Tendencias y principios en las corrientes bioéticas

Propósito/Contexto. Este artículo es producto de una investigación que buscó establecer cuáles son los principios bioéticos más tratados, estudiados y discutidos en las corrientes médica, clínica, laica, cardinal, principialista, personalista, realista, europea y latinoamericana, buscando determinar las principales tendencias en el periodo comprendido entre 1970 y 2018. Metodología/Enfoque. Se construyó una matriz como instrumento de registro y categorización para un estudio cualitativo, con enfoque descriptivo y de tipo documental, y de método deductivo lógico. Así se efectuó una selección y descripción de las corrientes bioéticas a las cuales pertenecen cada uno de los principios abordados. A partir de esto se hizo un seguimiento descriptivo del estatus de los principios, para encontrar vacíos de conocimiento y para generar condiciones óptimas que susciten debates de orientación interdisciplinar y transdisciplinar. Resultados/Hallazgos. La conjunción de los hallazgos permitió identificar catorce principios bioéticos en las corrientes y tendencias predominantes, reconociendo a su vez el origen y la definición de los mismos, y estableciendo relaciones entre autores de diferentes nacionalidades y distintas corrientes bioéticas. Discusiones/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Se detectaron catorce principios bioéticos predominantes en un periodo cuarenta y ocho años: autonomía, beneficencia, no maleficencia, justicia, información, dignidad, integridad, vulnerabilidad, respeto por la vida, individualidad, universalidad, conservación, realización, propiedad. Cada uno de estos principios se asoció a un instrumento internacional y a una corriente bioética, observando un pluriprincipialismo y una orientación hacia las tendencias de bioeticistas europeos y estadounidenses.

Purpose/Context. This article seeks to determine the most covered, studied, and discussed bioethical principles in the medical, clinical, secular, cardinal, principlist, personalist, realist, European, and Latin American currents and identify the main trends between 1970 and 2018. Methodology/Approach. We built a matrix as a recording and categorization instrument for a qualitative study with a descriptive and documentary approach and a deductive method. Thus, we selected and outlined the bioethical currents of the principles addressed with a descriptive follow-up of their status to find knowledge gaps and create optimal conditions for inter- and transdisciplinary debates. Results/Findings. The conjunction of findings allowed identifying fourteen bioethical principles in the predominant currents and tendencies, recognizing their origin and definition, and establishing relationships between authors of different nationalities and bioethical currents. Discussions/Conclusions/Contributions. We detected fourteen prevailing bioethical principles in forty-eight years: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, information, dignity, integrity, vulnerability, respect for life, individuality, universality, conservation, realization, property. Each principle was associated with an international instrument and a bioethical current, noting pluriprinciplism and orientation towards European and American bioethicists' trends.

Objetivo/contexto. Este artigo procura estabelecer quais são os princípios bioéticos mais tratados, estudados e discutidos nas correntes médica, clínica, leiga, cardinal, principialista, personalista, realista, europeia e latino-americana, além de identificar as principais tendências no período compreendido entre 1970 e 2018. Metodologia/Abordagem. Construiu-se uma matriz como instrumento de registro e categorização para um estudo qualitativo, com abordagem descritivo e de tipo documental, e de método dedutivo lógico. Assim se efetuou uma seleção e descrição das correntes bioéticas às quais pertencem cada um dos princípios abordados. A partir disso, fez-se um seguimento descritivo do status dos princípios, para encontrar lacunas de conhecimento e para gerar condições ótimas que suscitem debates de orientação interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar. Resultados/Descobertas. A conjunção das descobertas permitiu identificar catorze princípios bioéticos nas correntes e tendências predominantes, reconhecendo por sua vez a origem e a definição dos mesmos, estabelecendo relações entre autores de diferentes nacionalidades e diferentes correntes bioéticas. Discussões/Conclusões/Contribuições. Foram detectados catorze princípios bioéticos predominantes num período de quarenta e oito anos: autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência, justiça, informação, dignidade, integridade, vulnerabilidade, respeito pela vida, individualidade, universalidade, conservação, realização, propriedade. Cada um destes princípios se associou a um instrumento internacional e a uma corrente bioética, observando um pluriprincipialismo e uma orientação para as tendências de bioeticistas europeus e dos EUA.

Using isotope data to characterize and date groundwater in the southern sector of the Guaraní Aquifer System.

The Guaraní Aquifer System (SAG) is the largest transboundary aquifer in Latin America, extending beneath parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay. This paper presents the results of recent hydrogeological studies in the southern portion of the SAG. Locally, the abundance of surface water bodies precluded the use of conventional hydrological tools to characterize groundwater flows. Geological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations were integrated to postulate a revised hydrogeological conceptual model. The revised geological model has provided a better definition of the geometry of the aquifer units and outlined the relevance of regional faults in controlling flow patterns. The new potentiometric map is consistent with groundwater flow from the SAG outcrops to the centre of the Corrientes Province, where upwards flows were identified. Hydrochemical and isotope data confirmed the widespread occurrence of mixing. Noble gas isotopes dissolved in groundwater (4He and 81Kr/Kr) provided residence times ranging from recent recharge up to 770 ± 130 ka. Groundwater age modelling confirmed the role of the geological structures in controlling groundwater flow. The southern sector of the SAG is a multilayer aquifer system with vertical flows and deep regional discharge near the Esteros del Iberá wetland area and along the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.

Detection of Natural Infection by Leishmania sp. in Bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia) that Inhabit the City of Corrientes, Argentina.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of importance in Argentina. It is important to be acquainted with its possible natural hosts and reservoirs. Bats have several reservoir attributes, which means they could fulfill these roles. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of Leishmania sp. in bats that inhabit the city of Corrientes. Bats were captured and identified. From the captured specimens, spleen samples were taken and Leishmania sp. detection techniques were applied, including both optical microscopy and PCR. It was possible to capture 95 bat specimens belonging to 10 species. Using cytological preparations, a prevalence of 1.29% was detected and using PCR a prevalence of 32% was found. Our results confirm the presence of natural infection by Leishmania sp. in bats of the city of Corrientes which reveals the possibility of these animal species fulfilling a reservoir role for this disease.

