The awareness rate of knowledge of chronic diseases and influencing factors among 4790 adults in anhui province: An online survey using WeChat.

Objective: To investigate public awareness about core information regarding chronic diseases and identify factors influencing that awareness among Anhui Province residents, provide a scientific basis for policy-making, and formulate corresponding intervention measures. Methods: From March to April 2021, 12 provincial-level representative counties and districts of Anhui province in the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance were selected as survey sites, and 4790 residents were recruited for the survey using stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling. Basic details about the study participants were collected and their awareness of core information about major chronic diseases was measured through an online survey using WeChat. Results: In 2021, the awareness rate of core information about chronic diseases among residents of Anhui Province was 54.93%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a higher awareness rate was associated with the following factors: non-housework occupations (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery: OR = 1.309, commercial services and production and transportation: OR = 1.450, institutions, and professional and technical personnel: OR = 1.461), a high education level (high school/junior high school/technical school OR = 1.357, college and above OR = 2.133), and residence in the southern and northern Anhui areas (southern Anhui OR = 1.282, northern Anhui OR = 1.431); whereas in rural areas (by district and country) (OR = 0.863), the awareness rate was low (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: The awareness rate of core information about chronic diseases among residents of Anhui, China, is low. It is necessary to strengthen awareness about chronic disease prevention and management by targeting specific groups of people in this region.

Protracted development of motor cortex constrains rich interpretations of infant cognition.

Cognition in preverbal human infants must be inferred from overt motor behaviors such as gaze shifts, head turns, or reaching for objects. However, infant mammals - including human infants - show protracted postnatal development of cortical motor outflow. Cortical control of eye, face, head, and limb movements is absent at birth and slowly emerges over the first postnatal year and beyond. Accordingly, the neonatal cortex in humans cannot generate the motor behaviors routinely used to support inferences about infants' cognitive abilities, and thus claims of developmental continuity between infant and adult cognition are suspect. Recognition of the protracted development of motor cortex should temper rich interpretations of infant cognition and motivate more serious consideration of the role of subcortical mechanisms in early cognitive development.

Influencing factors of cancer prevention and control among urban and rural adults in Fujian, China: A cross-sectional survey.

Objective: Cancer burden can be reduced when the population's knowledge of cancer prevention and control measures is increased. However, current epidemiological research investigating cancer prevention and control knowledge in China is limited. This study aimed to examine the core knowledge levels of cancer prevention and control measures as well as its influencing factors among adults in Fujian, China. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: From September to December 2021, a total of 2,440 Chinese urban and rural adults from Fujian Province, located in Southeastern China, were randomly selected for this cross-sectional study. The probability proportionate approach to sampling was used. A 38-item questionnaire that covered demographics and basic knowledge of cancer, including concepts, screening, therapy, and rehabilitation-related key points was used to measure knowledge levels of cancer prevention and control measures among 2,074 participants. The level of each participants' core knowledge of cancer prevention and control measures was defined as a rate calculated by the number of correct answers divided by the total number of questions. The binary logistic regression model was used to determine if influencing factors were associated with core knowledge awareness. Results: In total, 1,290 participants (62.2%) were in the low knowledge group and 784 (37.8%) were in the high knowledge group. The average knowledge rate of cancer prevention and control measures among all participants was 56.01%. Participants from urban areas, who held white-collar jobs, were married, had a bachelor's degree or above, had a family history of cancer, or self-rated their health level as good or average were associated with higher rates of cancer prevention and control core knowledge (overall p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings may assist healthcare providers and/or researchers in designing effective primary preventive interventions to enhance the general population's cancer prevention and control knowledge, and subsequently decrease the cancer burden in China.

Understanding analysis of core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment in residents of Shanxi Province / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To realize the understanding level of cancer awareness of residents in Shanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for cancer prevention and treatment.Methods:In April 2020, 1 897 local residents in Shanxi Province were recruited to fill in the core knowledge questionnaire of cancer prevention and treatment. The basic demographic information and the core knowledge of cancer prevention and control were collected, and the influencing factors for the understanding of the core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression model.Results:In the survey on the awareness rate of core knowledge of cancer prevention and control among residents in Shanxi Province, 37 940 items were answered, among which 29 396 items were known, and the awareness rate of the population was 77.48% (29 396/37 940). The single-factor results showed that there were statistically significant differences in awareness rates of core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment among the population with different gender, household registration, ethnic groups, education degree, occupation and different frequency of the health examination were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in awareness rates of core knowledge among the population with different age, and smokers or non-smokers (all P >0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that education degree of junior middle school or above ( OR = 3.412-16.767, 95% CI 1.755-32.476) and receiving physical examination once a year ( OR = 2.291, 95% CI 1.154-4.549) were the favorable factors for knowing the core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment. Household location in rural area ( OR = 0.522, 95% CI 0.378-0.722) and non-Han nationality ( OR = 0.369, 95% CI 0.151-0.904) were the unfavorable factors for knowing the core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment. Conclusions:The awareness of core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment among residents in Shanxi Province is good, so it is necessary to continue to strengthen the publicity of cancer prevention and control and improve the awareness of cancer prevention and control in the future.

