Tiempos de cateterismo y uso de pretratamiento antiagregante plaquetario en pacientes con SCASEST en España / Timing of coronary angiography and use of antiplatelet pretreatment in patients with NSTEACS in Spain

Introducción y objetivos El momento óptimo para un cateterismo en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) y la necesidad de pretratamiento son motivo de controversia. El objetivo principal del registro IMPACT-TIMING-GO es conocer el porcentaje de pacientes examinados con una coronariografía precoz (0-24 h) y que no recibieron doble antiagregación plaquetaria antes del cateterismo (estrategia sin pretratamiento) en España. Métodos Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico, que incluyó a pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de SCASEST sometidos a cateterismo en los que se evidenció enfermedad coronaria ateroesclerótica causal. Resultados Entre abril y mayo de 2022 se incluyó a 1.021 pacientes (media de edad, 67±12 años; el 23,6% mujeres). El 86,8% de los pacientes cumplían criterios de alto riesgo (elevación de troponina, cambios electrocardiográficos o puntuación GRACE>140); sin embargo, únicamente el 37,8% se sometió a una estrategia invasiva precoz, y el 30,3% no recibió pretratamiento. Globalmente, solo el 13,6% de los pacientes se sometieron a una estrategia invasiva precoz sin un segundo antiagregante plaquetario, y la estrategia diferida con pretratamiento fue la más utilizada (46%). Durante el ingreso, 9 pacientes (0,9%) fallecieron y 34 (3,3%) presentaron una hemorragia grave. Conclusiones En España, solo el 13,6% de los pacientes con SCASEST sometidos a cateterismo reciben una estrategia invasiva precoz sin pretratamiento. La incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares y hemorragias graves en el ingreso es baja. (AU)

Introduction and objectives The optimal timing of coronary angiography in patients admitted with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) as well as the need for pretreatment are controversial. The main objective of the IMPACT-TIMING-GO registry was to assess the proportion of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy (0-24hours) without dual antiplatelet therapy (no pretreatment strategy) in Spain. Methods This observational, prospective, and multicenter study included consecutive patients with NSTEACS who underwent coronary angiography that identified a culprit lesion. Results Between April and May 2022, we included 1021 patients diagnosed with NSTEACS, with a mean age of 67±12 years (23.6% women). A total of 87% of the patients were deemed at high risk (elevated troponin; electrocardiogram changes; GRACE score>140) but only 37.8% underwent an early invasive strategy, and 30.3% did not receive pretreatment. Overall, 13.6% of the patients underwent an early invasive strategy without pretreatment, while the most frequent strategy was a deferred angiography under antiplatelet pretreatment (46%). During admission, 9 patients (0.9%) died, while major bleeding occurred in 34 (3.3%). Conclusions In Spain, only 13.6% of patients with NSTEACS undergoing coronary angiography received an early invasive strategy without pretreatment. The incidence of cardiovascular and severe bleeding events during admission was low. (AU)

Timing of coronary angiography and use of antiplatelet pretreatment in patients with NSTEACS in Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The optimal timing of coronary angiography in patients admitted with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) as well as the need for pretreatment are controversial. The main objective of the IMPACT-TIMING-GO registry was to assess the proportion of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy (0-24hours) without dual antiplatelet therapy (no pretreatment strategy) in Spain. METHODS: This observational, prospective, and multicenter study included consecutive patients with NSTEACS who underwent coronary angiography that identified a culprit lesion. RESULTS: Between April and May 2022, we included 1021 patients diagnosed with NSTEACS, with a mean age of 67±12 years (23.6% women). A total of 87% of the patients were deemed at high risk (elevated troponin; electrocardiogram changes; GRACE score>140) but only 37.8% underwent an early invasive strategy, and 30.3% did not receive pretreatment. Overall, 13.6% of the patients underwent an early invasive strategy without pretreatment, while the most frequent strategy was a deferred angiography under antiplatelet pretreatment (46%). During admission, 9 patients (0.9%) died, while major bleeding occurred in 34 (3.3%). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, only 13.6% of patients with NSTEACS undergoing coronary angiography received an early invasive strategy without pretreatment. The incidence of cardiovascular and severe bleeding events during admission was low.

Fenómeno de Milking secundario a puente intramiocárdico en paciente con bloqueo trifascicular

Introducción: los puentes intramiocárdicos son una modificación anatómica de la circulación coronaria que consisten en secciones anormales en el espesor del miocardio que al formar segmentos tunelizados e incorporarse al epicardio, provocan un ordeñamiento vascular llamado fenómeno de Milking durante la compresión sistólica extrínseca, el cual es responsable de las manifestaciones clínicas y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas. Se describe un caso clínico con el objetivo de comunicar a la comunidad científica las características clínicas, eléctricas y coronariográficas de una paciente con síndrome coronario agudo con bloqueo trifascicular y fenómeno de Milking por puente intramiocárdico. Caso clínico: mujer de56 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, obesidad e historia de ingresos frecuentes por episodios de angina inestables; fue admitida por angina inestable aguda más bloqueo trifascicular y se confirmó puente intramiocárdico en el segmento medio distal de la arteria descendente anterior izquierda. La optimización de la terapia antiisquémica se basó en Carvedilol, previa implantación de marcapaso permanente. Discusión: los puentes intramiocárdicos causan reducción dinámica de la luz del vaso epicárdico coronario y cuando resulta mayor del 50% condiciona el fenómeno de Milking, el cual es más frecuente en los segmentos medio y distal de la arteria descendente anterior izquierda, su evolución es favorable y responden a la terapéutica con ß bloqueadores de forma adecuada. Conclusiones: la correlación diagnóstica facilitó la aplicación de una conducta invasiva con estimulación transvenosa permanente que permitió iniciar tratamiento betabloqueante lo cual no hubiera sido posible por el trastorno de la conducción intraventricular.

