What is the impact of national public expenditure and its allocation on neonatal and child mortality? A machine learning analysis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of national public expenditure and its allocation on child mortality may help governments move towards target 3.2 proposed in the 2030 Agenda. The objective of this study was to estimate the impacts of governmental expenditures, total, on health, and on other sectors, on neonatal mortality and mortality of children aged between 28 days and five years. METHODS: This study has an ecological design with a population of 147 countries, with data between 2012 and 2019. Two steps were used: first, the Generalized Propensity Score of public spending was calculated; afterward, the Generalized Propensity Score was used to estimate the expenditures' association with mortality rates. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality rates (NeoRt) and mortality rates in children between 28 days and 5 years (NeoU5Rt). RESULTS: The 1% variation in Int$ Purchasing Power Parity (Int$ PPP) per capita in total public expenditures, expenditure in health, and in other sectors were associated with a variation of -0.635 (95% CI -1.176, -0.095), -2.17 (95% CI -3.051, -1.289) -0.632 (95% CI -1.169, -0.095) in NeoRt, respectively The same variation in public expenditures in sectors other than health, was associates with a variation of -1.772 (95% CI -6.219, -1.459) on NeoU5Rt. The results regarding the impact of total and health public spending on NeoU5Rt were not consistent. CONCLUSION: Public investments impact mortality in children under 5 years of age. Likely, the allocation of expenditures between the health sector and the other social sectors will have different impacts on mortality between the NeoRt and the NeoU5Rt.

A New Exergy Disaggregation Approach for Complexity Reduction and Dissipative Equipment Isolation in Thermoeconomics.

Thermoeconomics connects thermodynamic and economic concepts in order to provide information not available in conventional energy and economic analysis. Most thermoeconomicists agree that exergy is the most appropriate thermodynamic magnitude to associate with cost. In some applications, exergy disaggregation is required. Despite the improvement in result accuracy, the modeling complexity increases. In recent years, different exergy disaggregation approaches have been proposed, mostly to deal with dissipative components and residues, despite all of them also increasing the complexity of thermoeconomics. This study aims to present a new thermoeconomic approach based on exergy disaggregation, which is able to isolate dissipative components with less modeling complexity. This approach, called the A&F Model, splits the physical exergy into two terms, namely, Helmholtz energy and flow work. These terms were evaluated from a thermoeconomic point of view, through a cost allocation in an ideal Carnot cycle, and they were also applied and compared with the UFS Model, through a cost allocation analysis, in a case study with an organic Rankine cycle-powered vapor compression refrigeration system. The complexity and computational effort reduction in the A&F are significantly less than in the UFS Model. This alternative approach yields consistent results.

Analysis of micro-costing through the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) method in viscosupplementation procedures in different application regimens / Análise do microcusteio por meio de método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) nos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação

Objective: To evaluate the micro-costing of viscosupplementation procedures compared to different infiltration regimens. Methods: This study compared, through the Time-Driven ActivityBased Costing method, the micro-costing of these different application regimens using national cost averages as a basis for calculation in a medium-sized outpatient service. Results: The results demonstrated that the difference in costs with the single application is 31.47% less for three and 119.13% for five applications. Conclusions: No study showed a superiority of the five-application regimen over the three-application regimen, which leads one to believe that there is no justification for this procedure from an economic or quality-of-life point of view.

Objective: Avaliar o microcusteio dos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação. Métodos: Este estudo comparou, por meio do método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, o microcusteio desses diferentes regimes de aplicação, usando com base de cálculo médias nacionais de custo em um serviço ambulatorial de porte médio. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a diferença nos custos com a aplicação única é 31,47% menor para três aplicações e 119,13% para cinco aplicações. Conclusão: Em nenhum estudo houve superioridade do regime de cinco aplicações ao regime de três, fato que leva a acreditar que não há nenhuma justificativa para esse procedimento do ponto de vista econômico ou de qualidade de vida do paciente.

Cost analysis of drug treatment in hypertensive patients at social security health care family medicine units.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the increase of drug treatment costs associated with predictive factors of hypertensive patients in family medicine units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A generalized linear model was employed to estimate costs with data from a microcosting costing study for a 1-year time horizon. Sources of dada were medical electronic files, phar-macy records and unitary prices updated to 2019. RESULTS: From a total of 864 patients older than 65 years were 67% and women 65%. Factors with most influence on mean drug treatment costs were diabetes, age and complications associ-ated with hypertension. Mean annual cost of antihypertensive treatment was 61 dollars (CI95% 55,67) and median were 32 dollars (IQR 30,35) per patient. Incremental costs for diabetes were 23 dollars (CI95% 13,33) and 25 dollars (CI95% 5,45) in the group of ≥ 65 years. CONCLUSION: Diabetes, age and complications were the factors with largest influence on hypertension pharmacological costs.