La leishmaniose est une zoonose importante en Argentine. La connaissance de ses réservoirs possibles est essentielle. Les chauves-souris ont plusieurs attributs pour remplir ce rôle. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier la présence de Leishmania sp. chez les chauves-souris qui habitent la ville de Corrientes. Des captures de chauves-souris ont été faites et celles-ci ont été identifiées. Des échantillons de rates ont été prélevés sur ces spécimens pour rechercher Leishmania sp. en utilisant la microscopie optique et la PCR. Il a été possible de capturer 95 spécimens de chauves-souris appartenant à dix espèces. En utilisant des préparations cytologiques, une prévalence de 1,29 % a été détectée et en utilisant la PCR, une prévalence de 32 % a été trouvée. Nos résultats confirment la présence d'une infection naturelle par Leishmania sp. chez les chauves-souris de la ville de Corrientes, ce qui révèle la possibilité que ces espèces animales jouent un rôle de réservoir pour cette maladie.

Hallazgo del virus linfotrópico T humano 1 (HTLV-1) subtipo Cosmopolita subgrupo Transcontinental (Aa) y del HTLV-2 subtipo b en donantes de sangre de Corrientes / Detection of Human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Cosmopolitan subtype Transcontinental subgroup (Aa) and HTLV-2 subtype b in blood donors of Corrientes

Resumen Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico molecular en una población de 9.422 donantes de sangre de la provincia de Corrientes (noreste de Argentina), con el fin de determinar la prevalencia del virus linfotrópico T del humano tipos 1 y 2 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus: HTLV-1/2), de identificar filogenéticamente a los subtipos/subgrupos de HTLV-1 y 2 encontrados y de realizar el análisis de mutaciones. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se demostró que tanto el HTLV-1 como el HTLV-2 se encuentran circulando en una población de bajo riesgo de Corrientes, si bien con una prevalencia similar a las de áreas no endémicas. Los estudios filogenéticos identificaron al subtipo Cosmopolita subgrupo Transcontinental (Aa) del HTLV-1 y al subtipo b del HTLV-2. Los donantes infectados no manifestaron antecedentes de riesgo tales como transfusiones, uso de drogas inyectables ni parejas sexuales de riesgo o seropositivas para HTLV-1/2. Estos resultados indican que estos virus fueron transmitidos de madre a hijo, posiblemente de generación en generación, y que estas cepas fueron introducidas en la población caucásica de esta región a partir de ascendientes originarios de áreas endémicas del país o por contacto producido tiempo atrás con individuos infectados de otros países. Nuestros resultados demuestran por primera vez la presencia de HTLV-1 y HTLV-2 en la provincia de Corrientes. Y si bien se puede considerar a esta provincia como área no endémica, se destaca la necesidad de incluir a estos retrovirus en un programa nacional de salud pública, con el fin de contar con profesionales capacitados para realizar su diagnóstico y brindar la información necesaria en relación con la atención primaria y el seguimiento de los pacientes.

Abstract A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in a population of 9422 blood donors in the province of Corrientes, Northeastern Argentina, to determine the prevalence of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2), the phylogenetic identification of HTLV-1 and 2 subtypes/subgroups and perform a mutation analysis. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are circulating in a low-risk population of Corrientes, although with a similar prevalence to that of non-endemic areas. Phylogenetic studies identified the HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype Transcontinental subgroup (Aa), and the HTLV-2 subtype b. Infected donors reported neither a history of risk factors such as transfusions, intravenous drug use, nor risky or HTLV-1/2 seropositive sexual partners. These results suggest that these viruses were transmitted from mother to child, possibly from generation to generation, and that these strains were introduced into the Caucasian population of this region from ancestors originating from endemic areas of the country either from or through contact with individuals from other countries years ago. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in the province of Corrientes. Moreover, although the province can be considered a non-endemic area, the need to include these retroviruses in a national Public Health program is highlighted, in order to have qualified professionals duly trained to make their diagnosis and provide the necessary information in relation to primary care and patient follow-up.

[Detection of Human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Cosmopolitan subtype Transcontinental subgroup (Aa) and HTLV-2 subtype b in blood donors of Corrientes]. / Hallazgo del virus linfotrópico T humano 1 (HTLV-1) subtipo Cosmopolita subgrupo Transcontinental (Aa) y del HTLV-2 subtipo b en donantes de sangre de Corrientes.

A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in a population of 9422 blood donors in the province of Corrientes, Northeastern Argentina, to determine the prevalence of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2), the phylogenetic identification of HTLV-1 and 2 subtypes/subgroups and perform a mutation analysis. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are circulating in a low-risk population of Corrientes, although with a similar prevalence to that of non-endemic areas. Phylogenetic studies identified the HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype Transcontinental subgroup (Aa), and the HTLV-2 subtype b. Infected donors reported neither a history of risk factors such as transfusions, intravenous drug use, nor risky or HTLV-1/2 seropositive sexual partners. These results suggest that these viruses were transmitted from mother to child, possibly from generation to generation, and that these strains were introduced into the Caucasian population of this region from ancestors originating from endemic areas of the country either from or through contact with individuals from other countries years ago. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in the province of Corrientes. Moreover, although the province can be considered a non-endemic area, the need to include these retroviruses in a national Public Health program is highlighted, in order to have qualified professionals duly trained to make their diagnosis and provide the necessary information in relation to primary care and patient follow-up.

An adaptive method for identifying marine areas of high conservation priority.