Introduction: Intramyocardial bridges are an anatomical modification of the coronary circulation consisting of abnormal sections in the thickness of the myocardium that, when forming tunnel segments and incorporating into the epicardium, cause vascular milking, the so-called milking phenomenon, during extrinsic systolic compression, which is responsible for the clinical manifestations and electrocardiographic alterations. A clinical case is described with the aim of providing the scientific community with the clinical, electrical and coronary angiographic characteristics of a patient with acute coronary syndrome with trifascicular block and milking phenomenon due to intramyocardial bridging. Case Report: A 56-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, obesity, and frequent admissions for episodes of unstable angina was admitted for acute unstable angina plus trifascicular block and intramyocardial bridging was confirmed in the distal middle segment of the left anterior descending artery. Optimization of anti-ischemic therapy was based on carvedilol after implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Discussion: Intramyocardial bridges cause a dynamic reduction of the coronary epicardial vessel lumen and when it is greater than 50% it causes a milking phenomenon, which is more frequent in the middle and distal segments of the left anterior descending artery, its evolution is favorable and responds adequately to ß-blocker therapy. Conclusions: The diagnostic correlation facilitated the application of an invasive approach with permanent transvenous stimulation, allowing the initiation of beta-blocker treatment, which would not have been possible due to the intraventricular conduction disorder.

Introdução: As pontes intramiocárdicas são uma modificação anatómica da circulação coronária constituída por secções anómalas na espessura do miocárdio que, ao formarem segmentos em túnel e ao incorporarem-se no epicárdio, provocam a ordenha vascular, o chamado fenómeno de ordenha, durante a compressão sistólica extrínseca, responsável pelas manifestações clínicas e alterações electrocardiográficas. Descreve-se um caso clínico como objetivo de dar a conhecer à comunidade científica as características clínicas, eléctricas e coronariográficas de um doente com síndrome coronário agudo com bloqueio trifascicular e fenómeno de milking por bridging intramiocárdico. Relato de Caso: Mulher de 56 anos, com antecedentes de hipertensão arterial, obesidade e internamentos frequentes por episódios de angina instável, foi internada por angina aguda instável com bloqueio trifascicular e confirmação de ponte intramiocárdica no segmento médio distal da artéria descendente anterior. A otimização da terapêutica anti-isquémica foi baseada no carvedilol após implantação de pacemaker definitivo. Discussão: As pontes intramiocárdicas provocam uma redução dinâmica do lúmen do vaso epicárdico coronário e quando esta é superior a 50% provoca um fenómeno de ordenha, mais frequente nos segmentos médio e distal da artéria descendente anterior, a sua evolução é favorável e responde adequadamente à terapêutica com ß-bloqueantes. Conclusões: A correlação diagnóstica facilitou a aplicação de uma abordagem invasiva com estimulação transvenosa permanente, permitindo o início do tratamento com beta-bloqueadores, o que não teria sido possível devido ao distúrbio de condução intraventricular.

Frank's sign associated with the severity of ischemic heart disease in patients under 65 years old / Signo de Frank asociado con la gravedad de la cardiopatía isquémica en adultos de edad inferior o igual a 65 años

Background and objective Frank's sign is the diagonal ear fold which has been associated with ischemic heart disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of Frank's sign with severity of ischemic heart disease in adults ≤ 65 years old in the northeast of Mexico. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients ≤ 65 years old who underwent coronary angiography consecutively over a period of 5 months in 2022. Severe coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with Frank's sign and other common cardiovascular risks. To determine the association, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression that included variables with a value of p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 22. Results We included 311 patients ≤ 65 years, of whom 80% were men. The median age was 57 years (range 28–65). Frank's sign was positive in 62% of the population. The main clinical characteristics in patients with Frank's sign were type 2 diabetes mellitus (55%), p=0.003, dyslipidemia (53%), p=0.026 and smoking (68%), p=0.002. In the multivariate analysis, the independent variables associated with severe CAD were Frank's Sign OR 3.26; 95% CI (1.98–5.38), p≤0.001, male gender OR 2.28; 95% CI (1.20–4.35), p=0.012, and dyslipidemia OR 1.81; 95% CI (1.11–2.97), p=0.017. Conclusions There is an independent association between Frank's sign with the presence of severe CAD in patients ≤ 65 years old, which may be useful for screening and prevention (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo El signo de pliegue diagonal de la oreja o signo de Frank se ha asociado con cardiopatía isquémica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la relación del signo de Frank con la gravedad de la cardiopatía isquémica en adultos≤65años en el noreste de México. Pacientes y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes ≤65años sometidos a coronariografía de manera consecutiva en un periodo de 5 meses en 2022. Se relacionó la enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) grave con el signo de Frank y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales. Para determinar la asociación se realizó análisis bivariado y multivariado mediante regresión logística que incluyó las variables con valor de p<0,05. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 22. Resultados Se incluyeron 311 pacientes≤65años, de los cuales el 80% fueron hombres. La mediana de edad fue 57 años (rango de 28-65 años). El 62% de los pacientes presentó el signo de Frank. Las principales características clínicas en pacientes con signo de Frank fueron diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (55%), p=0,003, dislipidemia (53%), p=0,026 y tabaquismo (68%), p=0,002. En el análisis multivariado las variables independientes asociadas a EAC grave fueron el signo de Frank (OR: 3,26; IC 95%: 1,98-5,38; p≤0,001), sexo masculino (OR: 2,28; IC 95%: 1,20-4,35; p=0,012) y dislipidemia (OR: 1,81; IC 95%: 1,11-2,97; p=0,017). Conclusiones Existe asociación independiente del signo de Frank con la presencia de EAC grave en pacientes≤65años, que puede ser útil para el cribado y la prevención (AU)

