Small-scale farmers' attitudes and perceptions toward associations: an exploratory analysis at the central zone of Chile / Atitudes e percepções de pequenos agricultores em relação a associatividade: um estudo exploratório da zona central do Chile

Small-scale farmers are essential food suppliers, especially in developing countries, but they face many constraints that limit their productivity and returns. Associating with other farmers (for instance, through cooperatives) has been shown to be a strategy to mitigate these constraints; however, there are limitations in farmers' participation and commitment to associations. This research explored small-scale farmers' attitudes and perceptions of associations. This paper considered the district of Cauquenes, a rural area in central Chile. A total of 71 small-scale farmers were surveyed. The data were processed using descriptive, multivariate, and qualitative techniques. The results showed that the farmers had limited knowledge of and experience with associations. They also did not see participation in an association as necessary for improving their business outcomes. They were also reluctant to accept a possible loss in decision-making power or the possibility of being scammed or tricked. The factors underlying farmers' attitudes toward associations were "Uncertainty of economic benefits" (23.3% of variance), "Technical-economic limitations perception" (15.2%), "Distrust" (10.8%), and "Individualism" (9.8%). These results suggested that policies are needed to improve farmers' experience with and knowledge of associations, considering the cultural variables that affect distrust and focusing on existing uncertainties. The associative processes need to allow for progressive commitment, expedite tangible results, and provide continuous technical and motivational support.

Os pequenos agricultores são essenciais para o abastecimento de alimentos, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, mas enfrentam muitas restrições que limitam sua produtividade e retorno. A associação com outros agricultores (por exemplo, por cooperativas) tem se mostrado uma estratégia para mitigar essas deficiências, no entanto, há entraves na participação e comprometimento dos agricultores com as associações. O objetivo desta pesquisa é explorar as atitudes e percepções dos pequenos agricultores em relação às associações. Para isso, consideramos o caso do distrito de Cauquenes, uma área rural no centro do Chile, em que se entrevistou um total de 71 pequenos agricultores. Os dados foram processados por meio de técnicas descritivas, multivariadas e qualitativas. Como resultados, os agricultores têm um conhecimento e experiência limitados sobre as associações e, além disso, não entendem a relevância do vínculo social como uma alternativa para melhorar o seu desempenho. Por outro lado, relutam em uma possível perda de poder decisório, bem como em serem enganados. Os fatores subjacentes às atitudes dos agricultores em relação às associações foram "incerteza dos benefícios econômicos" (23,3%), "percepção de limitações técnico-econômicas" (15,2%), "desconfiança" (10,8%) e "individualismo" (9,8%). Esses resultados nos demonstram serem necessárias políticas que promovam o conhecimento direto, concreto e experiencial dos agricultores sobre o associativismo, com foco nas incertezas existentes. Os processos associativos devem estar atrelados a compromissos progressivos, com foco em resultados tangíveis e suporte contínuo, não apenas técnico, mas também motivacional.

Community response to COVID-19: The case of rental housing cooperatives in Melbourne, Australia and Choluteca, Honduras.

COVID-19 and its restrictions have had widely documented negative impacts for private and social rental sectors, internationally. Limited evidence exists about how the pandemic effects were experienced in alternative forms of renting such as housing cooperatives. Rental cooperatives, recognised for their principles of democratic control, education and training and concern for community, may offer different outcomes for members than more individually-oriented rental forms. This paper seeks to explore whether and how COVID-19 was responded to within cooperative rental housing models, and if the pandemic posed a challenge to cooperative principles. Using a social practices approach, the analysis first identifies cooperative members' formal and informal responses to COVID-19, and second explores the meaning of such activities in the pandemic context in Australia and Honduras cooperatives. The continuity of usual housing cooperative practices and pandemic measures were analysed via in-depth interviews with 15 residents. Findings indicate that cooperative responses acted to reduce negative impacts of the pandemic or to find effective solutions. Rental housing cooperative residents' lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, invite us to reflect on the role of housing cooperatives in the housing sector, the importance of collaborative housing models and the relevance of housing-based community resilience.

