação de fatores contextuais com os individuais, e evidencia que características hospitalares e dos municípios aumentam o risco de óbito, destacando a atenção à organização, ao funcionamento e desempenho da rede hospitalar.

Portuguese Validation of the Grit-S scale for the sport context / Validación Portuguesa de la escala Grit-S para el contexto del deporte / Validação portuguesa da escala Grit-S para o contexto do desporto

El grit implica una actitud apasionada y persistente, ser capaz de mantener el enfoque y la determinación incluso frente a obstáculos y fracasos. La perseverancia en el esfuerzo contribuye al logro de la maestría y la consistencia en los intereses promueve el compromiso con la práctica deliberada en prol de la excelencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la Escala Portuguesa Grit-S en el contexto del deporte. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 446 atletas federados (328 hombres y 190 mujeres; edad M = 17,60 años; SD = 6,27). Después de eliminar un ítem de la Grit-S, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la escala de estructura de dos factores es aceptable en la muestra portuguesa. El modelo de medición comprobó su invariabilidad en función del género. Asimismo, encontramos una correlación negativa significativa entre la consistencia de los intereses y la perseverancia en el esfuerzo. En conclusión, la versión portuguesa de la escala reducida del Grit (Grit-S), adaptada para el contexto deportivo, presentó dos factores con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser aplicados en este contexto. Por lo tanto, puede ser aplicable y útil en contextos deportivos de habla portuguesa por parte de entrenadores y psicólogos. (AU)

Grit involves a passion and persistent attitude and being able to sustain focus and determination even in the face of obstacles and failures.Perseverance in effort contributes to the achievement of mastery and consistency in interests promotes the commitment to deliberate practice in pursuit of excellence. The goal of the study was to validate the Portuguese Short Grit Scale specifically within the context of sports.The researchers gathered a sample of 446 federated athletes(328 males and 190 females; M age = 17,60 years; SD = 6,27). After removing one item from the Grit–S, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the scale is appropriate in the Portuguese context. The measurement model was found be invariant in function of gender. Additionally, we found a significant negative correlation between consistency of interests and persistence. This suggests that the adapted Portuguese Short Grit Scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be used by coaches and sport psychologists to assess grit among portuguese athletes. (AU)

O grit envolve paixão e uma atitude persistente, bem como a capacidade de mantero foco e a determinação apesar dos obstáculos e das falhas. A perseverança no esforço contribui para a conquista da mestria e a consistência nos interesses promove o compromisso com a prática deliberada em prol da excelência. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar a versão reduzida da escala portuguesa de Grit (Grit-S) no contexto do desporto. A amostra foi constituída por 446 atletas federados (328 homens e 190 mulheres; idade M = 17,60 anos; DP = 6,27. O modelo de medida revelou ser invariante em função do sexo. Encontramos uma correlação negativa significativa entre a consistência de interesses e a perseverança no esforço. Em suma, a versão portuguesa da escala de Grit (Grit-S) adaptada para o contexto desportivo, apresentou dois fatores com propriedades psicométricas adequadas-possibilitando a sua aplicação em contextos desportivos de língua portuguesa, por treinadores e psicólogos do desporto. (AU)

Adaptación y validación al contexto argentino de la escala de fear of missing out / Adaptation and Validation of the Fear of Missing Out Scale to the Argentine Context / Adaptação e validação ao contexto argentino da escala fear of missing out

El presente trabajo se propone examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al contexto argentino de la escala de fear of missing out (FoMO, miedo a perderse algo) en una muestra compuesta por residentes del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (amba, Argentina). La escala permite medir un único factor que establece el grado en que las personas se encuentran pendientes de las actividades ajenas en comparación con las propias. Del estudio participaron 416 personas con edades entre 18 y 66 años (M = 28.82) y de diferentes géneros (hombres = 25 %; mujeres = 75 %). Los análisis confirmatorios arrojaron valores superiores a 0.90 para los índices ifi, nnfi y cfi, y para el rmsea, valores inferiores a 0.08. La consistencia interna evaluada a partir de los estadísticos alfa ordinal y omega de McDonald fue aceptable (α = 0.77; ω = 0.99). La evidencia de validez externa de la escala demostró asociaciones significativas con la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (rses), de manera consistente con estudios previos.