Cost analysis of drug treatment in hypertensive patients at social security health care family medicine units / Análisis de costo de tratamientos farmacológicos en pacientes hipertensos en unidades de medicina familiar de seguridad social en salud

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the increase of drug treatment costs associated with predictive factors of hypertensive patients in family medicine units. Materials and methods: A generalized linear model was employed to estimate costs with data from a microcosting costing study for a 1-year time horizon. Sources of dada were medical electronic files, pharmacy records and unitary prices updated to 2019. Results: From a total of 864 patients older than 65 years were 67% and women 65%. Factors with most influence on mean drug treatment costs were diabetes, age and complications associated with hypertension. Mean annual cost of antihypertensive treatment was 61 dollars (CI95% 55,67) and median were 32 dollars (IQR 30,35) per patient. Incremental costs for diabetes were 23 dollars (CI95% 13,33) and 25 dollars (CI95% 5, 45) in the group of ≥ 65 years. Conclusion: Diabetes, age and complications were the factors with largest influence on hypertension pharmacological costs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar el aumento de costos de tratamiento farmacológico de hipertensión asociado con factores predictivos en pacientes de unidades de medicina familiar. Material y métodos: El análisis utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado alimentado con información de un estudio de microcosteo en 2016. Las fuentes de información fueron los registros médicos del expediente electrónico y de farmacia y los precios unitarios del cuadro básico de medicamentos transformados a dólares americanos correspondientes a 2019. Resultados: Las variables significativas con mayor influencia fueron diabetes, edad y complicaciones asociadas con hipertensión. El costo promedio anual de tratamiento antihipertensivo por paciente fue de 61 dólares (IC95% 55,67) Los resultados sugieren un costo incremental de 23 dólares (IC95% 13,33) cuando se tiene diabetes y de 25 dólares (IC95% 5, 45) en el grupo ≥ 65 años. Conclusiones: Diabetes, edad y complicaciones son los factores encontrados que más influyen en los costos farmacológicos de tratamiento de la hipertensión.

Comparative analysis between prevention and treatment costs for gestational diabetes mellitus in primary and tertiary health care in a city in Southern Brazil / Análise comparativa entre os custos de prevenção e tratamento do diabetes mellitus gestacional na assistência à saúde primária e terciária em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Objective: The present study's purpose is to evaluate the economic context in which the Brazilian public health system, the only universal public health system with more than 200 million users, stands out. This evaluation will be made through the lens of the execution of gestational health care services in a city of approximately 500 thousand inhabitants in southern Brazil. The care costs of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will be compared to those of patients without GDM, analyzing the different economic valuation methods. And lastly, there was an intent to explore the generated costs in the context of economic valuation applied to health to comprehend better the complexity of the union of the financial and health areas to optimize the services offered. Methods: For the economic context in health, an analysis of health investments was performed through the Transparency Portal. The costs involved in preventing GDM were raised by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) table of procedures performed ordinarily in low-risk pregnancies. The expenses involved in DMG patients were increased at the High-Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Medicine Clinic of DMG patients. Results: Preventing GDM is more cost-effective, cost-minimizing, and cost-useful than treating patients diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: The result is an extremely interesting costopportunity, given the economic context in which it is presented

Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o contexto econômico em que se encontra o sistema público de saúde brasileiro, único sistema público universal de saúde com mais de 200 milhões de usuários. Essa avaliação será feita sob a ótica da execução de serviços de saúde gestacional em um município de aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes no Sul do Brasil. Os custos assistenciais de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) serão comparados aos de pacientes sem DMG, analisando os diferentes métodos de valoração econômica. Também serão analisados os custos gerados no contexto da valoração econômica aplicada à saúde para uma melhor com preensão da complexidade da união das áreas econômica e da saúde com o objetivo de otimizar os serviços oferecidos. Métodos: Para a contextualização econômica em saúde, foi feita a análise dos investimentos em saúde pelo Portal da Transparência. Os custos envolvidos na prevenção da DMG foram levantados pela tabela de procedimentos realizados ordinariamente em gestações de baixo risco do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os custos envolvidos em pacientes com DMG foram levantados no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco e Medicina Fetal de pacientes com DMG. Resultados: Prevenir o DMG apresenta maiores custo-benefício, custo-efetividade, custo-minimização e custo-utilidade em comparação com o tratamento das pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMG. Conclusão: O resultado é um custo-oportunidade extremamente interessante, dado o contexto econômico em que se apresenta

Cost objects: How is your ED performing?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to a propose a standardized methodology to identify a list of cost objects that can be used by any ED to compute costs considering that the resulting data must facilitate unit management by improving the information available for decision-making. METHODS: This study considers two stages, first, we analyzed the case-mix of two hospitals collecting their data to define and diagram their processes, activities and to obtain their cost objects, second, we used four additional hospitals to validate our initial findings. RESULTS: We recognized 59 cost objects. Hospitals may have all these cost objects or just a subset of them depending on the services they provide. CONCLUSIONS: Among the main benefits of our cost objects definition are: the possibility of tracing the processes generated by the services delivered by EDs, the economic sense in its grouping, the chance of using any costing methodology, the flexibility with other classification systems such as DRGs and ICDs, and the opportunity of costing for both diseases and treatments. Furthermore, cost comparison among hospitals using our final 59 cost objects list is more accurate and based on comparable units. In different EDs, each cost object will be the result of a similar combination of activities performed. We also present the results of applying this cost objects list to a particular ED. A total of 53 out of 59 cost objects were identified for that particular unit within a calendar year.