Estimating the effects of joining cooperatives on farmers' recycling behaviors of pesticide packaging waste: insights from apple farmers of China / Estimando os efeitos da adesão a cooperativas no comportamento de reciclagem de resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas dos agricultores: dados de produtores de maçã da China

ABSTRACT: The improper disposal of pesticide packaging wastes (PPW) has posed serious harm to the environment, including groundwater and soil pollution and even health concerns to the public. To address the environmental concerns and public health issues, there is a need to recycle the pesticides packaging waste (RPPW). Though small farmers in many developing countries have joined the cooperatives to reduce the production costs and increase the product premium, how these cooperatives improve farmers' RPPW behaviors is still sparse. The current study used data collected from 725 apple farmers in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces of China to explore the phenomenon empirically. Recycling decisions and degree are used to portray the farmers' RPPW behaviors. Firstly, the Logit model was used to analyze the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers' recycling decisions. Further, to address the sample selection bias, the present study employed the propensity score matching (PSM) method for empirical analysis concerning the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers' recycling degree. Results showed that joining cooperatives positively and significantly influences farmers' recycling decisions. If farmers join a cooperative, the probability of the recycling decisions and degree will increase by 20.30% and 27.50%, respectively. Moreover, it is also found that some other factors such as education level, environmental and public health risk perception, peer effect, and relationship network also significantly influence farmers' recycling decisions. Moreover, considering the differences in farmers' gender, age, and educational attainment, the study unveiled the heterogeneous effects of joining cooperatives on farmers' RPPW behaviors. The findings revealed that gender and age variables have noticeable masking effects while education level has a typical threshold effect. The overall findings provided insights for policymakers to emphasize the development of agricultural cooperatives, improve the risk and interest linkage mechanism, and build the RPPW system. These implications are also supportive for policymakers in other developing countries.

RESUMO: O descarte inadequado de resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (PPW) tem causado sérios danos ao meio ambiente, incluindo a poluição das águas subterrâneas e do solo e até mesmo problemas de saúde pública. Para abordar as preocupações ambientais e questões de saúde pública, há a necessidade de reciclar os resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (RPPW). Embora pequenos agricultores, em muitos países em desenvolvimento, tenham se unido às cooperativas para reduzir os custos de produção e aumentar o prêmio do produto, ainda é escassa a forma como essas cooperativas melhoram os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. O estudo atual usou dados coletados de 725 produtores de maçã nas províncias de Shaanxi e Gansu da China para explorar o fenômeno empiricamente. Decisões e grau de reciclagem são usados para retratar os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Primeiramente, o modelo Logit foi utilizado para analisar o efeito da adesão às cooperativas nas decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, para abordar o viés de seleção da amostra, o presente estudo empregou o método Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para análise empírica sobre o efeito da associação de cooperativas no grau de reciclagem dos agricultores. Os resultados mostraram que a adesão às cooperativas influencia positiva e significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Se os agricultores aderirem a uma cooperativa, a probabilidade das decisões de reciclagem aumentará em 20,30%, e o grau de reciclagem aumentará em 27,50%. Além disso, também se constata que alguns outros fatores como nível de escolaridade, percepção de risco ambiental e de saúde pública, efeito de pares e rede de relacionamento também influenciam significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, considerando as diferenças de gênero, idade e escolaridade dos agricultores, o estudo também revelou os efeitos heterogêneos da adesão às cooperativas sobre os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Os resultados revelaram que as variáveis de gênero e idade têm efeitos de mascaramento perceptíveis, enquanto o nível de escolaridade tem um efeito limiar típico. As descobertas gerais fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas enfatizarem o desenvolvimento de cooperativas agrícolas, melhorar o mecanismo de vinculação de risco e interesse e construir o sistema RPPW. Essas implicações também são favoráveisaos formuladores de políticas em outros países em desenvolvimento.

Stakeholder views of source separation collection programme in East São Paulo, Brazil.

The investigation of the views of the stakeholders involved in the municipal solid waste separate collection programme (CP) performed in the East Zone of the city of São Paulo is presented in this paper. Aiming to obtain the necessary information to be analysed, interviews with the manager of the Municipal Urban Cleaning Authority (MUCA) of the city, with leaders of recycling worker cooperatives (WCs), and citizens were performed using semi-structured questionnaires. The analysis was performed using the software "IRAMUTEQ". The results show that, in the view of the manager of the MUCA of the city and the WCs' leaders, the low adhesion of the population to the separate CP is the greatest obstacle to a further expansion of the existing programme. At the same time, the citizens have blamed the low diffusion made by the municipality about the separate CP in the East Zone of São Paulo. Thus, it can be concluded that the separate CP available in the East Zone of São Paulo is still flawed; since neither the public power, the WCs, nor the population are satisfied and point out several flaws. This situation highlights the need to establish better venues for discussion between the population, WCs, and the municipality to jointly design a separate collection system with a more participatory approach.