The present study examines the evidence of validity and reliability of the Argentine version of the fear of missing out (FoMO) scale in a sample of residents in the Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (amba) (Argentina). The scale consists in a single factor that allows us to measure the degree to which people are aware of other people's activities compared with their own experiences. This study involved 416 individuals with ages between 18 and 66 years (M = 28.82) and of different genders (Male = 25 %; Female = 75 %). The confirmatory factor analysis yielded values higher than 0.90 for the ifi, nnfi, and cfi indices and the rmseavalues lower than 0.08, figures considered as adequateadjustment indicators. The internal consistency was evaluated from Cronbach's Alpha and the McDonald's Omega statistic, obtaining acceptable figures (α = 0.77; ω = 0.99). The external validity analysis showed sig-nificant associations with the Rosenberg self-esteemscale, following previous studies

Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar as proprieda-des psicométricas da adaptação ao contexto argentino da escala fear of missing out (FoMO, medo de perder alguma coisa) em uma amostra composta por residen-tes da Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (rmba) (Argentina). A escala permite medir um único fator que estabelece o grau de conhecimento das pessoas sobre as atividades dos outros em comparação com as suas próprias. Participaram do estudo 416 pessoas com idades entre 18 e 66 anos (M = 28.82) e de diferentes gêneros (homens = 25 %; mulheres = 75 %). As aná-lises confirmatórias produziram valores superiores a 0.90 para os índices ifi, nnfi e cfi e valores inferiores a 0.08 para o rmsea. A consistência interna avaliada pelas estatísticas alfa e ômega ordinal de McDonald foram aceitáveis (α = 0.77; ω = 0.99). Evidências de validade externa da escala demonstraram associações significativas com a escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (rses), consistentes com estudos anteriores

¿Qué es realmente eso a lo que llamamos contexto? Hacia un modelo de análisis sistemático del contexto / What Is it Really that we Call Context? Towards a Model for a Systematic Analysis of Context

En los modelos actuales de discapacidad se considera esencial el rol del contexto. Hasta la fecha no se han desarrollado modelos teóricos que permitan analizar de forma sistemática la influencia del contexto en la vida de las personas con discapacidad. En el artículo se explica el tratamiento recibido por el contexto en diferentes modelos de referencia. Se ofrece un modelo conceptual de análisis del contexto basado en categorías que permita entender mejor su influencia en la vida de las personas y facilite la transformación de las barreras que se afronten. (AU)

In current models of disability, the role of context is considered essential. To date, no theoretical models have been developed to systematically analyze the influence of context on the lives of people with disabilities. The article explains the treatment received by the context in different reference models. A conceptual model of context analysis based on categories is offered to better understand its influence on people’s lives and to facilitate the transformation of the barriers faced. (AU)

Everyday life experiences for evaluating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Background: Previous research has highlighted the importance of regularizing daily routines for maintaining mental health. Little is known about whether and how regularity of daily routines is associated with reduced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.Objective: We aimed to examine the associations between regularity of daily routines and PTSD symptoms in two studies (N = 796).Method: In Study 1, prospective data were analysed with the latent change score model to investigate the association between sustainment of regular daily routines and change in PTSD symptoms over time amid massive civil unrest in Hong Kong in 2019. Study 2 used vignette as a quasi-experimental method to assess the ability of maintaining regular daily routines in face of a major stressor, and tested its associations with PTSD symptoms.Results: In Study 1, increased regularity of diverse daily routines was inversely associated with increased PTSD symptoms amid the civil unrest in Hong Kong (ß = -.427 to -.224, 95% confidence intervals [-.543 to -.359, -.310 to -.090], p values < .01). In Study 2, a greater ability to maintain regular daily routines during stress was associated with lower levels of PTSD symptoms (ß = -.285 to -.096, 95% confidence intervals [-.379 to -.189, -.190 to -.003], p values < .05).Conclusions: Our findings suggest the benefit of considering diverse everyday activities in evaluating PTSD symptoms in both clinical and subclinical populations. Interventions with the direct focus on the role of daily living could promote psychological resilience during and after potentially traumatic events.

Increased regularity of routines (hygiene, healthy eating, sleep, duties at home, exercising, leisure and social activities, work/study involvement) was related to less increase in PTSD symptoms amid widespread civil unrest.The ability to maintain regular routines during stress was inversely associated with PTSD symptoms.Research and interventions with the direct focus on the role of daily living could promote psychological resilience during and after potentially traumatic events.

Influencia del contexto en el desarrollo cognitivo infantil: revisión sistemática / Influence of context on children's cognitive development: systematic review

(analítico) Durante los últimos años diversas investigaciones analizaron la asociación entre contexto y desarrollo infantil. Un problema central es si el ambiente influye en el desarrollo cognitivo. El contexto está compuesto por diferentes niveles que interactúan entre sí e influyen en las personas: el microsistema, mesosistema, exosistema y el macrosistema. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es indagar acerca de los factores que pertenecen al contexto y modularían el desarrollo infantil. A través de una búsqueda de artículos empíricos en revistas científicas indexadas, se seleccionaron 22 artículos, los cuales fueron analizados mediante la comparación de las variables: población, país, instrumento de evaluación, constructo evaluado, frecuencia de evaluación y resultados. Los resultados muestran que los factores ambientales pertenecientes a cada nivel analizado tienen la capacidad de modular el desarrollo infantil.