Frank's sign associated with the severity of ischemic heart disease in patients under 65 years old.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Frank's sign is the diagonal ear fold which has been associated with ischemic heart disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of Frank's sign with severity of ischemic heart disease in adults ≤ 65 years old in the northeast of Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients ≤ 65 years old who underwent coronary angiography consecutively over a period of 5 months in 2022. Severe coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with Frank's sign and other common cardiovascular risks. To determine the association, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression that included variables with a value of p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 22. RESULTS: We included 311 patients ≤ 65 years, of whom 80% were men. The median age was 57 years (range 28-65). Frank's sign was positive in 62% of the population. The main clinical characteristics in patients with Frank's sign were type 2 diabetes mellitus (55%), p=0.003, dyslipidemia (53%), p=0.026 and smoking (68%), p=0.002. In the multivariate analysis, the independent variables associated with severe CAD were Frank's Sign OR 3.26; 95% CI (1.98-5.38), p≤0.001, male gender OR 2.28; 95% CI (1.20-4.35), p=0.012, and dyslipidemia OR 1.81; 95% CI (1.11-2.97), p=0.017. CONCLUSIONS: There is an independent association between Frank's sign with the presence of severe CAD in patients ≤ 65 years old, which may be useful for screening and prevention.

Coronariografía urgente en los pacientes con parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria sin elevación del segmento ST. Ensayo clínico COUPE / Coronary angiography in patients without ST-segment elevation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. COUPE clinical trial

Introducción y objetivos El papel de la coronariografía urgente y angioplastia, si procede, en los pacientes con parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria (PCEH) recuperada que no presentan elevación del segmento ST es controvertido. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si la coronariografía urgente y la angioplastia mejoran la supervivencia con buen pronóstico neurológico en esta población. Métodos En este ensayo clínico multicéntrico, aleatorizado, abierto, incluimos 69 pacientes supervivientes a una PCEH sin elevación del ST y se aleatorizaron a recibir una coronariografía urgente (CU) o diferida (CD). El objetivo primario de eficacia fue el combinado de supervivencia hospitalaria libre de dependencia. El objetivo de seguridad fue un compuesto de eventos cardiacos mayores, incluyendo muerte, reinfarto, sangrado y arritmias ventriculares. Resultados Se incluyó a 66 pacientes en el análisis primario (95,7%). La supervivencia hospitalaria fue 62,5% en el grupo CU y 58,8% en el grupo CD (HR = 0,96; IC95%, 0,45-2,09; p=0,93). La supervivencia hospitalaria con buen pronóstico neurológico fue 59,4% en el grupo CU y 52,9% en el grupo CD (HR = 1,29; IC95%, 0,60-2,73; p=0,4986). No se encontraron diferencias en los objetivos secundarios, salvo por la incidencia de fracaso renal agudo, que fue más frecuente en el grupo CU (15,6 frente a 0%, p=0,002) y de infecciones, más prevalentes en el grupo CD (46,9 frente a 73,5%, p=0,003). Conclusiones En este estudio aleatorizado de pacientes con una PCEH sin elevación del ST, una CU no fue beneficiosa en términos de supervivencia con buen pronóstico neurológico comparada con una CD (AU)

Introduction and objectives The role of emergency coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains unclear. We aimed to assess whether emergency CAG and PCI would improve survival with good neurological outcome in this population. Methods In this multicenter, randomized, open-label, investigator-initiated clinical trial, we randomly assigned 69 survivors of OHCA without STEMI to undergo immediate CAG or deferred CAG. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of in-hospital survival free of severe dependence. The safety endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events including death, reinfarction, bleeding, and ventricular arrhythmias. Results A total of 66 patients were included in the primary analysis (95.7%). In-hospital survival was 62.5% in the immediate CAG group and 58.8% in the delayed CAG group (HR, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.45-2.09; P=.93). In-hospital survival free of severe dependence was 59.4% in the immediate CAG group and 52.9% in the delayed CAG group (HR, 1.29; 95%CI, 0.60-2.73; P=.4986). No differences were found in the secondary endpoints except for the incidence of acute kidney failure, which was more frequent in the immediate CAG group (15.6% vs 0%, P=.002) and infections, which were higher in the delayed CAG group (46.9% vs 73.5%, P=.003). Conclusions In this underpowered randomized trial involving patients resuscitated after OHCA without STEMI, immediate CAG provided no benefit in terms of survival without neurological impairment compared with delayed CAG (AU)