The seductive allure of the brain: Dualism and lay perceptions of neuroscience.

Laypeople prefer brain explanations of behavior (Weisberg, Keil, Goodstein, Rawson, & Gray, 2008). We suggest that this preference arises from 'intuitive Dualism'. For the Dualist, mentalistic causation elicits a mind-body dissonance, as it suggests that the immaterial mind affects the body. Brain causation attributes behavior to the body, so it alleviates the dissonance, hence, preferred. We thus predict stronger brain preference for epistemic traits - those perceived as least material, even when no explanation is required. To test this prediction, participants diagnosed clinical conditions using matched brain- and behavioral tests. Experiments 1-2 showed that epistemic traits elicited stronger preference for brain tests. Experiment 3 confirmed that epistemic traits are perceived as immaterial. Experiment 4 showed that, the less material the trait seems, the stronger the surprise (possibly, dissonance) and brain preference. Results offer new insights into public perception of science, the role of intuitive Dualism, and the seductive allure of neuroscience.

Geometry intuitions without vision? A study in blind children and adults.

Geometry intuitions seem to be rooted in a non-verbal system that humans possess since early age. However, the mechanisms underlying the comprehension of basic geometric concepts remain elusive. Some authors have suggested that the starting point of geometry development could be found in the visual perception of specific features in our environment, thus conferring to vision a foundational role in the acquisition of geometric skills. To examine this assumption, a test probing intuitive understanding of basic geometric concepts was presented to congenitally blind children and adults. Participants had to detect the intruder among four different shapes, from which three instantiated a specific geometrical concept and one (the intruder) violated it. Although they performed above the chance level, the blind presented poorer performance than the sighted participants who did the task in the visual modality (i.e., with the eyes open), but performed equally well than the sighted who did the task in the tactile modality (i.e., with a blindfold). We therefore provide evidence that geometric abilities are impacted by the lack of vision.

[From Passive Application to Active Design -Restructuring and Reshaping of Core Specialty Knowledge Systems of Biomedical Engineering (Biomedical Materials Track) Undergraduate Education].

Biomedical engineering (BME) (biomedical materials track) is a typical field of interdisciplinary integration. Its specialty education simultaneously undertakes the duo reformation responsibilities for the new engineering education and the new medical education due to its unique strengths in interdisciplinary nature, comprehensive scope of knowledge, and status of being on the cutting edge of technology. We made an analysis, in this paper, of the opportunities and challenges faced by BME (biomedical materials track) specialty education on the basis of the trends and frontiers of development in biomedical materials in the world. From the perspective of new requirements raised by major national strategies and industrial development for the qualifications and competence of professionals specializing in biomedical materials, thorough reflections were made on the specialized education of BME (biomedical materials track) under the background of the new engineering education and the new medical education. Furthermore, we proposed herein to reconstruct the specialized core knowledge system according to the main line of the reactions and the responses between the biomedical materials and human bodies at different levels and set up a series of courses of biomedical materials science centered on Materiobiology as the core. We also proposed to establish a diversified integrated reform model of the training system incorporating production, learning, research and application for highly competent BME (biomedical materials track) professionals. This paper attempts to contribute to the solution of the major issue of how to train the innovative talents and leaders who will pioneer a new round of diagnosis and treatment technology revolution and the development of the medical device industry.

Essentialist Biases Toward Psychiatric Disorders: Brain Disorders Are Presumed Innate.

A large campaign has sought to destigmatize psychiatric disorders by disseminating the view that they are in fact brain disorders. But when psychiatric disorders are associated with neurobiological correlates, laypeople's attitudes toward patients are harsher, and the prognoses seem poorer. Here, we ask whether these misconceptions could result from the essentialist presumption that brain disorders are innate. To this end, we invited laypeople to reason about psychiatric disorders that are diagnosed by either a brain or a behavioral test that were strictly matched for their informative value. Participants viewed disorders as more likely to be innate and immutable when the diagnosis was supported by a brain test as compared to a behavioral test. These results show for the first time that people spontaneously essentialize psychiatric conditions that are linked to the brain, even when the brain probe offers no additional diagnostic or genetic information. This bias suggests that people consider the biological essence of living things as materially embodied.

Core knowledge of geometry can develop independently of visual experience.