(analytical) Over the past few years, research has focused on the association between context and child development. One of the central problems addressed is whether a child's environment influences cognitive development. The context consists of different levels that interact with each other and influence people: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. The goal of this systematic review is to investigate factors that form part of the context and affect child development. Twenty-two articles were selected through a search of empirical articles in indexed scientific journals. These were analyzed by comparing the variables used: population, country, evaluation instrument, evaluated construct, evaluation frequency and results. The results show that environmental factors belonging to each context level have the capacity to modulate child development.

(analítico) Nos últimos anos, a investigação analisou a parceria entre o contexto e o desenvolvimento infantil. Um dos problemas centrais é se o ambiente influencia no desenvolvimento cognitivo. O contexto é composto por diferentes níveis que interagem entre si e influenciam as pessoas: o microssistema, o mesosistema, o exosistema e o macrosistema. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é indagar sobre os fatores que pertencem ao contexto e modular o desenvolvimento infantil. Através de uma pesquisa de artigos empíricos em revistas científicas indexadas, foram selecionados 22 artigos, os quais foram analisados mediante a comparação das variáveis: população, país, instrumento de avaliação, constructo avaliado, frequência de avaliação e resultados. Os resultados mostram que os fatores ambientais pertencentes a cada nível analisado têm a capacidade de modular o desenvolvimento infantil.

Envejecimiento saludable: un primer acercamiento a la revisión de indicadores subjetivos de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales en Costa Rica / Healthy aging: An initial review of subjective health indicators in urban and rural areas in Costa Rica

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una primera aproximación al análisis del efecto moderador del contexto social, cultural y geográfico en indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable en personas mayores de 46 años residentes en territorios con características diferenciadas en Costa Rica. Se trabajó con una muestra de 305 personas residentes en tres áreas geográficas: una urbana, una semiurbana y una tercera principalmente rural. La diferenciación de las tres zonas se basó en criterios de densidad poblacional, infraestructura y acceso a bienes y servicios. Los indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable analizados fueron: participación social, apoyo social, salud percibida, espiritualidad, autoeficacia, comportamientos de autocuidado, bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico) y estado de ánimo; todas las variables fueron condicionadas por zona de residencia, edad y sexo. Para analizar los indicadores subjetivos se estimó un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) o un análisis multivariado de covarianza (MANCOVA), dependiendo del número de variables dependientes analizadas. En general, se identificaron indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable altos en las personas participantes del estudio, quienes reportaron altos niveles de participación social, satisfacción con la vida y estados de salud y ánimo positivos. Se encontraron diferencias por edad entre los grupos. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los indicadores subjetivos analizados según la zona de residencia o el sexo. En síntesis, este estudio encontró que los indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable analizados eran muy similares en residentes de tres zonas geográficas con características distintas. Estos hallazgos iniciales se discuten desde una perspectiva cultural y geográfica y en relación con los modelos de envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract This review exposes the results of a first approximation to the analysis of the moderator effect of the geographical, social, and cultural context on subjective indicators of healthy aging in the Costa Rican context. Costa Rica is a middle-income democratic country that is in an advanced demographic changing process; this phenomenon makes it one of the aged countries in the Latin American region. Therefore, studying healthy aging becomes relevant in the context of population demographic change in the present and future aging societies. The study compared several subjective indicators of healthy aging among people older than 46 who resided in three different geographical areas in the country. Participants were 305 healthy people from three locations: one urban (Heredia Central City), one semi-urban (Santa Ana Central City), and one mainly rural (Nicoya). Participants completed standardized assessment scales to evaluate social participation, social support, perceived health, spirituality, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and subjective well-being (life satisfaction and psychological well-being). All variables were conditioned by geographical zone (urban, semi-urban, and mainly rural), age, and gender. Either Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were estimated depending on the number of dependent variables analyzed to test the effect of the zone of residence, gender, and age, over the subjective indicator of healthy aging studied. In general, participants evidenced high scores on subjective indicators such as self-care, social support, spirituality, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, which have been associated with health and well-being during the aging process. Participants reported high levels of social participation and perceived that they received adequate support for their daily life needs. Likewise, participants evidenced a general state of well-being, a positive state of health, high levels of self-efficacy, and positive moods. Differences were found among the groups by comparing age. However, no significant differences were found in the variables studied related to geographical areas of residence and sex, suggesting invariant comparison evidence by zone of residence and sex. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the subjective indicators of healthy aging studied are key to promoting healthy aging at the national level. It is considered necessary to improve opportunities for social participation aimed at older adults, to strengthen community and family social networks, to promote socio-economic support such as financial and instrumental support for activities of daily living, and finally emotional support such as listening, empathy and advice. Although the differences among geographical areas of residence of the people studied were not statistically significant in this study, the evidence suggested a trend of high well-being indicators mainly in the rural areas studied, and particularly more in males than in females. As this study only reached preliminary data, further research must obtain conclusive evidence, as previous research had suggested older people living in rural areas with high longevity indicators in Costa Rica might enjoy unusual environmental characteristics and personal protective factors that could be absent in most of the urban areas in the country. On the other hand, it will be necessary to include the historical and socio-cultural determinants focusing on context-specific review analyses in the mainstream research on healthy aging, even more in aged countries like Costa Rica. The findings are discussed within the inter-cultural emphasis and healthy aging models in order to contribute to a better understanding of how the context (physical-constructed and social/cultural) influences the differences, although subtle, in the study´s variables and participants, and how the process of aging might be different according to the multiple contextual conditions in which people live and adapt their capacities and abilities for coping with daily life demands.