Identifying priority areas for biodiversity conservation is particularly challenging in the marine environment due to the open and dynamic nature of the ocean, the paucity of information on species distribution, and the necessary balance between marine biodiversity conservation and essential supporting services such as seafood provision. We used the Patagonian seabird breeding community as a case study to propose an integrated and adaptive method for delimiting key marine areas for conservation. Priority areas were defined through a free decision-support tool (Marxan) that included projected at-sea distributions of seabirds (approximately 2,225,000 individuals of 14 species); BirdLife Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for pelagic bird species; and the economic costs of potential regulations in fishing practices. The proposed reserve network encompassed approximately 300,000 km2 that was largely concentrated in northern and southern inshore and northern and central offshore regions. This reserve network exceeded the minimum threshold of 20% conservation of the abundance of each species proposed by the World Parks Congress. Based on marine currents in the study area, we further identified the 3 primary water masses that may influence areas of conservation priority through water inflow. Our reserve network may benefit from enhanced marine productivity in these highly connected areas, but they may be threatened by human impacts such as marine pollution. Our method of reserve network design is an important advance with respect to the more classical approaches based on criteria defined for one or a few species and may be particularly useful when information on spatial patterns is data deficient. Our approach also accommodates addition of new information on seabird distribution and population dynamics, human activities, and alterations in the marine environment.

Corrientes psicológicas determinantes de la concepción del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior / Psychological currents determinants for the perspective on learning in medical higher education

La concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana conduce a la apropiación de los contenidos y las formas de pensar, sentir y actuar, construidas en la experiencia socio-histórica con el fin de adaptarse a la realidad y transformarla. Ello acarrea cambios relativamente duraderos y generalizables, determinados a partir de los encuadres teórico-metodológicos provenientes de múltiples corrientes psicológicas que garantizan la orientación de los contenidos, procesos y condiciones, para el logro de los resultados esperados por la influencia educacional en las prácticas curriculares cotidianas. De ahí que en el presente artículo se propone argumentar el contenido de las corrientes psicológicas que determinan la concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana.

The contemporary perspective on learning in Cuban medical higher education leads to the apprehension of contents and forms of thinking, feeling and behaving, constructed upon the socio-historical experience with the aim at adapting to the reality and transform it. All this involves relatively long-standing and generalized changes, determined from the theoretical-methodological framings derived from multiple psychological currents which guarantee the orientation of the contents, processes and conditions, for the fulfillment of the expected results under the educational influence in daily curricular practices. Therefore, this articles aims at explaining the content of the psychological currents determining the contemporary conception of learning in the Cuban higher medical education.

Corrientes psicológicas determinantes de la concepción del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior / Psychological currents determinants for the perspective on learning in medical higher education

La concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana conduce a la apropiación de los contenidos y las formas de pensar, sentir y actuar, construidas en la experiencia socio-histórica con el fin de adaptarse a la realidad y transformarla. Ello acarrea cambios relativamente duraderos y generalizables, determinados a partir de los encuadres teórico-metodológicos provenientes de múltiples corrientes psicológicas que garantizan la orientación de los contenidos, procesos y condiciones, para el logro de los resultados esperados por la influencia educacional en las prácticas curriculares cotidianas. De ahí que en el presente artículo se propone argumentar el contenido de las corrientes psicológicas que determinan la concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana(AU)

The contemporary perspective on learning in Cuban medical higher education leads to the apprehension of contents and forms of thinking, feeling and behaving, constructed upon the socio-historical experience with the aim at adapting to the reality and transform it. All this involves relatively long-standing and generalized changes, determined from the theoretical-methodological framings derived from multiple psychological currents which guarantee the orientation of the contents, processes and conditions, for the fulfillment of the expected results under the educational influence in daily curricular practices. Therefore, this articles aims at explaining the content of the psychological currents determining the contemporary conception of learning in the Cuban higher medical education(AU)

Cercariae (Digenea: Strigeidae, Diplostomidae) in Biomphalaria straminea (Planorbidae) from a rice field in Northeastern Argentina / Cercarias (Orden: Strigeidae, Diplostomidae) en Biomphalaria straminea (Planorbidae) de un campo de arroz en el Nordeste Argentino

AbstractThe rice fields can provide habitats for many species of aquatic invertebrates, as insects, molluscs, crustaceans; and vertebrates, as fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, which may act as hosts in the life cycles of digenean parasites. In this context, the goal of the present study was to describe the cercariae found in Biomphalaria straminea from a rice field in Northeastern Argentina. This freshwater snail inhabits a wide variety of environments, favoring shallow, temporary and standing or slow-flowing freshwater bodies. For this study, snails were collected from the cultivated parcels and irrigated channels during the flooding periods (from the time of sowing to soon after harvesting of the rice) between December 2010 and May 2011 and December 2011 and April 2012, in a rice field from Corrientes province, one of the main rice producers of Argentina. A total of 5 510 snails were examined of which 26 were infected with three different larval trematodes belonging to Strigeidae, Furcocercaria V (0.40 %) and Furcocercaria XX (0.04 %), and Diplostomidae, Furcocercaria XIX (0.04 %). Furcocercaria XX and Furcocercaria XIX were present in one rice cultivation cycle, while Furcocercaria V was present in both rice cultivation cycles. The prevalence of the different furcocercariae was somewhat higher in the second rice cultivation cycle. The cercariae described are new records for Argentina that added to 53 cercariae previously reported for Biomphalaria spp. in different aquatic environments of country. The study of the digenean larval in rice fields is important because contribute to the knowledge of the biodiversity of these environments.