Farmers perception of agricultural cooperatives: the case of Anlurfa, Turkey / A percepção dos agricultores sobre as cooperativas agrícolas: o caso de Anlurfa, Turquia

Anlurfa is the province with the third-largest agricultural area in Turkey. However, it has only 0.62% of the total number of cooperatives in the country. This study aimed to determine the perceptionsof farmers in anlurfa regarding agricultural cooperatives and the factors affecting them. The main research material was obtained through face-to-face surveys involving farmers in anlurfa selected by a simple random sampling method. The sampling volume was determined with a 95% confidence limit and a 5% error margin. Multiple regression analysis was used in Stata software. According to the results of the research, 39.7% of the participants were cooperative members and more than half of them were not active members. Of the participants, 30.3% had a positive perception of cooperatives, 36.82% were undecided, and 32.88% had negative opinions. Age, marital status, non-agricultural income, experience, social security, farmer registration system, cooperative membership, and land variables positively affected farmers perceptions. However, the variables of education, income, and union membership had negative effects on farmers perceptions. No statistically significant relationship was reported between a farmers perception and any of the following variables: the number of people that make up the farmers household, the number of individuals engaged in agriculture and non-agricultural work in the family, and the status of the farmers lease. Conceptual, local, cultural, educational, and structural problems related to cooperatives exist in anlurfa.These issues need to be given more attention by the public. This research is the first study on this subject to be conducted in anlurfa.(AU)

Anlurfa é a província com a terceira maior área agrícola da Turquia. No entanto, possui apenas 0,62% do número total de cooperativas no país. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as atitudes e a percepção dos agricultores em Anlurfa em relação às cooperativas agrícolas e os fatores que as afetam. O principal material de pesquisa foi obtido através de pesquisas presenciais envolvendo agricultores em Anlurfa, selecionados por um método simples de amostragem aleatória. O volume amostral foi determinado com um limite de confiança de 95% e uma margem de erro de 5%. A análise de regressão múltipla foi utilizada. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, 39,7% dos participantes eram cooperados e mais da metade deles não eram ativos. Dos participantes, 30,3% tinham percepção positiva das cooperativas, 36,82% estavam indecisos e 32,88% tinham opiniões negativas. Idade, estado civil, renda não agrícola, experiência, previdência social, sistema de registro de agricultores, participação em cooperativas e variáveis de terra afetaram positivamente as atitudes dos agricultores. No entanto, as variáveis educação, renda e filiação sindical tiveram efeitos negativos nas atitudes dos agricultores em relação às cooperativas. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significante entre a percepção das cooperativas por parte de um agricultor e qualquer uma das seguintes variáveis: número de pessoas que compõem a família do agricultor, número de indivíduos envolvidos na agricultura e trabalho não agrícola na família e status de arrendamento do fazendeiro. Problemas conceituais, locais, culturais, educacionais e estruturais relacionados às cooperativas existem em Anlurfa. Esta pesquisa é o primeiro estudo sobre esse temarealizado em Anlurfa.(AU)

Farmers' perception of agricultural cooperatives: the case of Şanlıurfa, Turkey / A percepção dos agricultores sobre as cooperativas agrícolas: o caso de Şanlıurfa, Turquia

ABSTRACT: Şanlıurfa is the province with the third-largest agricultural area in Turkey. However, it has only 0.62% of the total number of cooperatives in the country. This study aimed to determine the perceptionsof farmers in Şanlıurfa regarding agricultural cooperatives and the factors affecting them. The main research material was obtained through face-to-face surveys involving farmers in Şanlıurfa selected by a simple random sampling method. The sampling volume was determined with a 95% confidence limit and a 5% error margin. Multiple regression analysis was used in Stata software. According to the results of the research, 39.7% of the participants were cooperative members and more than half of them were not active members. Of the participants, 30.3% had a positive perception of cooperatives, 36.82% were undecided, and 32.88% had negative opinions. Age, marital status, non-agricultural income, experience, social security, farmer registration system, cooperative membership, and land variables positively affected farmers' perceptions. However, the variables of education, income, and union membership had negative effects on farmers' perceptions. No statistically significant relationship was reported between a farmer's perception and any of the following variables: the number of people that make up the farmer's household, the number of individuals engaged in agriculture and non-agricultural work in the family, and the status of the farmer's lease. Conceptual, local, cultural, educational, and structural problems related to cooperatives exist in Şanlıurfa.These issues need to be given more attention by the public. This research is the first study on this subject to be conducted in Şanlıurfa.

RESUMO: Şanlıurfa é a província com a terceira maior área agrícola da Turquia. No entanto, possui apenas 0,62% do número total de cooperativas no país. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as atitudes e a percepção dos agricultores em Şanlıurfa em relação às cooperativas agrícolas e os fatores que as afetam. O principal material de pesquisa foi obtido através de pesquisas presenciais envolvendo agricultores em Şanlıurfa, selecionados por um método simples de amostragem aleatória. O volume amostral foi determinado com um limite de confiança de 95% e uma margem de erro de 5%. A análise de regressão múltipla foi utilizada. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, 39,7% dos participantes eram cooperados e mais da metade deles não eram ativos. Dos participantes, 30,3% tinham percepção positiva das cooperativas, 36,82% estavam indecisos e 32,88% tinham opiniões negativas. Idade, estado civil, renda não agrícola, experiência, previdência social, sistema de registro de agricultores, participação em cooperativas e variáveis de terra afetaram positivamente as atitudes dos agricultores. No entanto, as variáveis educação, renda e filiação sindical tiveram efeitos negativos nas atitudes dos agricultores em relação às cooperativas. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significante entre a percepção das cooperativas por parte de um agricultor e qualquer uma das seguintes variáveis: número de pessoas que compõem a família do agricultor, número de indivíduos envolvidos na agricultura e trabalho não agrícola na família e status de arrendamento do fazendeiro. Problemas conceituais, locais, culturais, educacionais e estruturais relacionados às cooperativas existem em Şanlıurfa. Esta pesquisa é o primeiro estudo sobre esse temarealizado em Şanlıurfa.