Coronary angiography in patients without ST-segment elevation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. COUPE clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The role of emergency coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains unclear. We aimed to assess whether emergency CAG and PCI would improve survival with good neurological outcome in this population. METHODS: In this multicenter, randomized, open-label, investigator-initiated clinical trial, we randomly assigned 69 survivors of OHCA without STEMI to undergo immediate CAG or deferred CAG. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of in-hospital survival free of severe dependence. The safety endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events including death, reinfarction, bleeding, and ventricular arrhythmias. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were included in the primary analysis (95.7%). In-hospital survival was 62.5% in the immediate CAG group and 58.8% in the delayed CAG group (HR, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.45-2.09; P=.93). In-hospital survival free of severe dependence was 59.4% in the immediate CAG group and 52.9% in the delayed CAG group (HR, 1.29; 95%CI, 0.60-2.73; P=.4986). No differences were found in the secondary endpoints except for the incidence of acute kidney failure, which was more frequent in the immediate CAG group (15.6% vs 0%, P=.002) and infections, which were higher in the delayed CAG group (46.9% vs 73.5%, P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: In this underpowered randomized trial involving patients resuscitated after OHCA without STEMI, immediate CAG provided no benefit in terms of survival without neurological impairment compared with delayed CAG. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT02641626.

Development of deep learning segmentation models for coronary X-ray angiography: Quality assessment by a new global segmentation score and comparison with human performance.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Although automatic artificial intelligence (AI) coronary angiography (CAG) segmentation is arguably the first step toward future clinical application, it is underexplored. We aimed to (1) develop AI models for CAG segmentation and (2) assess the results using similarity scores and a set of criteria defined by expert physicians. METHODS: Patients undergoing CAG were randomly selected in a retrospective study at a single center. Per incidence, an ideal frame was segmented, forming a baseline human dataset (BH), used for training a baseline AI model (BAI). Enhanced human segmentation (EH) was created by combining the best of both. An enhanced AI model (EAI) was trained using the EH. Results were assessed by experts using 11 weighted criteria, combined into a Global Segmentation Score (GSS: 0-100 points). Generalized Dice Score (GDS) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) were also used for AI models assessment. RESULTS: 1664 processed images were generated. GSS for BH, EH, BAI and EAI were 96.9+/-5.7; 98.9+/-3.1; 86.1+/-10.1 and 90+/-7.6, respectively (95% confidence interval, p<0.001 for both paired and global differences). The GDS for the BAI and EAI was 0.9234±0.0361 and 0.9348±0.0284, respectively. The DSC for the coronary tree was 0.8904±0.0464 and 0.9134±0.0410 for the BAI and EAI, respectively. The EAI outperformed the BAI in all coronary segmentation tasks, but performed less well in some catheter segmentation tasks. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed AI models capable of CAG segmentation, with good performance as assessed by all scores.

Enfermedad arterial coronaria y sus características clínico-angiográficas: Realidad de un centro de atención terciaria privado en Angola / Coronary artery disease and its clinical-angiographic characteristics: Reality of a private tertiary care center in Angola

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad arterial coronaria ha experimentado un aumento entre los angolanos debido a la transición epidemiológica resultante de los nuevos estilos de vidas desfavorables para la salud cardiovascular. Objetivo: Realizar una caracterización clínico-angiográfica de los pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad arterial coronaria llevados a coronariografía. Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, realizado en la Clínica Girassol, con 450 pacientes llevados a coronariografía durante enero del 2012 a diciembre del 2018. Se incluyeron variables clínicas (sexo, edad, tipo de procedimiento, factores de riesgo, indicación clínica) y angiográficas (vía de acceso, vasos afectados, dominancia coronaria, estrategia de tratamiento y complicaciones). Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (71,6%) con edad media de 59,7(11,2 años. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo predominante (76,0%). El 56,2% de los procedimientos fueron realizados de urgencia siendo el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del ST (37,3%) el más frecuente. La mayoría de los procedimientos (81,1%) fueron por vía femoral. La descendente anterior estuvo afectada en el 37,6% de los casos y la dominancia derecha fue la más prevalente (94,0%). El hematoma femoral constituyó la complicación más frecuente (0,9%). Conclusiones: En los pacientes intervenidos predominó el sexo masculino, las edades avanzadas, la hipertensión arterial y la realización urgente del procedimiento, mayoritariamente por síndromes coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST, con muy baja incidencia de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronary artery disease has progressively increased among Angolans due to the epidemiological transition resulting from new lifestyles unfavorable to cardiovascular health. Objective: To perform a clinical-angiographic characterization of patients suspected of coronary artery disease undergoing coronary angiography. Method: Retrospective observational study, conducted at Clínica Girassol, with 450 patients who underwent coronary angiography from January 2012 to December 2018. Clinical variables such as sex, age, type of procedure, risk factors, clinical indication, and angiographic features (access route, vessels involved, coronary dominance, treatment strategy and complications) were included. Results: Male sex predominated (71.6%) with a mean age of 59.7±11.2 years. Hypertension was the predominant risk factor (76.0%). Emergency procedures accounted for 56.2% of the interventions; ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (37.3%) was the most frequent. Most of the procedures (81.1%) were performed via the femoral artery. The left anterior descending artery was involved in 37.6% of the cases and right dominance was the most prevalent (94.0%). Femoral hematoma was the most frequent complication (0.9%). Conclusions: The patients who underwent surgery were predominantly male, older, hypertensive, and required urgent procedures, mostly for ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, with very low rates of complications.