ResumenLos campos de arroz pueden proporcionar hábitats para muchas especies de invertebrados acuáticos, como insectos, moluscos, crustáceos; y vertebrados, como peces, anfibios, reptiles y aves, los cuales pueden actuar como hospedadores en los ciclos de vida de los parásitos digeneos. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las cercarias encontradas en Biomphalaria straminea de un campo de arroz en el Nordeste Argentino. Este caracol de agua dulce habita una amplia variedad de ambientes, principalmente cuerpos de agua superficiales, estancados o de flujo lento. Para este estudio, los caracoles fueron recolectados de las parcelas cultivadas y los canales de riego durante los periodos de inundación (desde la siembra hasta poco después de la cosecha del arroz) entre diciembre 2010 y Mayo 2011 y Diciembre 2011 y Abril 2012, en un campo de arroz de la provincia de Corrientes, una de las principales productoras de arroz de Argentina. Un total de 5 510 caracoles fueron examinados de los cuales 26 estuvieron infectados con tres trematodes larvales pertenecientes a Strigeidae, Furcocercaria V (0.40 %) y Furcocercaria XX (0.04 %), y Diplostomidae, Furcocercaria XIX (0.04 %). Furcocercaria XX y Furcocercaria XIX estuvieron presentes en un ciclo de cultivo de arroz, mientras que Furcocercaria V estuvo presente en ambos ciclos de cultivo. La prevalencia de las diferentes furcocercarias fue algo mayor en el segundo ciclo de cultivo de arroz. Las cercarias descritas son nuevos registros para Argentina que se adicionan a las 53 cercarias previamente registradas para Biomphalaria spp. en diferentes ambientes acuáticos del país. El estudio de digeneos larvales en los campos de arroz es importante porque contribuye al conocimiento de la biodiversidad en estos ambientes.

Nuevos aportes al psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach. Presentación de un instrumento para medir las diferentes corrientes psíquicas presentes en la subjetividad / New contributions to the Rorschach psychodiagnostic. Presentation of an instrument to measure the different psychic currents present in subjectivity

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo dar a conocer un instrumento de aplicación al Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach denominado ADMR (Análisis Diagnóstico Multidimensional Rorschach), cuya finalidad es el establecimiento de un diagnóstico multivariado y más flexible, ya no pensado en términos de estructuras, sino más bien tomando en consideración las diferentes corrientes psíquicas que pueden coexistir en la subjetividad con predominio más o menos acusado de algunas de ellas: Neurótica; neurótica con rasgos de carácter; narcisistas no psicóticas; psicóticas, tóxicas y/o traumática, y aquellas que implican el implemento de defensas funcionales tales como la defensa acorde a fines, la creatividad y la sublimación. En este sentido el ADMR fue pensado siguiendo los lineamientos teóricos del Algoritmo David Liberman (ADL), instrumento diseñado por el Dr. David Maldavsky.(AU)

This work aims to present an instrument of implementation to the Rorschach Psychodiagnostic called MRDA (Multidimensional Rorschach Diagnosis Analysis), whose purpose is the establishment of a more flexible and multivariate diagnostic, not conceived in terms of structures, but rather taking into consideration the different psychic currents that can coexist in subjectivity with more or less accentuated predominance of some of them: neurotic, neurotic with character traits; non psychotic narcissist; psychotic, toxic and/or traumatic, and those involving the employment of functional defenses such as the according to the goal defense, creativity and sublimation. In this sense, the MRDA was conceived following the theoretical guidelines of the David Liberman algorithm (DLA), an instrument designed by Dr. David Maldavsky.(AU)

The masquerade game: marine mimicry adaptation between egg-cowries and octocorals.

Background. Background matching, as a camouflage strategy, is one of the most outstanding examples of adaptation, where little error or mismatch means high vulnerability to predation. It is assumed that the interplay of natural selection and adaptation are the main evolutionary forces shaping the great diversity of phenotypes observed in mimicry; however, there may be other significant processes that intervene in the development of mimicry such as phenotypic plasticity. Based on observations of background mismatching during reproduction events of egg-cowries, sea snails of the family Ovulidae that mimic the octocoral where they inhabit, we wondered if they match the host species diversity. Using observations in the field and molecular systematics, we set out to establish whether the different egg-cowrie color/shape polymorphisms correspond to distinct lineages restricted to specific octocoral species. Methods. Collection and observations of egg-cowries and their octocoral hosts were done using SCUBA diving between 2009 and 2012 at two localities in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), Malpelo Island and Cabo Corrientes (Colombia). Detailed host preference observations were done bi-annually at Malpelo Island. We analyzed the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genes COIand 16S rDNA, extensively used in phylogenetic and DNA barcoding studies, to assess the evolutionary relationship among different egg-cowrie colorations and morphologies. Results. No genetic divergence among egg-cowries associated to different species of the same octocoral genus was observed based on the two mitochondrial genes analyzed. For instance, all egg-cowrie individuals from the two sampled localities observed on 8 different Pacifigorgia-Eugorgia species showed negligible mitochondrial divergence yet large morphologic divergence, which suggests that morphologies belonging to at least two sea snail species, Simnia avena(=S. aequalis) and Simnialena rufa, can cross-fertilize. Discussion. Our study system comprised background-matching mimicry, of the masquerade type, between egg-cowries (Simnia/Simnialena) and octocorals (Pacifigorgia/Eugorgia/Leptogorgia). We observed mimicry mismatches related to fitness trade-offs, such as reproductive aggregations vs. vulnerability against predators. Despite the general assumption that coevolution of mimicry involves speciation, egg-cowries with different hosts and colorations comprise the same lineages. Consequently, we infer that there would be significant tradeoffs between mimicry and the pursuit of reproductive aggregations in egg-cowries. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of the evolution of mimicry in egg-cowries, a poorly studied group of marine gastropods, but also to the development of a new biologically meaningful board game that could be implemented as a learning tool.

Factors that influence the beta-diversity of spider communities in northwestern Argentinean Grasslands.