Iniciativas de autonomía alimentaria como escenarios para la acción comunitaria en salud basada en activos / Food autonomy initiatives as scenarios for community action in health based on assets

Se expone el desarrollo de un proceso territorial de acción comunitaria para la salud basada en activos, que tuvo como objetivo generar estrategias concretas para combatir el hambre y la malnutrición en un barrio popular de la ciudad de Tunja (Colombia) con altas brechas de desigualdad económica y fragmentación social. A partir de la identificación y la dinamización de diversas iniciativas de autonomías alimentarias se generó una red comunitaria que facilitó la utilización colectiva de recursos, saberes y prácticas propias alrededor del proceso agroalimentario. Con ello se promovió la accesibilidad a alimentos saludables y culturalmente legítimos, a la vez que se configuró un espacio vincular de autonomía, organización, participación y cooperación solidaria entre vecinos. Esto demuestra la potencialidad salutogénica de las acciones locales en salud y de abordar la alimentación de manera participativa, hecho que señalamos como una propuesta político-popular y académica para la promoción de la salud colectiva.(AU)

This paper presents the development of a territorial process of community action for health based on assets. Its objective was to generate concrete strategies to combat hunger and malnutrition in a working-class neighbourhood of the Colombian city of Tunja where there are significant gaps in terms of economic inequality and social fragmentation. Through the identification and dynamization of diverse initiatives of food autonomy, a community network was created which facilitated the collective use of their own resources, knowledge, and practices around the agri-food process. This promoted access to healthy and culturally accepted foods and a space where autonomy, organisation, participation, and cooperation among neighbours converged. The above shows the salutogenic potentiality of local actions in health and of approaching food in a participative way, something that we point out as a political-popular and academic proposal for the promotion of collective health.(AU)

[Food autonomy initiatives as scenarios for community action in health based on assets]. / Iniciativas de autonomía alimentaria como escenarios para la acción comunitaria en salud basada en activos.

This paper presents the development of a territorial process of community action for health based on assets. Its objective was to generate concrete strategies to combat hunger and malnutrition in a working-class neighbourhood of the Colombian city of Tunja where there are significant gaps in terms of economic inequality and social fragmentation. Through the identification and dynamization of diverse initiatives of food autonomy, a community network was created which facilitated the collective use of their own resources, knowledge, and practices around the agri-food process. This promoted access to healthy and culturally accepted foods and a space where autonomy, organisation, participation, and cooperation among neighbours converged. The above shows the salutogenic potentiality of local actions in health and of approaching food in a participative way, something that we point out as a political-popular and academic proposal for the promotion of collective health.

Prevenção de consumos nocivos na população adolescente / Prevention of harmful consumption in adolescents

Este relatório refere-se à prática clínica desenvolvida na Unidade de Saúde Pública Baixo Mondego (USPBM) e na Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade - Coimbra Saúde (UCC-CS). A prevenção de consumos de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas (ATOD) na população adolescente surgiu como uma necessidade identificada pela equipa de Saúde Escolar da UCC-CS. O consumo de ATOD pelos adolescentes afeta não só a sua saúde física e mental, e o uso excessivo pode levar a dependência acarretando custos para a saúde publica. Programas preventivos sobre os riscos e conscientização sobre os efeitos nocivos de ATOD podem contribuir para ganhos em saúde. É competência específica do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Pública o processo de capacitação de grupos/comunidade, assim, delineei o projeto ?Mais saúde menos consumos nocivos nos adolescentes em contexto escolar? tendo como finalidade a melhoria contínua da qualidade dos cuidados no âmbito da Saúde Escolar. Desenvolvi uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura com a seguinte questão de investigação: Que programas/intervenções têm sido implementados no contexto escolar para a prevenção do consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas entre os adolescentes?? Os resultados mostraram a implementação de programas que combinaram o modelo tradicional de ensino, utilizando sessões educativas durante as aulas, e outros combinando métodos interativos com a tecnologia digital, como intervenções on-line e uso de redes sociais. Independentemente das intervenções realizadas e do método utilizado, os programas implementados contribuíram para o aumento da literacia sobre o consumo de ATOD e a adesão aos programas de prevenção. Ficou também evidente a importância do envolvimento de profissionais de saúde, dos professores, ou outros profissionais treinados, para desenvolvimento das intervenções. Tendo como suporte estes resultados e os pressupostos teóricos orientadores do empoderamento comunitário e da literacia em saúde, planeei e realizei intervenções de sensibilização e educação para a saúde a adolescentes inscritos em escolas na área de abrangência da UCCCS. Intervenções precoces, como educação para a saúde, sobre os riscos e conscientização sobre os efeitos negativos de ATOD podem ajudar a reduzir o significativamente o número de adolescentes e dependentes, e deste modo contribuir para que que haja mais ganhos em saúde.