Factores asociados a la nefropatía inducida por medios de contraste en pacientes con oclusión coronaria significativa / Contrast-induced nephropathy associated factors in patients with significant coronary obstruction

El intervencionismo coronario se asocia a la aparición de nefropatía inducida por contraste. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el riesgo de desarrollar nefropatía inducida por contraste (NIC) en pacientes con obstrucción coronaria significativa y su relación con factores de riesgo conocidos para esta nefropatía. Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte prospectiva con 160 pacientes atendidos en el cardiocentro del hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras", Cuba, a los cuales se les realizó una coronariografía invasiva, entre enero 2016 y julio 2017. La edad promedio fue de 61,6 ± 9,2 años; el 70,6% eran hombres. Predominaron los antecedentes patológicos personales de cardiopatía isquémica (85,6%), y de hipertensión arterial (75,6%). El 75% de los casos presentó una oclusión coronaria significativa. La frecuencia de nefropatía por contraste fue de 42,5%. Los factores que guardaron importante relación estadística con la presencia de oclusión arterial significativa fueron la cardiopatía isquémica conocida (p<0,001), el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo previo (p=0,007), la creatinina después (p=0,043) y la NIC (p=0,016) así como el volumen de contraste administrado (p=0,006). En el subgrupo de pacientes con oclusión significativa el hematocrito bajo (p=0,025) y el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo de urgencia (p=0,007) fueron los factores más influyentes. Se concluye que los pacientes con oclusión coronaria significativa tienen un riesgo aumentado para el desarrollo de la nefropatía por contraste. La corrección de aquellos factores de riesgo que sean modificables (como el hematocrito bajo) y la correcta aplicación del protocolo de hidratación son esenciales para prevenir esta complicación.

Coronary intervention is associated with the appearance of contrast-induced nephropathy. The purpose of the study was to assess the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with significant coronary obstruction and its relationship with known risk factors for this nephropathy. A prospective cohort study was designed with 160 patients treated at the cardiocenter of the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" hospital, Cuba, who underwent invasive coronary angiography, between January 2016 and July 2017. The average age was 61.6 ± 9 ,2 years; 70.6% were men. The personal pathological history of ischemic heart disease (85.6%) and arterial hypertension (75.6%) predominated. 75% of the cases presented a significant coronary occlusion. The frequency of contrast nephropathy was 42.5%. The factors that had an important statistical relationship with the presence of significant arterial occlusion were known ischemic heart disease (p <0.001), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (p = 0.007), creatinine after the procedure (p = 0.043) and CIN (p = 0.016) as well as the volume of contrast administered (p = 0.006). In the subgroup of patients with significant occlusion, low hematocrit (p = 0.025) and emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (p = 0.007) were the most influential factors. It is concluded that patients with significant coronary occlusion have an increased risk for the development of contrast nephropathy. The correction of those risk factors that are modifiable (such as low hematocrit) and the correct application of the hydration protocol are essential to prevent this complication

Diferencias de género en la presentación clínica y angiográfica del Síndrome Coronario Agudo / Gender differences in the clinical and angiographic presentation of Acute Coronary Syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: El Síndrome Coronario Agudo es considerado una complicación de la ateroesclerosis con alta morbilidad y mortalidad en ambos sexos. Tiene un importante impacto socioeconómico evidenciado en los años de vida potencial perdidos. Objetivo: Caracterizar por clínica y angiografía a mujeres y hombres diagnosticados con Síndrome Coronario Agudo. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de diseño transversal con 214 pacientes, del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Universitario "Manuel Ascunce Doménech" de Camagüey, desde enero de 2015 hasta enero de 2017. La fuente primaria estuvo dada por el informe escrito de los resultados de la coronariografía realizada en el Cardiocentro "Ernesto Che Guevara" de Villa Clara y las historias clínicas hospitalarias de cada paciente; se llenó un formulario con las siguientes variables: grupos de edades, sexo, factores de riesgo, forma clínica de presentación, resultado coronariográfico y conducta médica. Este documento se computarizó, se aplicaron pruebas de significación estadística y los resultados se ilustraron en tablas. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres, edad mayor de 60 años, la hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo coronario de mayor representatividad para ambos sexos y se afectó de manera significativa la arteria descendente anterior. Conclusiones: A medida que avanza la edad las mujeres tienen igual o más riesgo que los hombres de sufrir enfermedad arterial coronaria, pues en ambos se incrementa la exposición a los predictores de riesgo. Las diferencias en las formas de expresión clínica, angiográfica y percepción de la enfermedad, determinan las estrategias de intervención y conducta médica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome is a complication of atherosclerosis with high morbidity and mortality in both sexes. It has an important socioeconomic impact which is evidenced in the years of potential life lost. Objective: To characterize women and men diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome by performing angiography in the clinical practice. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 214 patients from the Cardiology Service of Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital in Camagüey from January 2015 to January 2017. The primary source was the written report of the results of the coronary angiography performed at Ernesto Che Guevara Health Center in Villa Clara and the clinical record of each patient. A database was developed for the following variables: age groups, sex, risk factors, clinical presentation, result of coronary angiography and medical behavior. This document was computerized; tests of statistical significance were applied and the results were illustrated in four tables. Results: Men and age over 60 years predominated in the study; arterial hypertension was the most representative coronary risk factor in both sexes and the anterior descending artery was significantly affected. Conclusions: With advancing age, women are at the same or greater risk of presenting coronary artery disease than men. In both genders, the risk factors increase. The differences in the clinical an angiographic features of the disease determine the medical behavior.