Beta-diversity, defined as spatial replacement in species composition, is crucial to the understanding of how local communities assemble. These changes can be driven by environmental or geographic factors (such as geographic distance), or a combination of the two. Spiders have been shown to be good indicators of environmental quality. Accordingly, spiders are used in this work as model taxa to establish whether there is a decrease in community similarity that corresponds to geographic distance in the grasslands of the Campos & Malezales ecoregion (Corrientes). Furthermore, the influence of climactic factors and local vegetation heterogeneity (environmental factors) on assemblage composition was evaluated. Finally, this study evaluated whether the differential dispersal capacity of spider families is a factor that influences their community structure at a regional scale. Spiders were collected with a G-Vac from vegetation in six grassland sites in the Campos & Malezales ecoregion that were separated by a minimum of 13 km. With this data, the impact of alpha-diversity and different environmental variables on the beta-diversity of spider communities was analysed. Likewise, the importance of species replacement and nesting on beta-diversity and their contribution to the regional diversity of spider families with different dispersion capacities was evaluated. The regional and site-specific inventories obtained were complete. The similarity between spider communities declined as the geographic distance between sites increased. Environmental variables also influenced community composition; stochastic events and abiotic forces were the principal intervening factors in assembly structure. The differential dispersal capacity of spider groups also influenced community structure at a regional scale. The regional beta-diversity, as well as species replacement, was greater in high and intermediate vagility spiders; while nesting was greater in spiders with low dispersion capacity. Geographic distance, among other factors (climate, and active and passive dispersion capacity), explains assembly structure and the decrease spider community similarity between geographically distant sites. Spiders with the highest dispersal capacity showed greater species replacement. This may be due to the discontinuity (both natural and anthropic) of the grasslands in this ecoregion, which limits the dispersal capacity of these spiders, and their close dependence on microhabitats. The dispersal capacity of the least vagile spiders is limited by geographic distance and biotic factors, such as competition, which could explain the nesting observed between their communities.

Rasgos oceanográficos en el Golfo Dulce, Pacífico de Costa Rica: una revisión para la toma de decisiones en conservación marina / Oceanographic features of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rican Pacific: a review for decision-making in marine conservation

Resumen Se indagó, de septiembre del 2005 a noviembre del 2007, las propiedades oceanográficas físicas, químicas y biológicas (zooplancton) más relevantes del Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica, y las tipologías meteorológicas de la zona, con el objetivo de analizarlas y hacerlas disponibles como referencia en el establecimiento de actividades adecuadas para su conservación, dado que es un ecosistema acuático único en Costa Rica. El patrón de circulación de las aguas en el Golfo Dulce es el típico de estuarios tipo fiordo, con una estratificación de flujo en la columna de agua. Las corrientes marinas superficiales alcanzaron velocidades cercanas a los 18cm/s en la región de entrada al Golfo, que disminuyeron al ampliarse el área del golfo donde las velocidades llegaron a alcanzar poco más de 5cm/s en el extremo noroeste, Rincón. Predominó el flujo superficial de este-oeste, mientras que en la zona de Puerto Jiménez la velocidad fue moderada de 5.4cm/s con dirección sur. Se detectaron velocidades mayores cercanas al umbral de la entrada del golfo (17.8cm/s) y en el fondo el ámbito fue de 2.0cm/s a 4.8cm/s. Se establecieron cinco sitios de muestreo denominados GD1, GD2, GD3, GD4 y GD5, que se visitaron en cinco ocasiones, excepto en GD5 que se visitó solo una vez. No se detectó la ausencia de oxígeno disuelto en las aguas profundas del Golfo (70m a los 140m), aunque las concentraciones fueron bajas (0.25mg/L a 1.10mg/L). La distribución de las concentraciones de los nutrimentos reflejó los patrones usuales para sistemas estuarinos a nivel horizontal, y a nivel vertical las concentraciones de fosfato y silicato fueron mayores al descender en la columna de agua, tanto en la estación lluviosa como en la seca. La descomposición de la materia orgánica fue evidente puesto que las concentraciones de nitrato fueron incrementándose en las aguas profundas. De los datos de concentración de nutrimentos, se deduce que el Golfo Dulce puede ser considerado como un cuerpo de agua que se mantiene en un estado de muy buena calidad ambiental. El grupo zooplánctico dominante fue el de los copédodos (44%-83.6%). Los vientos oeste ecuatoriales se detectaron en junio y fueron más intensos entre septiembre y octubre, lo que correspondió con promedios altos de altura de las olas. A su vez, los vientos alisios de diciembre a abril disminuyeron la energía del oleaje que entra al golfo y por lo tanto la altura promedio de las olas. El ciclo anual de la precipitación fue un patrón bimodal típico del Pacífico de América Central, con máximos en mayo y octubre, con la interrupción debida al veranillo o canícula, y un mínimo de precipitación ocurrió en febrero. Golfo Dulce es un ambiente único en todo el Pacífico Este Tropical, y aunque parezca mostrar condiciones ambientales saludables, está amenazado por muchas actividades humanas; ante todo urge el establecimiento de políticas de ordenamiento y planificación de las mismas, para proteger el ecosistema bajo los principios de uso sostenible.