Empoderamento comunitário para a segurança dos cuidados de saúde de um grupo de idosos / Community empowerment for safe healthcare for a group of elderly people

O Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária e Saúde Pública detém competências específicas que lhe permite um elevado grau de adequação dos cuidados às necessidades de saúde de grupos e comunidades (Regulamento n.º 428/2018, 2018). A segurança dos cuidados de saúde é uma prioridade de Saúde Pública, fundamental para a qualidade dos cuidados de saúde (Direção-Geral da Saúde, 2022). O baixo nível de Literacia em Saúde é um dos principais obstáculos da participação do utente na melhoria da segurança dos cuidados de saúde e no seu processo de saúde/doença (Longtin et al., 2010). Este relatório tem como objetivos realizar uma análise crítico-reflexiva sobre o desenvolvimento das competências comuns e específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária e Saúde Pública, em contexto de Unidade de Saúde Pública e Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade, ao longo do Estágio de Enfermagem Comunitária e Saúde Pública com relatório final, e descrever, com base na metodologia do Planeamento em Saúde, o projeto de intervenção comunitária "EnvelheSer com Literacia ­ ELit" desenvolvido. O projeto de intervenção comunitária ELit tem os seguintes objetivos: avaliar e promover a Literacia em Saúde e o empoderamento comunitário para a segurança dos cuidados de saúde numa população-alvo de vinte e cinco idosos de uma freguesia do Centro do País. Recorreu-se ao questionário LitSCuida (Figueiredo, 2018) e como referencial teórico ao Modelo de Avaliação, Intervenção e Empoderamento Comunitário para orientar a tomada de decisão em enfermagem (Melo et al., 2018). Após aplicação do questionário, em outubro de 2022, o diagnóstico de enfermagem priorizado foi: "liderança comunitária comprometida por conhecimento sobre a utilização da medicação não demostrado." Para aumentar o nível de conhecimentos dos idosos sobre a utilização da medicação foi estruturada e implementada uma intervenção composta por duas sessões de Educação para a Saúde. Para avaliar ao impacto da intervenção, foi realizado um estudo quasi-experimental, com aplicação de pré e pós-testes de avaliação dos conhecimentos. Considerando a reduzida dimensão da população-alvo, e apesar do efeito positivo da intervenção (aumento de 21% das respostas corretas), não é possível concluir quanto ao impacto da intervenção no empoderamento comunitário.

Nurses specialising in Community Nursing and Public Health have specific competences that enable them to tailor their care to the health needs of groups and communities (Regulation 428/2018, 2018). Health care safety is a public health priority, fundamental to the quality of health care (Directorate-General for Health, 2022). The low level of Health Literacy is one of the main obstacles to user participation in improving healthcare safety and in their health/disease process (Longtin et al., 2010). This report aims to carry out a critical-reflective analysis of the development of the common and specific competences of the Nurse Specialising in Community Nursing and Public Health, in the context of a Public Health Unit and a Community Care Unit, throughout the Community Nursing and Public Health Internship with a final report, and to describe, based on the Health Planning methodology, the community intervention project "EnvelheSer com Literacia - ELit" developed. The ELit community intervention project has the following objectives: to assess and promote health literacy and community empowerment for safe healthcare in a target population of twenty-five elderly people in a parish in the centre of the country. The LitSCuida questionnaire (Figueiredo, 2018) was used as a theoretical reference, as well as the Community Assessment, Intervention and Empowerment Model to guide nursing decision-making (Melo et al., 2018). After applying the questionnaire in October 2022, the prioritised nursing diagnosis was: "compromised community leadership due to undemonstrated knowledge of medication use." In order to increase the level of knowledge of the elderly about the use of medication, an intervention consisting of two Health Education sessions was structured and implemented. To assess the impact of the intervention, a quasi-experimental study was carried out, with pre- and post-tests to assess knowledge. Considering the small size of the target population, and despite the positive effect of the intervention (21 per cent increase in correct answers), it is not possible to conclude on the impact of the intervention on community empowerment.