Analysis of the Internal Marketing Dimensions in Social Economy Organizations: Study Applied to Co-operativism in Ecuador.

Internal marketing involves the development of organizational strategies that promote the welfare of the employees who, in turn, play a transcendental role in achieving institutional goals. Ecuadoran co-operativism lacks relevant studies of this construct and, because of this, this research intends to analyze the dimensions of internal marketing, through the validation of a measuring instrument that has been adapted to this sector of the social economy, in a developing country. The methodology is based on the completion of field work, where a structured questionnaire for a representative sample of 2,499 employees and officers of the operatives of Ecuador was applied. The suitability of the scale was determined through the means of a model of Ecuadoran structural equations. The results show that internal marketing is a multi-dimensional construct and it can be measured in six dimensions: Identify Value Exchange (IVE), Internal Market Segmentation (IMS), Internal Communication (IC), Management Concern (MC), Training (TR), and Work/Family Balance (WFB).

Application of human HAZOP technique adapted to identify risks in Brazilian waste pickers' cooperatives.

Waste pickers' cooperatives are an important part of curb side collection, presenting different types of structures and responsible for the sorting and separation of recyclable materials. Within these places, the lack of resources, structure and hygiene are intimately related to the great part of the work accidents and the exposure of these workers to risky situations. Several tools in Security Engineering are being studied to minimize and control risks. Among these techniques, HAZOP (Hazard and Operability study) stands out as one that has proven efficient in managing risks in industrial processes and other areas of study. For the applicability of the technique in this study, interviews were conducted with the co-workers. The data were used to prepare a Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA) and later to create new guiding words for the modification of HAZOP in order to consider the risk from human aspects in the activities. This work aimed to evaluate the HAZOP applied to evaluate errors related to human aspects in three waste pickers cooperatives in Campinas/SP and to compare the data obtained with the PRA. With the application of the PRA, 189 different deviations were identified and the pre-screening step was the one that most violated workers' risks. With HAZOP and using the content analysis tool to evaluate employees' perceptions, it was possible to identify 209 deviations by having the personal question (45%), followed by the managerial question (29%) as the main causes.

Life Cycle Assessment of prospective MSW management based on integrated management planning in Campo Grande, Brazil.

A crucial first step in transforming problematic waste management into sustainable integrated systems is comprehensive planning and analysis of environmental and socio-economic effects. The work presented here is a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that addressed the environmental performance of prospective development pathways for the municipal solid waste (MSW) management system in a large urban area, i.e. Campo Grande, Brazil. The research built on data and expanded the main development pathway proposed in the municipalities integrated waste management plan, which covers a period of 20 years (2017-2037). The system progression was assessed for milestone years (5-year intervals) considering projections of future population and waste generation growth, as well as addressing the development of surrounding systems, such as energy production. Results reveal that the rather conservative planned development pathway, which is largely based on gradual increase in selective collection, could successfully counter negative environmental externalities that would otherwise materialize due to increasing waste generation. A second, more ambitious, pathway with additionally scheduled actions to treat mixed MSW and upgrade certain treatment technologies (e.g. from composting to anaerobic digestion of collected organics), was used to illustrate a potential range for significantly higher impact reduction and even positive externalities, given a zero burden approach before waste generation.

Values or hypocrisy: the global reporting initiative mapping in agricultural cooperatives in Paraná, Brazil.

This article presents an analysis of the environmental reporting that was published by agricultural cooperatives in the Brazilian state of Paraná in 2013. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the level of conformity in data, reported by cooperatives, with the guidelines of Global Reporting Initiative issued in 2016. Our descriptive analysis, performed with qualitative research methods, revealed a selective character of disclosure as well as general discrepancy between size of the reporting organisations and quality of the information provided. This made us question the degree of cooperatives' commitment to the principles of sustainable development and well-being of the communities they represent.