Abstract From September 2005 to November 2007 we studied the meteorological typologies and the physical, chemical and zooplankton oceanography of Golfo Dulce, a unique aquatic ecosystem in the South Pacific of Costa Rica. The water circulation pattern in Golfo Dulce is typical of fjord-type estuaries, with flux stratification within the water column. Surface water currents reached speeds near 18cm/s in the vicinity of the sill and diminished inward to the northwest at around 5cm/s. The east-west flux was predominant, whereas near Puerto Jiménez the speed was a moderated 5.4cm/s with a south direction. Higher speeds were found near the sill (17.8cm/s) and at the bottom (2.0cm/s to 4.8cm/s). One station was visited once, five were visited five times each. Dissolved oxygen was not absent in deep waters (70m to 140m), but concentrations were low (0.25mg/L to 1.10mg/L). Nutrient concentrations and distribution had the usual horizontal estuarine patterns and for the vertical level phosphate and silicate concentrations increased with depth. Decomposition of organic matter was evident because nitrate concentrations were higher in deep waters. Surface nutrient concentrations indicated the gulf has good environmental quality that sustains a variety of life. Copepods dominated zooplankton (44%83.6%). The strongest equatorial westerlies were detected between September and October, coincident with higher wave heights. The trade winds blowing from December to April reduced the energy of entering waves and therefore the mean wave height. The annual rainfall cycle was the typical bimodal pattern from the Central America Pacific, with maxima in May and October, except for the midsummer interruption, and minimum rain was on February. Golfo Dulce is a unique environment in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, shows healthy environmental conditions, and is threatened; therefore we urge the establishment of zoning policy for human activities, and to improve protection under the principles of sustainable use. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 131-160. Epub 2015 April 01.

Corrientes educativas que han permeado la formación de enfermería en la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia / Educational fl ows that have permeated the nursing education in the National School of Nursing and Midwifery

Este artículo presenta una revisión de los modelos pedagógicos que tradicionalmente se han usado en la formación del profesional de enfermería de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) y también presenta cómo esos modelos han infl uido en las características del ejercicio de la profesión. El modelo enseñanza-aprendizaje se ha venido presentando en diversas modalidades, como la tradicionalista, la conductista y actualmente, se pretende que sea constructivista. Finalmente se puede concluir en el presente escrito que a través de la historia de la enfermería se puede observar que el patrón curricular está orientado al desarrollo de habilidades manuales y procedimentales en los que los alumnos, desde el nivel preescolar hasta el superior, conservan un enfoque educativo tradicional con el que se ha formado la mayor parte del personal de la salud. Consecuentemente este modelo educativo genera la pasividad del alumno resaltando la autoridad y el poder del profesor como poseedor del conocimiento

This article presents a review of pedagogical models that traditionally have been used in professional formation of nurses from the National School of Nursing and Midwifery (ENEO) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and how these models have infl uenced the characteristics of the practice of the profession the teaching learning model has been presented in different modalities, such as traditionalist, behavioral and currently intended to be constructive. Finally it can be concluded in this paper is that through the history of nursing can be seen that the curricular pattern is oriented to the development of manuals and procedural skills, where students from preschool to upper retain a traditional educational approach which has trained the majority of the health care personnel. Consequently this educational model generates student passivity highlighting the power and authority of the teacher as the possessor of knowledge

Do omnivorous shrimp influence mayfly nymph life history traits in a tropical island stream?

Interspecific interactions can play an important role in determining habitat selection and resource use between competing species. We examined interactions between an omnivorous shrimp and a grazing mayfly, two co-dominant taxa found in Puerto Rican headwater streams, to assess how predator presence may influence mayfly resource use and instantaneous growth in a tropical rainforest ecosystem. We conducted a series of behavioral and growth experiments to determine the effects of the freshwater shrimp, Xiphocaris elongata, on the growth rate and resource selection of mayfly nymphs in the family Leptophlebiidae. For resource choice assessments, we conducted a series of five day laboratory experiments where mayflies were given access to two resource substrate choices (cobble vs. leaves) in the presence or absence of shrimp. To assess for the effects of shrimp on mayfly fitness, we measured mayfly growth in laboratory aquaria after five days using four treatments (cobble, leaves, cobble + leaves, no resource) in the presence or absence of shrimp. In resource choice experiments, mayflies showed preference for cobble over leaf substrata (p<0.05) regardless of the presence of shrimps, however, the preference for cobble was significantly greater when shrimp were present in the leaf habitat. In growth experiments, there were no statistical differences in mayfly growth in the presence or absence of shrimp (p=0.07). However, we measured increased mayfly nymph growth in the absence of predators and when both cobble and leaves were available. Our results suggest that interspecific interactions between these taxa could potentially influence organic matter resource dynamics (e.g., leaf litter processing and export) in Puerto Rican streams. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 41-51. Epub 2014 April 01.

Las relaciones interespecíficas pueden jugar un papel importante en la determinación del uso de recursos y selección de hábitat entre especies que compiten. Hemos examinado las interacciones entre un camarón omnívoro y un efemeróptero que se alimenta de vegetación , dos taxones codominantes en las partes altas de arroyos de Puerto Rico, para evaluar el efecto de los depredadores en el uso de recursos del efemeróptero y el crecimiento instantáneo en un ecosistema de selva tropical. Examinamos experimentalmente el efecto del camarón Xiphocaris elongata sobre la tasa de crecimiento y selección de recursos en ninfas efemerópteras (Leptophlebiidae). Hicimos experimentos de laboratorio de 5 días, dando a los efemerópteros acceso a dos opciones de sustrato (piedrecillas u hojas) en presencia o ausencia del camarón. Para evaluar los efectos sobre el crecimiento probamos cuatro tratamientos (piedrecillas, hojas , piedrecillas + hojas, sin ambas), en presencia o ausencia del camarón. Los efemerópteros prefirieron las piedrecillas a las hojas ( p < 0,05 ) independientemente de la presencia de los camarones. Esta preferencia fue mayor cuando junto a las hojas había camarones. Los camarones no afectaron el crecimiento de los efemerópteros (p = 0,07). Las ninfas efemerópteras crecieron mejor sin camarones y en acuarios con piedrecillas y hojas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las interacciones interespecíficas entre estos animales podrían influir en la dinámica de la materia orgánica (por ejemplo, procesamiento de la hojarasca y su exportación) en los arroyos puertoriqueños.