Los modelos en enfermería, consideraciones prácticas respecto al contexto / Nursing models, practical considerations regarding the context

Un modelo científico es una representación abstracta, conceptual, gráfica, física y/o matemática, de sistemas, objetos, fenómenos y procesos físicos o sociales, que buscan analizar, describir, explicar, simular esos sistemas y fenómenos o procesos presentados ante una situación real. Los modelos se desarrollan a través de un proceso iterativo que permite determinar un resultado final a partir de unos datos de entrada, en el cual la evidencia empírica permite revisar y modificar los presupuestos básicos de los mismos. En nuestro caso, la profesión de enfermería, en España, los modelos actuales vienen dados e intentamos cuadrar nuestra realidad en ellos. Considerando nuestros propios objetivos, es necesario que nuestros modelos se ajusten a la situación de realidad que conceptualizan, pues es distinta. Todo modelo debe construirse a partir de conceptos y relaciones específicas en una adaptación a la realidad que cada profesional, enfermera vive. En nuestro caso, hablamos del contexto de cada enfermera, la situación cultural en la que se llevan a cabo los procesos de comunicación e interrelación, apoyándonos en bases epistemológicas y ontológicas, y siendo conocedores de los elementos conceptuales que dan sentido a la profesión. (AU)

A scientific model is an abstract, conceptual, graphic, physical and/or mathematical representation of systems, objects, phenomena and physical or social processes, which seek to analyse, describe, explain, simulate those systems and phenomena or processes presented in a real situation. The models are developed through an iterative process that allows determining a result from some input data, in which the empirical evidence allows reviewing and modifying their basic assumptions. In our case, the nursing profession in Spain, the current models are given, and we try to fit our reality into them. In relation with our own objectives, it is necessary that our models adjust to the reality that they conceptualize, since it is different. Every model must be built from specific concepts and relationships in an adaptation to the reality that each professional, nurse lives. In our case, we speak of the context of each nurse, the cultural situation in which communication and interrelation processes are carried out, relying on epistemological and ontological bases, and being aware of the conceptual elements that give meaning to the profession. (AU)

Atribuciones hacia la timidez y la soledad en niños y niñas de diferentes contextos sociales argentinos / Attributions towards shyness and unsociability in Argentinian children from different social contexts

Resumen Las atribuciones de los niños y las niñas hacia los comportamientos de retraimiento social suelen estar determinadas por el entorno sociocultural particular en el que se desarrollan e influyen en la forma en que reaccionan a las conductas de sus pares durante las interacciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar dichas atribuciones hacia dos subtipos de retraimiento social (timidez y preferencia por la soledad) referidas por niños y niñas de tres contextos diferentes de Mendoza (Argentina): urbano, urbano-marginado y rural. Se llevó a cabo un estudio con 221 niños y niñas abordando jardines de infantes estatales de cada ámbito (urbano: . = 82, Mmeses= 62.33; urbano-marginado: . = 72, Mmeses= 60.47; rural: . = 67, Mmeses= 63.07). Los escolares fueron entrevistados individualmente con una serie de viñetas gráficas con personajes hipotéticos desplegando conductas sociables, tímidas, solitarias y agresivas frente a las cuales respondieron preguntas sobre sus atribuciones y percepciones en distintos aspectos. Las diferentes pruebas no paramétricas realizadas señalaron que el personaje tímido fue percibido con mayor motivación social y menor intencionalidad en su conducta que el personaje solitario en todos los grupos. No se encontraron diferencias entre los contextos en la atribución de consecuencias sociales negativas para estas conductas, aunque el grupo de escolares rurales reportó mayor preferencia afiliativa y compasión por el personaje tímido en comparación con el grupo urbano. Se discuten estos resultados considerando cómo las expectativas de socialización de cada contexto podrían influir en las percepciones de los escolares hacia el retraimiento social.