Early revascularization and long-term mortality in high-risk patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The CARDIOCHUS-HUSJ registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the association of early coronary angiography with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) using a large contemporary cohort of patients with NSTEACS from 2 Spanish tertiary hospitals. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 5673 consecutive NSTEACS patients from 2 Spanish hospitals between 2005 and 2016. We performed propensity score matching to obtain a well-balanced subset of patients with the same probability of undergoing an early strategy, resulting in 3780 patients. Survival analyses were performed by Cox regression models once proportional risk test were verified. RESULTS: Among the study participants, only 2087 patients (40.9%) underwent early invasive coronary angiography. The median follow-up was 59.0 months [interquartile range, 25.0-80.0 months]. All-cause mortality was 19.0%, cardiovascular mortality was 12.8%, and 51.1% patients experienced at least 1 major cardiovascular adverse event in the follow-up. After propensity score matching, the early strategy was associated with significantly lower mortality (hazard ratio: 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.98) in high-risk NSTEACS patients. The darly strategy showed a nonsignificant inverse tendency in patients with GRACE score <140. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk (GRACE score≥ 140) NSTEACS patients in a contemporary real-world registry, early coronary angiography (first 24hours after hospital admission) may be associated with reduced all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality at long-term follow-up.

Caracterización del síndrome de Wellens y su relación como predictor de obstrucción grave de la arteria descendente anterior. Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos Hospital Manuel Fajardo 2016-2017 / Characterization of Wellens syndrome and its relationship as a predictor of severe obstruction of the left anterior descending artery. Intensive Coronary Care Unit Hospital Manuel Fajardo 2016-2017

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Wellens es un patrón electrocardiográfico que se ha sugerido desde la década del 80 como indicador de obstrucción grave de la arteria descendente anterior, a pesar de ello es poco conocido y no se encuentra en las principales guías de tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos. Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad del diagnóstico del síndrome de Wellens como predictor de obstrucción grave de la descendente anterior. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con componente analítico, que abarcó a los 40 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos del Hospital Manuel Fajardo, en el período enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2017, con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST, a los que se les realizó coronariografía. Resultados: Se encontró la presencia de síndrome de Wellens en un 13,5% de los pacientes ingresados con este tipo de síndrome coronario agudo. La edad, el sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades no se relacionaron significativamente con la presencia de este síndrome. El estudio angiográfico evidenció, en los pacientes con un síndrome de Wellens, un riesgo relativo 3,4 veces mayor que el resto, de presentar una obstrucción grave de la arteria descendente anterior. Conclusiones: La identificación oportuna del síndrome de Wellens y su relación con una obstrucción coronaria grave deben motivar una estrategia intervencionista precoz en estos casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wellens syndrome is an electrocardiographic pattern that has been suggested, since the 1980s, as indicator of severe obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, although it is poorly understood and it is not found in the main treatment guidelines for acute coronary syndromes. Objective: To demonstrate the usefulness of the diagnosis of Wellens syndrome as a predictor of severe obstruction of the left anterior descending artery. Method: A cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out, covering the 40 patients admitted to the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of the Hospital Manuel Fajardo, in the period from January 2016 to December 2017, with a diagnosis of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, who underwent coronary angiography. Results: The presence of Wellens syndrome was found in 13.5% of the patients admitted with this type of acute coronary syndrome. Age, sex and the presence of comorbidities were not significantly related to the presence of this syndrome. The angiographic study showed, in patients with a Wellens syndrome, a relative risk -3.4 times greater than the rest- of presenting a severe obstruction of the left anterior descending artery. Conclusions: The timely identification of Wellens syndrome and its relationship with a severe coronary obstruction should motivate an early interventionist strategy in these cases.

Descartando etiología isquémica en la miocardiopatía dilatada: ¿Coronariografía directa o evaluación no invasiva?

En la presente controversia las autoras analizan la evidencia disponible sobre la investigación etiológica de la miocardiopatía dilatada, destacando la importancia de este diagnóstico que tiene implicancias preventivas, terapéuticas y pronósticas. Se argumenta en la primera parte, acerca de la realización directa de coronariografía, fundamentada con mucha claridad, en las características del paciente, la evidencia disponible y en la eventual posibilidad de su revascularización. En el segundo artículo la autora defiende la indicación de estudios previos, realizando un interesante análisis de cada uno de ellos, su especificidad y sensibilidad, así como los más adecuados para detectar viabilidad.

Summary: In the present controversy, the authors analize the available evidence on the etiological investigation of dilated cardiomyopathy, highlighting the importance of this diagnostic with preventive, therapeutic and prognostic implications. It is argue in the first chapter, about the direct indication of coronary angiography, clearly based, in patient`s characteristics, available evidence and possibility of revascularization. In the second chapter, the author defends the indication of previous studies, doing an interesting analysis of each of them, their specificity and sensivity, and the most suitable to detect viability.

Radiación ionizante: revisión de tema y recomendaciones para la práctica / Ionising radiation: A review of the topic and recommendations for using it

Resumen La seguridad en radiación es un tema de actualidad. A diario se evidencian las consecuencias deletéreas de esta herramienta diagnóstica y terapéutica. En su mayoría, las patologías asociadas secundarias a la exposición por radiación podrían prevenirse con una adecuada intervención preventiva y protectora. Se presenta un artículo de revisión con el fin de explicar de forma detallada los aspectos más relevantes acerca de la formación de los rayos X, su definición y clasificación dosimétrica, los efectos biológicos de la radiación, los límites recomendados y las medidas de protección para la exposición de radiación.