The invasive snowflake coral (Carijoa riisei) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, Colombia / El coral copo de nieve invasivo (Carijoa riisei) en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical, Colombia

Carijoa riisei (Octocorallia: Cnidaria), a western Atlantic species, has been reported in the Pacific as an invasive species for nearly forty years. C. riisei has been recently observed overgrowing native octocorals at several rocky-coral littorals in the Colombian Tropical Eastern Pacific-(TEP). C. riisei has inhabited these reefs for at least 15 years but the aggressive overgrowth on other octocorals have been noted until recently. Here, we surveyed for the first time the distribution and inter-specific aggression by C. riisei in both coastal and oceanic areas colonized in the Colombian TEP (Malpelo, Gorgona and Cabo Corrientes), including preliminary multiyear surveys during 2007-2013. We observed community-wide octocoral mortalities (including local extinction of some Muricea spp.) and a steady occurrence of competing and overgrowing Pacifigorgia seafans and Leptogorgia seawhips. In Gorgona Island, at two different sites, over 87% (n=77 tagged colonies) of octocorals (Pacifigorgia spp. and Leptogorgia alba) died as a result of C. riisei interaction and/or overgrowth between 2011 and 2013. C. riisei overgrows octocorals with an estimate at linear growth rate of about 1cm m-1. The aggressive overgrowth of this species in TEP deserves more attention and regular monitoring programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 199-207. Epub 2014 February 01.

Carijoa riisei (Octocorallia: Cnidaria), una especie nativa del Atlántico Occidental. Sin embargo, se ha reportado como especie exótica invasora en el Pacífico desde hace unos cuarenta años y en la costa occidental de Colombia hace 15-20 años. Recientemente C. riisei se ha observado sobrecreciendo octocorales nativos en varios litorales rocosos coralinos en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical-(POT) de Colombia. C. riisei ha habitado estos arrecifes durante al menos 15 años, pero este comportamiento agresivo frente a otros octocorales no se habían notado hasta hace unos pocos años. En este estudio, se evalúa por primera vez, en las zonas costeras y oceánicas, la distribución e incidencia C. riisei en otros octocorales del POT colombiano (Malpelo, Gorgona y Cabo Corrientes), incluyendo información observaciones entre 2007-2013. Hemos observado mortalidad en toda la comunidad de octocorales (incluyendo la extinción local de algunas especies de Muricea) y una constante competencia y cubrimiento de abanicos de mar Pacifigorgia y gorgonáceos Leptogorgia. C. riisei presento una tasa lineal de crecimiento sobre otros octocorales de aproximadamente 1 cm m-1. El comportamiento agresivo de C. riisei en el POT merece más atención y programas regulares de monitoreo.

Principios básicos de las nuevas estrategias farmacológicas antiarrítmicas en fibrilación auricular / Basic mechanisms of the new antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation

La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia crónica sostenida más frecuente en la población general. A pesar de los últimos avances tecnológicos y en el entendimiento de sus mecanismos, derivados de modelos experimentales, así como de los procedimientos de ablación en pacientes con FA, los fármacos antiarrítmicos siguen siendo la principal estrategia para la cardioversión y mantenimiento del ritmo sinusal. Nuevas generaciones de fármacos antiarrítmicos han llegado a la práctica clínica, y otros se encuentran en fase de experimentación. Los nuevos fármacos actúan de forma más específica sobre corrientes iónicas auriculares, y al mismo tiempo involucradas en el mantenimiento de la arritmia. Paralelamente, cada vez se da más importancia a la necesidad de actuar sobre el sustrato arritmogénico auricular y los factores que lo promueven, implicados en el mantenimiento a largo plazo de la arritmia (terapias upstream). La presente revisión tiene como objetivo exponer las actuales líneas de desarrollo en fármacos antiarrítmicos y terapias para prevención o retraso del remodelado auricular, con base a los conocimientos mecanísticos que hoy en día se involucran en el mantenimiento de la FA.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. Despite of new technological breakthroughs and the understanding of the mechanisms underlying AF, based on animal models and ablation procedures in patients, the antiarrhythmic drugs remain the main therapeutic strategy to restore and maintain the sinus rhythm. New antiarrhythmic drugs are already available in the clinical practice and many others are under development. The new antiarrhythmic drugs have the capability to block atrial-specific ionic currents, which are involved in the maintenance of the arrhythmia. Parallel, increasing evidence supports the use of compounds to regulate the arrhythmogenic atrial substrate involved in the long-term maintenance of the arrhythmia (upstream therapies). This article reviews the new antiarrhythmic drugs and upstream therapies, based on the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of AF.

Tratamiento combinado con metamizol sódico y corriente tens en pacientes operados / Combined treatment with metamizole sodium and TENS current in operated patients

El dolor postoperatorio es uno de los principales problemas que afectan a los pacientes operados. Se evaluó la efectividad del tratamiento combinado de corriente Tens con metamizol sódico en pacientes operados. Se utilizaron los métodos de estudio comparativo tipo casos control, aplicándose a un grupo metamizol sódico y al otro grupo metamizol y corrientes analgésicas Tens. Se utilizó la escala verbal análoga. Como resultado, en una muestra de 52 pacientes se observó mayor alivio del dolor postoperatorio en aquellos, a quienes se les aplicó el método combinado. En un 73 por ciento, la respuesta al dolor postoperatorio fue comprobada mediante la escala verbal análoga descrita, y la escala de colores propuesta por los autores para esta serie. El método de analgesia con metamizol y corrientes Tens resultó ser efectivo para el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio(AU)

Postoperative pain is one of the main problems that affect operated patients. The effectiveness of the combined treatment of metamizole sodium and TENS current in operated patients was evaluated. Type control- cases comparative methods of study were used and applied: metamizole sodium for a group and metamizole sodium and analgesic TENS current for the other group. The analog verbal scale was also used. As a result, in a sample of 52 patients those with the simple treatment showed more postoperative pain relief than those who were applied the combined treatment. Seventy-three per cent of the patients refer a verified answer to postoperative pain by means of the analog verbal and colors´ scale proposed by the authors for this series. The analgesia method with metamizole sodium and Tens currents turned out to be effective for the treatment of postoperative pain(AU)