Geometrical intuitions spontaneously drive visuo-spatial reasoning in human adults, children and animals. Is their emergence intrinsically linked to visual experience, or does it reflect a core property of cognition shared across sensory modalities? To address this question, we tested the sensitivity of blind-from-birth adults to geometrical-invariants using a haptic deviant-figure detection task. Blind participants spontaneously used many geometric concepts such as parallelism, right angles and geometrical shapes to detect intruders in haptic displays, but experienced difficulties with symmetry and complex spatial transformations. Across items, their performance was highly correlated with that of sighted adults performing the same task in touch (blindfolded) and in vision, as well as with the performances of uneducated preschoolers and Amazonian adults. Our results support the existence of an amodal core-system of geometry that arises independently of visual experience. However, performance at selecting geometric intruders was generally higher in the visual compared to the haptic modality, suggesting that sensory-specific spatial experience may play a role in refining the properties of this core-system of geometry.

Is Empiricism Innate? Preference for Nurture Over Nature in People's Beliefs About the Origins of Human Knowledge.

The origins of human knowledge are an enduring puzzle: what parts of what we know require learning, and what depends on intrinsic structure? Although the nature-nurture debate has been a central question for millennia and has inspired much contemporary research in psychology and neuroscience, it remains unknown whether people share intuitive, prescientific theories about the answer. Here we report that people (N = 1,188) explain fundamental perceptual and cognitive abilities by appeal to learning and instruction, rather than genes or innateness, even for abilities documented in the first days of life. U.S. adults, adults from a culture with a belief in reincarnation, children, and professional scientists-including psychologists and neuroscientists, all believed these basic abilities emerge significantly later than they actually do, and ascribed them to nurture over nature. These findings implicate a widespread intuitive empiricist theory about the human mind, present from early in life.

People's Intuitions About Innateness.

Few questions in science are as controversial as the origins of knowledge. Whether knowledge (e.g., "objects are cohesive") is partly innate has been debated for centuries. Here, we ask whether our difficulties with innate knowledge could be grounded in human cognition itself. In eight experiments, we compared reasoning about the innateness of traits that capture knowledge (cognitive traits) with noncognitive (sensorimotor and emotive) traits. Experiments 1-4 examined adult and infant traits; Experiment 5 presented detailed descriptions of published infant experiments. Results showed that people viewed cognitive traits as less likely to be innate in humans-the stronger the association with "thinking," the lower the rating for "innateness." Experiments 6-8 explored human, bird, and alien traits that were presented as innate. Participants, however, still considered cognitive traits as less likely to emerge spontaneously (i.e., be innate). These results show that people are selectively biased in reasoning about the origins of knowledge.

Domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus) fail to intuitively reason about object properties like solidity and weight.

From early infancy, humans reason about the external world in terms of identifiable, solid, cohesive objects persisting in space and time. This is one of the most fundamental human skills, which may be part of our innate conception of object properties. Although object permanence has been extensively studied across a variety of taxa, little is known about how non-human animals reason about other object properties. In this study, we therefore tested how domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus) intuitively reason about object properties like solidity and height, to locate hidden food. Horses were allowed to look for a food reward behind two opaque screens, only one of which had either the proper height or inclination to hide food rewards. Our results suggest that horses could not intuitively reason about physical object properties, but rather learned to select the screen with the proper height or inclination from the second set of 5 trials.

Representational coexistence in the God concept: Core knowledge intuitions of God as a person are not revised by Christian theology despite lifelong experience.

Previous research has shown that in the minds of young adult religious adherents, acquired theology about the extraordinary characteristics of God (e.g., omniscience) coexists with, rather than replaces, an initial concept of God formed by co-option of the person concept. We tested the hypothesis that representational coexistence holds even after extensive experience with Christian theology, as indexed by age. Christian religious adherents ranging in age from 18 to 87 years were asked to evaluate as true or false statements on which core knowledge intuitions about persons and Christian theology about God were consistent (both true or both false) or inconsistent (true on one and false on the other). Results showed, across adulthood, more theological errors in evaluating inconsistent versus consistent statements. Older adults also exhibited slower response times to inconsistent versus consistent statements. These findings show that despite extensive experience, indeed a lifetime of experience for some participants, the Christian theological God concept does not separate from the initial person concept from which it is formed. In fact, behavioral signatures of representational coexistence were not attenuated by experience. We discuss the broader implications of these findings to the acquisition of evolutionarily new concepts.

Research development of disaster nursing knowledge system / 中国实用护理杂志

This article reviews the related concepts of disaster nursing, the status of the development of disaster nursing education at home and abroad, the framework and Enlightenment of disaster nursing knowledge system both at home and abroad, and provides a reference for the formation of standard and unified, universal and professional knowledge system for disaster nursing.

Language Reflects "Core" Cognition: A New Theory About the Origin of Cross-Linguistic Regularities.