Diagnóstico del impacto generado por la mortalidad en el cultivo de camarón marino en granjas del sector El Zompopero, San Hilario, municipio de Jiquilísco, departamento de Usulután: en vínculo con cooperativas de San Hilario / Diagnosis of the impact generated by mortality in the farming of Marine Shrimp in the Zompopero sector, San Hilario, a community of Jiquilísco, department of Usulután in connection with cooperatives of San Hilario

El sector El Zompopero ubicado en la Bahía de Jiquilisco Usulután, es un núcleo productivo integrado por cinco cooperativas que se dedican al cultivo de camarón blanco de la especie Litopenaeus vannamei. Los miembros que integran las cooperativas son familias desmovilizadas de la guerra civil de El Salvador, a quienes se les repartieron tierras en esta zona costera como estrategia de reinserción a la vida productiva. Cuentan con un total de 21 estanques de tierra, que cubren un área de cultivo de 84.3 hectáreas y realizan tres ciclos de cultivo de camarón al año. Actualmente este sector productivo enfrenta serios problemas debido a la alta mortalidad que se registra en cada ciclo productivo. Por esta razón, la Escuela de Ciencias del Mar del Centro Regional MEGATEC La Unión realizó un proyecto de investigación aplicada para diagnosticar las principales causas que generan la mortalidad en los cultivos, así como el impacto económico y social que perciben las familias que se dedican a la producción de camarón. A través del diagnóstico se identificaron 5 causas externas y 15 internas que afectaron la producción en las granjas camaroneras en el año 2014. Las causas están asociadas al manejo del cultivo y a las condiciones de infraestructura de los estanques en las cooperativas.

The El Zompopero sector, located in the Bahía of Jiquilisco, Usulután, is a productive nucleus made up of five cooperatives that are dedicated to the white shrimp farming of the Litopenaeus vannamei species. The members that make up the cooperatives are families demobilized from the civil war in El Salvador, to whom land was distributed in this coastal area as a strategy for reintegration into productive life. They have a total of 21 earthen ponds, which cover a cultivation area of ​​84.3 hectares and carry out three shrimp farming cycles per year. Currently this productive sector faces serious problems due to the high mortality that is recorded in each productive cycle. For this reason, the Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, ITCA-FEPADE MEGATEC La Unión carried out an applied research project to diagnose the main causes that generate mortality in crops, as well as the economic and social impact perceived by families that are dedicated to shrimp production. Through the diagnosis, 5 external and 15 internal causes were identified that affected production in shrimp farms in 2014. The causes are associated with the management of the crop and the infrastructure conditions of the ponds in the cooperatives.

Cooperative urban mining in Brazil: Collective practices in selective household waste collection and recycling.

Solid waste is a major urban challenge worldwide and reclaiming the resources embedded in waste streams, involving organized recyclers, is a smart response to it. Informal and organized recyclers, mostly in the global south, already act as important urban miners in resource recovery. The paper describes the complex operations of recycling cooperatives and draws attention to their economic, environmental, and social contributions. A detailed discussion based on empirical data from the recycling network COOPCENT-ABC in metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, contextualizes this form of urban mining. The analysis is situated within Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) and Ecological Economy (EE) theory. Current challenges related to planning, public policy, and the implementation of cooperative recycling are analysed on the level of individual recyclers, cooperatives, municipalities and internationally. There are still many hurdles for the informal, organized recycling sector to become recognized as a key player in efficient material separation and to up-scale these activities for an effective contribution to the SSE and EE. Policies need to be in place to guarantee fair and safe work relations. There is a win-win situation where communities and the environment will benefit from organized urban mining.

Cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis como alternativa à exclusão social e sua relação com a população de rua / Cooperatives of waste pickers as an alternative to social exclusion and its relationship with the homeless population

A informalidade no trabalho, que marca a realidade da maioria das relações de trabalho brasileiras, somada às características encontradas na população de rua, constituem o pano de fundo social propenso à geração de formas alternativas de organização do trabalho. A informalidade no trabalho, assim como a população de rua, tem composição e origem acentuadamente heterogênea; assim, torna-se fundamental que qualquer política pública destinada a estes aspectos considere suas especificidades. Neste contexto, surgem as cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos, formadas por antigos catadores de lixo e ex-moradores de rua, como alternativa à informalidade no trabalho e busca pela cidadania, dentro da perspectiva da autogestão. Por meio de uma análise atual e de uma caracterização histórica sobre experiências de cooperativas de catadores brasileiras, buscou-se mostrar a capacidade inclusiva do modelo cooperativista e da relevância das parcerias destas com o poder público e com outros atores sociais. Neste escopo, é fundamental a abordagem de experiências bem sucedidas de catadores que, unidos sob a égide do cooperativismo, com a participação do poder público e/ou independentemente dele – puderam lograr a inclusão social. A autogestão desponta, assim, como alternativa real de trabalho àqueles que se encontram marginalizados pelo sistema formal de trabalho...