Abstract Radiation safety is a current topic. The harmful effects of this diagnostic and therapeutic tool are observed daily. The majority of associated secondary to radiation exposure could be prevented with suitable safety and protective measures. A review article is presented with the aim of explaining the most relevant aspects of radiation in detail, including the formation of x-rays, their dosimetry definition and classification, the biological effects of radiation, the recommended limits, as well as the protection measures for the exposure to radiation.

Daño renal agudo luego del empleo de la coronariografía percutánea: factores de riesgo relacionados / Acute renal damage after using percutaneous coronariography: related risk factors

Introducción: El daño renal agudo producido por el empleo de medios de contraste es una complicación que a menudo se subestima desde el punto de vista clínico. En general, existen bajos índices de presunción y de diagnóstico y se asocia a intervenciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, como la coronariografía percutánea.Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la aparición de nefropatía en pacientes que recibieron coronariografía percutánea. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico de 37 pacientes que requirieron coronariografía percutánea en el Cardiocentro del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Carlos J Finlay de La Habana, desde octubre de 2009 hasta enero de 2010. Para ello se conformaron tres grupos de riesgo (bajo, mediano o alto) de acuerdo al número de factores presentes, y todos los integrantes fueron tratados con solución salina fisiológica a 1 mL/kg/h. Se determinó la existencia de daño renal agudo si se producía un incremento de la creatinina sérica de 25 por ciento o más a las 72 horas de practicado el procedimiento, en comparación con las cifras obtenidas inicialmente. Resultados: Se indujo la nefropatía solo en 4 pacientes (10,8 por ciento), 3 de los cuales pertenecían al grupo de alto riesgo. No existió afectación alguna en los integrantes del grupo de bajo riesgo. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugirieron la presencia de factores de riesgo que condicionan la aparición de una nefropatía luego del uso de la coronariografía percutánea, sobre todo si convergen dos o más de ellos en un mismo paciente(AU)

Introduction: Acute renal damage provoked due to the use of contrast means is a complication that is often underestimated from the clinical point of view. In general, there are low rates of presumption and diagnosis and it is associated with diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, as the percutaneous coronariography. Objective: To evaluate risk factors related to the emergence of nephropathy in patients that received percutaneous coronariography. Methods: A descriptive and analytic study of 37 patients that required percutaneous coronariography was carried out in the Cardiology Center of Carlos J Finlay Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Havana, from October, 2009 to January, 2010. Three risk groups (low, medium or high) were conformed for that purpose according to the number of present factors, and all the members were treated with physiologic saline solution to 1 mL/kg/h. The existence of acute renal damage was determined if a 25 percent increment or more of seric creatinin took place at 72 hours of having practiced the procedure, in comparison with the figures obtained initially. Results: Nephropathy was just induced in 4 patients (10.8 percent), 3 of which belonged to the high risk group. There was no affectation in the members of the low risk group.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested the presence of risk factors that condition the emergence of a nephropathy after using percutaneous coronariography, mainly if two or more converge in the same patient(AU)

Daño renal agudo luego del empleo de la coronariografía percutánea: factores de riesgo relacionados / Acute renal damage after using percutaneous coronariography: related risk factors

Introducción: El daño renal agudo producido por el empleo de medios de contraste es una complicación que a menudo se subestima desde el punto de vista clínico. En general, existen bajos índices de presunción y de diagnóstico y se asocia a intervenciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, como la coronariografía percutánea. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la aparición de nefropatía en pacientes que recibieron coronariografía percutánea.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico de 37 pacientes que requirieron coronariografía percutánea en el Cardiocentro del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Carlos J. Finlay de La Habana, desde octubre de 2009 hasta enero de 2010. Para ello se conformaron tres grupos de riesgo (bajo, mediano o alto) de acuerdo al número de factores presentes, y todos los integrantes fueron tratados con solución salina fisiológica a 1 mL/kg/h. Se determinó la existencia de daño renal agudo si se producía un incremento de la creatinina sérica de 25 por ciento o más a las 72 horas de practicado el procedimiento, en comparación con las cifras obtenidas inicialmente.Resultados: Se indujo la nefropatía solo en 4 pacientes (10,8 por ciento ), 3 de los cuales pertenecían al grupo de alto riesgo. No existió afectación alguna en los integrantes del grupo de bajo riesgo. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugirieron la presencia de factores de riesgo que condicionan la aparición de una nefropatía luego del uso de la coronariografía percutánea, sobre todo si convergen dos o más de ellos en un mismo paciente.

Introduction: Acute renal damage provoked due to the use of contrast means is a complication that is often underestimated from the clinical point of view. In general, there are low rates of presumption and diagnosis and it is associated with diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, as the percutaneous coronariography. Objective: To evaluate risk factors related to the emergence of nephropathy in patients that received percutaneous coronariography. Methods: A descriptive and analytic study of 37 patients that required percutaneous coronariography was carried out in the Cardiology Center of Carlos J. Finlay Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Havana, from October, 2009 to January, 2010. Three risk groups (low, medium or high) were conformed for that purpose according to the number of present factors, and all the members were treated with physiologic saline solution to 1 mL/kg/h. The existence of acute renal damage was determined if a 25 percent increment or more of seric creatinin took place at 72 hours of having practiced the procedure, in comparison with the figures obtained initially. Results: Nephropathy was just induced in 4 patients (10.8 percent), 3 of which belonged to the high risk group. There was no affectation in the members of the low risk group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested the presence of risk factors that condition the emergence of a nephropathy after using percutaneous coronariography, mainly if two or more converge in the same patient.