The underlying structures that are common to the world's languages bear an intriguing connection with early emerging forms of "core knowledge" (Spelke & Kinzler, 2007), which are frequently studied by infant researchers. In particular, grammatical systems often incorporate distinctions (e.g., the mass/count distinction) that reflect those made in core knowledge (e.g., the non-verbal distinction between an object and a substance). Here, I argue that this connection occurs because non-verbal core knowledge systematically biases processes of language evolution. This account potentially explains a wide range of cross-linguistic grammatical phenomena that currently lack an adequate explanation. Second, I suggest that developmental researchers and cognitive scientists interested in (non-verbal) knowledge representation can exploit this connection to language by using observations about cross-linguistic grammatical tendencies to inspire hypotheses about core knowledge.

Core knowledge and skill-based approach to subspecialty construction in critical/intensive care medicine with distinct Chinese peculiarity / 中华危重病急救医学

With the rapid development of critical care medicine (CCM) in China, there are increases in the number of intensive care units (ICUs), the scale of one center ICU and the team. Subspecialty construction of CCM is of great concerns for personnel training as well as discipline development, and is currently one of the urgent problems that need to be resolved. Experience of CCM subspecialty construction from Europe and the United States is lacking and it is necessary to propose some opinions on innovation to construct CCM subspecialties with Chinese characteristics. We believe that CCM sub-specialties construction should be based on the core knowledge (pathophysiology) and skill (organ monitoring and support). The following 7 sub-specialties can be set up: ① acute lung injury and mechanical ventilation; ② shock, hemodynamic monitoring and treatment; ③ acute kidney injury and blood purification; ④ sepsis and anti-infective therapy; ⑤ stress, sedation and analgesia; ⑥ nutrition and metabolic support; ⑦ coagulation, immune and inflammation. The core knowledge and skills of critical care medicine will constantly be updated and enriched. Therefore, sub-specialty settings should be constantly updated as well.

The foundations of object permanence: does perceived cohesion determine infants' appreciation of the continuous existence of material objects?

One of the most fundamental achievements in infants' cognitive development is their appreciation that material objects exist permanently in space and time. Recent findings suggest that infants fail to identify fragmented material objects as continuously existing items. Four experiments assessed 8-12-month-old infants' ability to further represent an object that was fragmented into two or more parts. Results suggest that infants successfully trace the spatiotemporal displacement of fragmented objects, but that their processing of size/quantity-related property information may be affected. This suggests that, contrary to recent claims, 8- to 12-month-old infants can and do appreciate the continuity of fragmented objects.

Development of the List of Core Skill and Knowledge in Clinical Practice of Neuropsychiatry / 신경정신의학

The purpose of this study is to develop the list of core skill and knowledge in clinical practice of neuropsychiatry. The author consider some aspects in preparing for developing the list of core skill and knowledge of neuropsychiatry. The author examined the status of the clinical practice in universities briefly, and we presented some practical problems about the extent of clinical practice of neuropsychiatry, the goals and principles of developing the target of study, the target of clinical practice of neuropsychiatry, and some examples of skill and knowledge and attitude by referencing 'Korean Journal of Medical Education', 'Workshop reports in Korean Neurosychiatric Association' and 'OSCEs in psychiatry'. We pointed out the problem that whether behavioral science, diagnosis, 'patients, doctor and society' (PDS), and communication were included in clinical practice of neuropsychiatry or in other subjects and emphasized. We could discuss about 60 OSCE lists in Psychiatric department of University of Cambrige including examining cranial nerve, fundoscopy, interpreting ECG, calling the on-call consultant, requesting an EEG, discussing an MRI brain scan report, assessing suicide risk, and assessing testamentary capacity. In the examples of attitude and skill, the process of establishing rapport and giving empathy is as follow. If the students are well aware and carrying out the process, they will be respectable medical doctors. 1) Establish a rapport with the patient : Greet the patient by name, shake the patient's hand and smile. Introduce yourself warmly. Be courteous. make the patient comfortable and at ease. Explain the purpose of the contact. Ask permission to take a history or to do an examination. Thank the patients for co-operating. 2) Empathy : Remember that the patient is as human as you are. If you believe that the patient is as important as you are, you are mistaken. The patient is more important than you are. Your career depends on how well you can get on with patients and make them feel good about you. for their medical care, you are just one of the many choices. Hence, be sensitive and show warmth, empathy, concern and consideration for the patient.'s feelings. Try to see how you would have felt if you were in the patient's shoes. Convey your understanding and acceptance of the patient's situation. Explain them. Respect the patient's dignity. Do not ignore questions from the patient. Ask permission to speak to partner, children or parents if indicated. We anticipated that fine lists were developed by active progression of developing lists of skill and knowledge after our investigation.