Informal employment, which marks the reality of most Brazilian working relationships, plus the characteristics of the homeless population, constitute a social background prone to producing alternative forms of organizing work. Informal employment, as well as the homeless population, has a markedly heterogeneous composition and origin; thus, it becomes essential that any public policy related to these aspects consider their specificities. In this context, waste pickers’ co-operatives appeared, consisting of ex-waste pickers and ex-homeless people, as an alternative to informality in the search for work and citizenship, within the perspective of self-management. Through an analysis of current and historical characterization experiments on waste pickers’ co-operatives in Brazil, this article aims to show the capacity of the inclusive cooperative model and the relevance of these partnerships with government and with other players in society. For this purpose, it is essential to approach the successful experiences of waster pickers who, united through the co-operatives, with the participation of public and /or independently of it – were able to achieve social inclusion. Self-management is emerging as well, providing a real alternative to those who are marginalized by the formal system of work...

Avaliação ambiental nas cooperativas de materiais recicláveis / Environmental assessment in the cooperatives of recyclable materials

O sistema capitalista fundado na produção e consumo de bens em escala globalizada trouxe como resultado uma geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos incompatível com a sustentabilidade da vida na Terra. A reciclagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos tem sido uma maneira de minimizar os efeitos negativos desse processo. No Brasil, os catadores de material reciclável são atores reconhecidos social e economicamente como fundamentais para a efetivação da reciclagem. São poucos os estudos sobre a saúde dos catadores e os riscos à saúde a que estão expostos em sua rotina de trabalho. Este estudo buscou identificar possíveis riscos à saúde de catadores em ambientes de trabalho de três cooperativas de reciclagem da área metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo relacionados ao contato com poluição atmosférica na forma de fungos e metais tóxicos, que pudessem levar ao adoecimento a partir da exposição pela via respiratória ou por contato dérmico. Foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados em uma amostra de catadores em três cooperativas da área metropolitana de São Paulo, no intuito de produzir um perfil sociodemográfico desses sujeitos, bem como identificar possíveis exposições e morbidade referida. Foi realizada coleta do ar e de poeira depositada para avaliar a exposição ocupacional a fungos e metais nas cooperativas estudadas. As amostras foram retiradas em pontos fixos de diferentes ambientes de trabalho: balança, bobcat, sala de resíduos eletroeletrônicos, esteira de triagem, prensa, escritório, e refeitório. Como resultado o estudo identificou uma população na faixa etária dos 40 anos, com escolaridade de nível básico e maior participação de mulheres. As doenças mais referidas foram as relacionadas ao sistema respiratório e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). O estudo identificou valores de fungos, mínimos de 116 UFC/m3 monitorados no escritório e máximos de 751 UFC/m3 monitorado na esteira. Os fungos isolados, em ordem decrescente de frequência, foram: Aspergillus...

The capitalist system based on production and consumption of goods in global scale has brought a generation of municipal solid waste incompatible with the sustainability of life on Earth. The recycling of municipal solid waste has been a way to minimize the negative effects of this process. In Brazil, waste collectors are recognized as economic and social actors fundamental to the effectiveness of recycling. There are few studies on the health of waste collectors and the possible health risks present in their daily work routine. This study aimed to identify possible health risks for waste collectors in their work environment in three recycling cooperatives in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, related to atmospheric air pollution in the form of fungi and toxic metals, which could lead to illness from exposure through respiratory or dermal contact pathways. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to waste collectors from three cooperatives in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, in order to produce a demographic profile of these subjects, and identify potential exposures and referred morbidity. Air and soil deposited dust samples were collected to evaluate occupational exposure to fungi and metals in the studied cooperatives. Samples were taken at fixed sites of different working environments: balance, bobcat, electronics waste room, treadmill, press, office and cafeteria. The study identified a population aged 40 years with basic level of education and greater participation of women. The most frequent diseases were related to the respiratory system and chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The study identified fungi values ranging from 116 CFU/m3 monitored in the office to 751 CFU/m3 monitored on the treadmill. The isolated fungi in descending order of frequency were: Aspergillus spp. (24.0%); Penicillium spp. (23.0%); Fusarium spp. (21.0%); Cladosporium spp. (19.0%); Rhizopus spp. (11.0%), Nigrospora spp. (2.0%); Mucor spp. (0.2%) and non-sporulating...