Abstract Children's attributions towards withdrawn behaviors are usually determined by the particular social milieu in which they develop and tend to influence their behaviors and reactions. The aim of this work was to compare the attributions towards two subtypes of social withdrawal (shyness and unsociability) referred by children from three different contexts in Mendoza, Argentina: urban, urban-marginalized and rural. Participants were 221 kindergarten children from these contexts (urban: n = 82, Mmonths = 62.33; urban-marginalized: n = 72, Mmonths = 60.47; rural: n = 67, Mmonths = 63.07). Children were individually interviewed with a series of graphic vignettes with hypothetical characters displaying shy and unsociable behaviors, and for comparison purposes were also assessed aggressive and socially competent behaviors. After each vignette, children were asked a series of questions designed to assess their attributions toward each behavior in six dimensions: intentionality, social motivation, affiliative preference, social status, negative impact and sympathy. The results of this study showed that young children in the three contexts were able to distinguish social withdrawal from other types of behaviors (i.e., aggressiveness and sociability). Overall, withdrawn behaviors received more positive attributions (greater affiliative preference, better social position and less negative impact) than aggressive behaviors, although they were also perceived negatively in relation to more socially competent behaviors (the latter were attributed greater affiliative preference and best position within the peer group). Furthermore, it was observed that children from the three contexts made clearly distinctions among the different forms of social withdrawal in terms of intentionality and social motivation. Specifically, they reported that compared with unsociable characters, shy ones are more socially motivated and less intentional in their behavior, evocating greater feelings of compassion. However, some peculiarities can be appreciated in each context. The results indicated that children in the urban group reported greater feelings of sympathy for the shy character in relation to the unsociable, which was not evidenced in the other groups. In addition, children from the rural sample showed a greater preference for interact with the hypothetical shy peer than with the unsociable character and this inclination was also greater when compared with the urban sample. Taken together, these results may suggest that different socialization norms and expectations would evoke different meanings and implications to the socially withdrawn manifestations. It might be possible that in urban contexts children's socialization expectations highlight extraversion and self-affirming behaviors which generate more empathetic reactions in front of passive or fearful manifestations as shyness. On the other hand, rural children may prefer peers who display shy behaviors possibly because it is in line with expectations of social cohesion and modesty that are value in this milieu. Nevertheless, no differences were found between shy and unsociable behaviors in any of the contexts in terms of social position and negative impact that they anticipated for the peer group. These results could provide some support for the idea that social withdrawal tends to be globally perceived as benign at an early age, and especially in the rural context, where it is a frequent and valued behavior. Although it is not possible with the limited variables included in this study to know which are the specific contextual aspects that affect some attributions and through what mechanisms they do so, these findings are an important starting point to continue deepening the socialization processes in urban, urban-marginalized and rural young children. This study is also one of the first to evaluate the knowledge and attributions of Argentinean children from different social context toward social withdrawal and provides new evidence on the differences in the cultural meaning and implications of withdrawn behaviors in early childhood.

Factores de riesgo/resiliencia en familias con hijos con autismo. Asociación con la evolución en la adolescencia / Risk/resilience factors in families with children with autism. Association with evolution in adolescence

Resumen La influencia del estrés de los padres y el efecto moderador de las estrategias de afrontamiento y apoyo social en niños con autismo están bien documentados. El número de trabajos con un di seño transversal contrasta con la escasez de estudios con diseño longitudinal que permitirían profundizar en las relaciones entre las características del contexto familiar y la evolución del trastorno. El presente trabajo de seguimiento está dedicado al análisis de esas relaciones en el tiempo transcurrido desde la infancia (T1) a la adolescencia (T2), valorando además los resultados en diferentes dominios del desarrollo. Participaron 45 adolescentes con TEA divididos en dos grupos en función del ambiente familiar, de alto riesgo (AR; N= 18) y de bajo riesgo (BR; N=27). Los resultados confirman y extienden los que han aportado trabajos transversales, evidenciando la influencia negativa de un ambiente familiar de riesgo en la severidad del TEA y en el desarrollo de habilidades socio-adaptativas. La psicoeducación, la terapia cognitivo-conductual y el mindfulness han de mostrado que pueden disminuir el estrés de los padres y aumentar el sentimiento de auto-eficacia.

Abstract The influence of parental stress and the moderating effect of coping strategies and social support in children with autism is well documented. The number of works with a cross-sectional design contrasts with the scarcity of studies with a longitudinal design that would allow to deepen in the relationships between characteristics of the family context and the evolution of the disorder. The present follow-up study is devoted to the analysis of these relationships over time from childhood (T1) to adolescence (T2), also assessing the results in different developmental domains. Forty-five adolescents with ASD participated, divided into two groups according to family environment, high risk (HR; N=18) and low risk (LR; N=27). The results confirm and extend those obtained in cross-sectional work, showing the negative influence of a risky family environment on the severity of ASD and the development of socio-adaptive skills. Psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioural therapy and mindfulness have been shown to decrease parental stress and increase feelings of self-efficacy.

A Pilot of Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention to manage emotions in patients with psoriasis / Un estudio piloto de intervención breve basada en Mindfulness para gestionar las emociones en pacientes con psoriasis

La psoriasis es una dermatosis de alta incidencia relacionada con el estrés, constituyendo las personas que lo padecen, un grupo objetivo adecuado para llevar a cabo intervenciones basadas en mindfulness, destinadas a ayudar a la regulación de las emociones. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar los efectos de la Técnica de Acompañamiento Emocional Compasivo (CEAT), como una intervención breve basada en mindfulness, sobre el afrontamiento emocional en pacientes con psoriasis grave, para determinar la eficacia del afrontamiento emocional tras la inducción de un estado emocional negativo. Cuarenta y cuatro adultos (el 59,1% mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 22 y los 71 años (M = 51,95, DT = 11,87), con psoriasis grave, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención con CEAT o a un grupo control de intervención de Revelación Emocional. Se evaluaron malestar subjetivo, capacidad cognitiva, afecto y frecuencia cardíaca, antes y después de las intervenciones, con dos seguimientos a las 48 horas y a los siete días. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticas significativas a favor de la intervención CEAT frente al grupo de Revelación Emocional, siendo más eficaz en el manejo emocional tras la inducción y el seguimiento. Estos resultados podrían favorecer la intervención en entornos clínicos con pacientes con psoriasis grave, y futuras investigaciones podrían considerar el uso de esta para mejorar la gestión emocional en este tipo de población.(AU)