Association Between Clinical Pathways Leading to Medical Management and Prognosis in Patients With NSTEACS.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A large proportion of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) are initially selected for medical management (MM) and do not undergo coronary revascularization during or immediately after the index event. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical pathways leading to MM in NSTEACS patients and their influence on prognosis. METHODS: Patient characteristics, pathways leading to MM, and 2-year outcomes were recorded in a prospective cohort of 5591 NSTEACS patients enrolled in 555 hospitals in 20 countries across Europe and Latin America. Cox models were used to assess the impact of hospital management on postdischarge mortality. RESULTS: Medical management was the selected strategy in 2306 (41.2%) patients, of whom 669 (29%) had significant coronary artery disease (CAD), 451 (19.6%) had nonsignificant disease, and 1186 (51.4%) did not undergo coronary angiography. Medically managed patients were older and had higher risk features than revascularized patients. Two-year mortality was higher in medically managed patients than in revascularized patients (11.0% vs 4.4%; P < .001), with higher mortality rates in patients who did not undergo angiography (14.6%) and in those with significant CAD (9.3%). Risk-adjusted mortality was highest for patients who did not undergo angiography (HR = 1.81; 95%CI, 1.23-2.65), or were not revascularized in the presence of significant CAD (HR = 1.90; 95%CI, 1.23-2.95) compared with revascularized patients. CONCLUSIONS: Medically managed NSTEACS patients represent a heterogeneous population with distinct risk profiles and outcomes. These differences should be considered when designing future studies in this population.

Puente muscular miocárdico: causa de infarto agudo de miocardio en paciente sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular / Myocardial bridge: cause of myocardial acute infarction in a patient without cardiovascular risk factors

Resumen Los puentes miocárdicos están constituidos por haces de fibras musculares que recubren un trayecto variable de una arteria coronaria; son un hallazgo relativamente frecuente, con incidencia que varía en función del método de estudio usado (angiográfico). Aunque por lo general tienen pronóstico benigno, pues en muchos casos cursan de manera asintomática y su hallazgo es casual, su existencia se considera causa de angina, arritmias malignas, infarto de miocardio y muerte súbita. Su diagnóstico se realiza in vivo por estudio angiográfico al comprobar una compresión sistólica (contracción muscular) de una arteria coronaria que desaparece durante la diástole (relajación muscular). Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 46 años de edad, sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular, que ingresó al servicio de Urgencias por cuadro de dolor precordial típico y síntomas de descarga neurovegetativa, con signos electrocardiográficos de lesión subendocárdica en la cara anteroseptal y biomarcadores positivos. La paciente estaba fuera del periodo de ventana de trombólisis, por lo que se decidió realizarle intervención coronaria percutánea, en la que se documentó la existencia de puente muscular sobre la arteria descendente anterior en su tercio medio, que generaba compresión sistólica moderada con disminución del flujo de llenado en el tercio distal, sin otras lesiones coronarias asociadas.

Abstract Myocardial bridges consist of muscle fiber bundle lining an epicardial coronary artery for a variable distance. They are a relatively common finding, with incidence changing on the basis of the study method used (angiographic/necropsy). Although myocardial bridges have usually a benign prognosis, being in many cases asymptomatic and only found by chance, their presence has also been considered a cause of angina, malignant arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and sudden death. They are diagnosed in vivo by angiography when a systolic compression of a coronary artery which disappears during diastole is evidenced. We report the case of a female patient without risk factors, with electrocardiographic signs of severe ischemia in the territory of the anterior descending artery, which was initially assessed as myocardial infarction and treated as such. Eventually, the ECG returned to normal, and no new Q waves of necrosis occurred. An angiohemodynamic study confirmed the existence of an isolated muscular bridge over the middle third of the anterior descending artery, with no other associated coronary lesions.

Predictors of Late Reperfusion in STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty. Impact of the Place of First Medical Contact.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The benefit of primary angioplasty may be reduced if there are delays to reperfusion. Identification of the variables associated with these delays could improve health care. METHODS: Analysis of the Codi Infart registry of Catalonia and of the time to angioplasty depending on the place of first medical contact. RESULTS: In 3832 patients analyzed, first medical contact took place in primary care centers in 18% and in hospitals without a catheterization laboratory in 37%. Delays were longer in these 2 groups than in patients attended by the outpatient emergency medical system or by hospitals with a catheterization laboratory (P < .0001, results in median): first medical contact to reperfusion indication time was 42minutes in both (overall 35minutes); first medical contact to artery opening time was 131 and 143minutes, respectively (overall 121minutes); total ischemia time was 230 and 260minutes (overall 215minutes). First medical contact to artery opening time > 120minutes was strongly associated with first medical contact in a center without a catheterization laboratory (OR, 4.96; 95% confidence interval, 4.14-5.93), and other factors such as age, previous coronary surgery, first medical contact during evening hours, nondiagnostic electrocardiogram, and Killip class ≥ III. Mortality at 30 days and 1 year was 5.6% and 8.7% and was independently associated with age, longer delay to angioplasty, Killip class ≥ II, and first medical contact in a center with a catheterization laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: In more than 50% of patients requiring primary angioplasty, the first medical contact occurs in centers without a catheterization laboratory, which is an important predictor of delay from diagnosis to artery opening.