Los tipos de contratación laboral y sus implicaciones en el contrato psicológico / The types of labor recruitment and their implications in the psychological contract

En el presente artículo se presentan algunas reflexiones, con bases teóricas y empíricas, acerca de las implicaciones que están teniendo lugar en la conformación de los contratos psicológicos de los trabajadores que se encuentran vinculados mediante empleo y formas contemporáneas de contratación, como el outsourcing y las cooperativas de trabajo asociado. Estudios recientes muestran cómo estas otras formas de contratación afectan aspectos psicosociales de los trabajadores, impactando de manera negativa la gestión de las organizaciones. El artículo finaliza con una serie de interrogantes acerca de la confluencia entre los efectos negativos en el contrato psicológico de las formas de tercerización de la fuerza de trabajo, y tendencias actuales de gestión como los equipos de alto desempeño y la gestión del conocimiento.

This article presents several theoretical and empirical considerations on the implications which are taking place in the make-up of psychological contract of workers who are employed with contemporary hiring methods, such as outsourcing and associated workers' cooperatives. Recent studies show that these recent methods of hiring affect psychosocial aspects of workers, and have a negative impact on the management of organizations. The article concludes with a series of questions about the confluence between the negative effects of the psychological contract and the methods of outsourcing the workforce and current management trends such as high performance teams or knowledge management.

No presente artigo se apresentam algumas reflexões com bases teóricas e empíricas sobre as implicações que estão tendo lugar na conformação dos contratos psicológicos dos trabalhadores que estão vinculados a um emprego e formas contemporâneas de contratação, como o outsourcing e as cooperativas de trabalho associado. Estudos recentes amostram como estes padrões de contratação afetam aspetos psicossociais dos trabalhadores, impactando de jeito negativo a gestão das organizações. O artigo finaliza com uma série de interrogantes sobre a confluência entre os efeitos negativos no contrato psicológico das formas de terceirização da força de trabalho, e tendências atuais de gestão como as equipes de alto desempenho e a gestão do conhecimento.

Propriedades coletivas, cooperativismo e economia solidária no Brasil / Collectively owned properties, co-operativism and solidary economy in Brazil

A discussão a seguir partiu das reflexões a respeito do desenvolvimento capitalista e a constituição das propostas atuais da economia solidária, que podem ser caracterizadas como uma forma de organização produtiva com autogestão, democracia participativa, sustentabilidade ambiental e promovem uma nova sociabilidade entre os sujeitos envolvidos. Os estudos são oriundos de investigações bibliográficas, bem como pesquisa de campo em experimento de economia solidária no meio rural na região noroeste do Paraná. Os resultados da observação, análises e interpretações indicam novas perspectivas, a partir da propriedade coletiva, para o enfrentamento das contradições oriundas do desenvolvimento capitalista.

The following discussion started about the reflections of capitalist development and the establishment of current proposals for Economic Partnership, which may be characterized as a form of productive organization with self-management, participatory democracy, environmental sustainability and promote a new sociability among the subjects involved. The studies are drawn from research literature, as well as field research in experimental social economy in rural areas in the northwestern region of Paraná. The results of observation, analysis and interpretations suggest new perspectives from the collective property, to confront the contradictions arising from capitalist development.

A relação entre valores pessoais e organizacionais comparados aos princípios do cooperativismo / The relationship between personal and organizational values compared to the principles of cooperativism

O estudo da estrutura de valores define a natureza das crenças e dos princípios dominantes e o modelo motivacional característico de uma organização. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre valores pessoais e organizacionais percebidos pelos empregados de uma cooperativa em comparação com os princípios do cooperativismo. Nesse sentido, como fundamento teórico, os temas valores individuais, valores organizacionais, a integração entre eles e valores em cooperativas foram abordados, visando a nortear uma pesquisa quantitativa por meio de um estudo de caso descritivo. A coleta dos dados foi realizada junto aos empregados de uma organização cooperativa, utilizando-se como instrumentos de coleta o Inventário de Perfis de Valores Organizacionais (IPVO) e o Questionário de Perfis de Valores (QPV). Os resultados apontaram que os valores dos empregados estão mais alinhados aos princípios internacionais do cooperativismo do que os valores organizacionais(AU)

The study of the structure of values defines the nature of the dominant beliefs and principles and the typical motivational model of an organization. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal and organizational values perceived by the employees of a cooperative compared to the principles of cooperativism. In this sense, as a theoretical framework, the themes of individual values, organizational values, the integration between them, and values in cooperatives were approached in order to guide a quantitative research by means of a descriptive case study. The data collection was conducted among employees of a cooperative organization, using as collection instruments the Inventory of Organizational Values Profiles (IPVO) and the Value Profile Questionnaire (QPV). The results showed that the values of the employees are more aligned with the international principles of cooperativism than the organizational values(AU)

"Quem educa os educadores?"1 A autogestão e os processos de formação nas incubadoras tecnológicas de cooperativas populares / "Who educates the educators?" Self-management and training procedures in technological incubators of popular cooperatives