Abstract: Psoriasis is a high incidence dermatosis related to stress, and its sufferers provide an appropriate target group to carry out interventions such as those based on mindfulness, aimed at helping emotion regulation. To assess the Compassionate Emotional Accompaniment Technique (CEAT) effects within a brief mindfulness-based intervention on emotion-al coping in patients with severe psoriasisto determine the efficacy of emotional coping after the induction of a negative emotional state. Forty-four adults(59.1% were women)aged 22 -71 years (M= 51.95, SD = 11.87) with severe psoriasis were assigned randomly to the CEAT group or the Emotional Disclosurecontrol group. Subjective discomfort, cognitive ability, affect, and heart rate were assessed before and after the interven-tions, with two follow-ups at 48 hours and seven days. The results show significant statistical differences in favour of the CEAT intervention versus the Emotional Disclosure group, being more effective in the emotional management after induction and follow-up. These results encourage inter-ventions in a clinical setting with patients with severe psoriasis, so future research should consider using this intervention type to improve emotional management with this population grou.(AU)

Orienteering as a pedagogical component / O esporte orientação como componente pedagógico

ABSTRACT Orienteering is a sport that stands out for its pedagogical and formative potential because it includes physical, cognitive and social aspects that contribute to the integral education of students. Its reproduction or recreation in the school context can be a concrete experience of transformation and stimulus to the student leadership actions. The present study aims at showing the possibilities of inserting Orienteering in school units over the years of Basic Education by presenting it as a model of educational sport. This is a descriptive study with propositional characteristics. The specificities of this sport are shown based on Pierre Bourdieu's relational perspective, the analytical model of the 5E's proposed by Wanderley Marchi Júnior, and on the document analysis of the National Common Curricular Base. The pedagogically rich content that could be included in Physical Education classes is emphasized.

RESUMO O Esporte Orientação (EO) se destaca pelo potencial pedagógico e formativo, pois engloba aspectos físicos, cognitivos e sociais que contribuem para a formação integral dos estudantes. A sua reprodução ou recriação no contexto escolar pode ser uma experiência concreta de transformação e estímulo às ações de protagonismo estudantil. O objetivo do presente estudo é indicar as possibilidades de inserção do EO nas unidades escolares, em todos os anos de ensino da Educação Básica, apresentando-o como modelo de esporte educacional. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de característica propositiva. Buscou-se apresentar as especificidades do esporte fundamentas na perspectiva relacional de Pierre Bourdieu, no modelo analítico do 5E's de Wanderley Marchi Junior e na análise documental da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, ressaltando o conteúdo rico que pode ser contemplado nas aulas de Educação Física durante o processo educacional.

Libras no contexto escolar: instrumento ilustrado de avaliação de narrativas sinalizadas1 / Libras in the school context: illustrated instrument for evaluation of signed narratives

RESUMO O contato inicial com uma língua acessível ocorre, para os estudantes surdos brasileiros, frequentemente no ambiente escolar, ao entrar em contato com outras crianças surdas e com interlocutores adultos fluentes em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras). Esse acesso tardio pode ocasionar um certo atraso na aquisição e no desenvolvimento da linguagem. Assim, a educação bilíngue de surdos coloca os professores frente ao desafio de como avaliar a Libras no contexto escolar. Diante das propostas educacionais, ainda há poucos instrumentos que contribuam para avaliar os conhecimentos em Libras dos estudantes surdos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é, por meio de um instrumento ilustrado de investigação de narrativas sinalizadas, contribuir com a avaliação da Libras e com o trabalho pedagógico de professores que atuam na educação bilíngue de surdos. O instrumento de avaliação de textos narrativos mostra-se bastante sensível para detectar o desenvolvimento linguístico dos discursos narrativos sinalizados, contribuindo intrinsicamente para a observação de funções/necessidades comunicativas.

ABSTRACT The initial contact with an accessible language occurs, for Brazilian deaf students, often in the school environment, when they encounter other deaf children and with adult interlocutors who are fluent in Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS). This late access can cause a certain delay in language acquisition and development. Thus, bilingual education for the deaf place's teachers in the face of the challenge of how to evaluate LIBRAS in the school context. In view of the educational proposals, there are still few instruments that contribute to assessing deaf students' knowledge in LIBRAS. Therefore, the objective of this study is, through an illustrated instrument for investigating signaled narratives, to contribute to the evaluation of LIBRAS and to the pedagogical work of teachers who work in bilingual education for the deaf. The instrument for evaluating narrative texts proves to be quite sensitive to detect the linguistic development of signaled narrative discourses, intrinsically contributing to the observation of communicative functions/needs.