Situación de la leishmaniasis visceral americana en la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina / Situation of American visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Corrientes, Argentina

INTRODUCCION: En 2009 se detectó por primera vez en la ciudad de Corrientes la presencia de Lutzomyia longipalpis, principal transmisor de la leishmaniasis visceral americana. En el pasado, esta zoonosis era considerada una endemia prevalente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del Viejo y del Nuevo Mundo. Actualmente, su distribución geográfica también incluye áreas suburbanas y urbanas debido a modificaciones del ecosistema de este insecto, ya sea por causas naturales y/o artificiales. A esta situación no es ajena la ciudad de Corrientes.OBJETIVO: Hacer un diagnóstico de situación que favorezca la vigilancia y el control integrado de la leishmaniasis.METODOS: Se realizó una encuesta entomológica. El estudio se llevó a cabo desde abril de 2010 a abril de 2011 en diez viviendas de diferentes barrios de la ciudad de Corrientes: en cinco de ellas se utilizaron trampas pegajosas y en las restantes, trampas CDC.RESULTADOS: En un domicilio ubicado en el casco céntrico de la ciudad se obtuvieron, mediante trampas CDC, 7.321 ejemplares: 80,9% (5.924) machos, 18,8% (1.375) hembras y 0,3% (22) sin identificación del sexo, por deterioro del material. El 83% se capturó en hábitats donde se encuentran palomas y conejos, mientras que el gallinero representó un 17%. En las demás viviendas no se obtuvieron flebótomos. La única especie identificada fue Lutzomyia longipalpis.CONCLUSIONES: Esta especie demostró gran capacidad de adaptación al ambiente urbano, poniendo en evidencia un aspecto epidemiológico importante. Además se la encontró activa durante las cuatro estaciones del año.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of Lutzomyia lingipalpis, primary vector of visceral leishmaniasis, was first detected in the city of Corrientes in 2009. This zoonosis used to be considered an endemic prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New World. Currently, its geographical distribution also includes suburban and urban areas, due to either natural or artificial changes in the ecosystem of this insect. The city of Corrientes is no stranger to this situation.OBJECTIVE: To make a situation analysis that promotes integrated monitoring and control of leishmaniasis.METHODS: An entomological survey was conducted. The study took place from April 2010 to April 2011 in the homes from different neighborhoods of the city of Corrientes - in five of them with sticky traps, in the remaining ones with CDC light traps.RESULTS: In a home located in the historic center of the city, 7.321 specimens were collected with CDC light traps: 80.9% (5.924) males, 18.8% (1.375) females and 0.3% (22) without gender identification due to material deterioration. The 83% was captured in habitats where there are pigeons and rabits, while the chicken coop represented 17%. In the other homes no sandflies were obtained. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the only species identified.CONCLUSIONS: This species showed a great capacity to adapt to urban environment, revealing an important epidemiological aspect. Besides, it was active during the four seasons.

Situación de la leishmaniasis visceral americana en la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina / Situation of American visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Corrientes, Argentina

INTRODUCCION: En 2009 se detectó por primera vez en la ciudad de Corrientes la presencia de Lutzomyia longipalpis, principal transmisor de la leishmaniasis visceral americana. En el pasado, esta zoonosis era considerada una endemia prevalente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del Viejo y del Nuevo Mundo. Actualmente, su distribución geográfica también incluye áreas suburbanas y urbanas debido a modificaciones del ecosistema de este insecto, ya sea por causas naturales y/o artificiales. A esta situación no es ajena la ciudad de Corrientes.OBJETIVO: Hacer un diagnóstico de situación que favorezca la vigilancia y el control integrado de la leishmaniasis.METODOS: Se realizó una encuesta entomológica. El estudio se llevó a cabo desde abril de 2010 a abril de 2011 en diez viviendas de diferentes barrios de la ciudad de Corrientes: en cinco de ellas se utilizaron trampas pegajosas y en las restantes, trampas CDC.RESULTADOS: En un domicilio ubicado en el casco céntrico de la ciudad se obtuvieron, mediante trampas CDC, 7.321 ejemplares: 80,9% (5.924) machos, 18,8% (1.375) hembras y 0,3% (22) sin identificación del sexo, por deterioro del material. El 83% se capturó en hábitats donde se encuentran palomas y conejos, mientras que el gallinero representó un 17%. En las demás viviendas no se obtuvieron flebótomos. La única especie identificada fue Lutzomyia longipalpis.CONCLUSIONES: Esta especie demostró gran capacidad de adaptación al ambiente urbano, poniendo en evidencia un aspecto epidemiológico importante. Además se la encontró activa durante las cuatro estaciones del año.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of Lutzomyia lingipalpis, primary vector of visceral leishmaniasis, was first detected in the city of Corrientes in 2009. This zoonosis used to be considered an endemic prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New World. Currently, its geographical distribution also includes suburban and urban areas, due to either natural or artificial changes in the ecosystem of this insect. The city of Corrientes is no stranger to this situation.OBJECTIVE: To make a situation analysis that promotes integrated monitoring and control of leishmaniasis.METHODS: An entomological survey was conducted. The study took place from April 2010 to April 2011 in the homes from different neighborhoods of the city of Corrientes - in five of them with sticky traps, in the remaining ones with CDC light traps.RESULTS: In a home located in the historic center of the city, 7.321 specimens were collected with CDC light traps: 80.9% (5.924) males, 18.8% (1.375) females and 0.3% (22) without gender identification due to material deterioration. The 83% was captured in habitats where there are pigeons and rabits, while the chicken coop represented 17%. In the other homes no sandflies were obtained. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the only species identified.CONCLUSIONS: This species showed a great capacity to adapt to urban environment, revealing an important epidemiological aspect. Besides, it was active during the four seasons.