Nos últimos anos, vem se observando o surgimento de diversos órgãos de apoio às iniciativas solidárias. Entre esses órgãos, estão as incubadoras tecnológicas de cooperativas populares (ITCPs). Nesse contexto, o artigo tem como objetivo identificar se a ITCP/UNEB, a ITES/UFBA e a INCOOP/UFSCar se estruturam de modo autogestionário e se realizam atividades educativas formais. A pesquisa se caracterizou pela natureza qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e revisões documentais. Para o tratamento dos dados, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, não há uma proposta mais sólida de realização de debates sobre sua teoria e prática. A preocupação parece ser mais o aspecto técnico da incubação do que as reflexões que engendram a própria incubação e que remetem à economia solidária e autogestão. Nesse sentido, parece existir uma dificuldade prática para o exercício da autocrítica nas incubadoras(AU)

In recent years, several agencies have been created to support solidarity initiatives. Among these agencies are technology incubators of popular cooperatives (ITCPs). Within this context, the article aims to identify whether the ITCP/UNEB, the ITES/UFBA, and the INCOOP/UFSCar are structured in a self-management way and whether they perform formal education activities. The research had a qualitative nature, by means of semi-structured interviews and documentary reviews. For the analysis of the data, we adopted the content analysis. The survey results showed that there is not a more solid proposal to hold discussions about its theory and practice. The concern seems to be the most technical aspect of incubation than the thoughts that generate the incubation itself and which remit to the solidarity economy and self-management. In this sense, there seems to be a practical difficulty for the exercise of self-criticism in the incubators(AU)

"Quem educa os educadores?" A autogestão e os processos de formação nas incubadoras tecnológicas de cooperativas populares / "Who educates the educators?" Self-management and training procedures in technological incubators of popular cooperatives

Nos últimos anos, vem se observando o surgimento de diversos órgãos de apoio às iniciativas solidárias. Entre esses órgãos, estão as incubadoras tecnológicas de cooperativas populares (ITCPs). Nesse contexto, o artigo tem como objetivo identificar se a ITCP/UNEB, a ITES/UFBA e a INCOOP/UFSCar se estruturam de modo autogestionário e se realizam atividades educativas formais. A pesquisa se caracterizou pela natureza qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e revisões documentais. Para o tratamento dos dados, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, não há uma proposta mais sólida de realização de debates sobre sua teoria e prática. A preocupação parece ser mais o aspecto técnico da incubação do que as reflexões que engendram a própria incubação e que remetem à economia solidária e autogestão. Nesse sentido, parece existir uma dificuldade prática para o exercício da autocrítica nas incubadoras.

In recent years, several agencies have been created to support solidarity initiatives. Among these agencies are technology incubators of popular cooperatives (ITCPs). Within this context, the article aims to identify whether the ITCP/UNEB, the ITES/UFBA, and the INCOOP/UFSCar are structured in a self-management way and whether they perform formal education activities. The research had a qualitative nature, by means of semi-structured interviews and documentary reviews. For the analysis of the data, we adopted the content analysis. The survey results showed that there is not a more solid proposal to hold discussions about its theory and practice. The concern seems to be the most technical aspect of incubation than the thoughts that generate the incubation itself and which remit to the solidarity economy and self-management. In this sense, there seems to be a practical difficulty for the exercise of self-criticism in the incubators.

A relação entre valores pessoais e organizacionais comparados aos princípios do cooperativismo / The relationship between personal and organizational values compared to the principles of cooperativism

O estudo da estrutura de valores define a natureza das crenças e dos princípios dominantes e o modelo motivacional característico de uma organização. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre valores pessoais e organizacionais percebidos pelos empregados de uma cooperativa em comparação com os princípios do cooperativismo. Nesse sentido, como fundamento teórico, os temas valores individuais, valores organizacionais, a integração entre eles e valores em cooperativas foram abordados, visando a nortear uma pesquisa quantitativa por meio de um estudo de caso descritivo. A coleta dos dados foi realizada junto aos empregados de uma organização cooperativa, utilizando-se como instrumentos de coleta o Inventário de Perfis de Valores Organizacionais (IPVO) e o Questionário de Perfis de Valores (QPV). Os resultados apontaram que os valores dos empregados estão mais alinhados aos princípios internacionais do cooperativismo do que os valores organizacionais.

The study of the structure of values defines the nature of the dominant beliefs and principles and the typical motivational model of an organization. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal and organizational values perceived by the employees of a cooperative compared to the principles of cooperativism. In this sense, as a theoretical framework, the themes of individual values, organizational values, the integration between them, and values in cooperatives were approached in order to guide a quantitative research by means of a descriptive case study. The data collection was conducted among employees of a cooperative organization, using as collection instruments the Inventory of Organizational Values Profiles (IPVO) and the Value Profile Questionnaire (QPV). The results showed that the values of the employees are more aligned with the international principles of cooperativism than the organizational values.