Análisis de usos y resistencia a antibióticos en una UCI de Montería, Colombia / Analysis of antibiotic uses and resistance in an ICU from Monteria, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El uso de antibióticos, enfrenta grandes problemas que deben ser resueltos en pro de la calidad de vida de los pacientes buscando un equilibrio en el costo-efectividad. Los análisis farmacoeconómicos son una herramienta útil para determinar qué fármacos deben estar disponibles en guías farmacoterapéuticas. Aunque el método de selección de fármacos varía en cada institución, el principio general es que deben ser elegidos los más efectivos al menor costo. El objetivo fue establecer el costo de los tratamientos, la evaluación de susceptibilidad y resistencia a los antibióticos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Montería. Métodos: La muestra se integró por todos los pacientes ingresados a la UCI, que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico, durante doce meses. De las historias clínicas, se identificaron y se clasificaron los tratamientos aplicados, duración del tratamiento, costo del tratamiento por paciente, consumos por paciente de los antibióticos con el fin de estimar los costos de los antibióticos utilizados en pacientes de la UCI. Resultados: Se registraron 670 ingresos, de los cuales el 48,40% recibieron terapia antimicrobiana. Las principales causas de ingreso a la UCI fueron: evento coronario agudo (16,69%), insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (13,83%), sepsis (12,48%). Los microorganismos encontrados fueron: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, A. haemolyticus. Conclusión: Los sistemas estandarizados de vigilancia para el uso de antibióticos es una herramienta esencial en el uso racional y en el control de la resistencia antibacteriana.

Abstract The use of antibiotics, faces major problems that must be solved to ensure high-quality care of patients, which seeking a balance in cost-effectiveness. Pharmacoeconomics analyzes are a useful tool for determining which drugs should be available for pharmacotherapy strategies. Although the method of drug selection varies in each institution, the general principle is that the most effective ones should be chosen amongst the lowest-cost. The objective was to establish the cost of treatments, susceptibility assessment and resistance to antibiotics in an Intensive Care Unit in Montería. The sample was integrated by all the patients admitted to the ICU, who received antibiotic treatment, during twelve months. From the clinical records served, the treatments applied, duration of treatment, cost of treatment per patient, consumption per patient of the antibiotics were identified and classified to estimate the costs in relation to the therapeutic effectiveness of the antibiotics used in patients in the ICU. A total of 670 patients were registered, of whom 48,40% received antimicrobial therapy. The main causes of ICU admission were: acute coronary event (16,69%), acute respiratory failure (13,83%), sepsis (12,48%). The strains were: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, A. haemolyticus. Standardized surveillance systems for the use of antibiotics are an essential strategic intervention for the rational use and control antimicrobial resistance.

[Direct medical costs of suicide attempts by patients in Columbia's Antioquia Mental HospitalCustos médicos diretos por tentativa de suicídio em pacientes do hospital de saúde mental de Antioquia, Colômbia]. / Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. METHODS: The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. RESULTS: It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

OBJETIVO: Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e do tratamento convencional. MÉTODOS: O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. CONCLUSÕES: A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia / Direct medical costs of suicide attempts by patients in Columbia's Antioquia Mental Hospital / Custos médicos diretos por tentativa de suicídio em pacientes do hospital de saúde mental de Antioquia, Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de los costos médicos directos en relación al número de intentos de suicidio y comparar los costos de atención cognitivo-conductual respecto al tratamiento convencional. Métodos Se cuantificaron los costos por prestación de servicios hospitalarios por intento de suicidio en 248 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental atendidos en la empresa social del estado (E.S.E.) Hospital Mental de Antioquia y se implementó una evaluación de costo-consecuencia. Resultados Se encontró que los costos directos promedio de la atención de pacientes con cuatro o más intentos de suicidio fueron equivalentes a 5 641 dólares estadounidenses (USD), con una diferencia de USD 5 490 respecto al grupo con un solo intento. Además, dichos costos aumentaron conforme se incrementó el número de intentos. Por último, el diagnóstico de enfermedad mental (p. ej., cronicidad), el método de intento y la necesidad de servicios especializados se relacionaron con el incremento en los costos directos. Conclusiones La implementación de estrategias preventivas desde la salud pública que evalúen y hagan seguimiento a los factores psicosociales podría reducir la presentación de la problemática y de sus costos médicos directos.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. Methods The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. Results It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. Conclusions The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e do tratamento convencional. Métodos O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. Resultados Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. Conclusões A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

Impacto de diferentes métodos de asignación de costos indirectos estructurales de hospitales públicos, en el ranking costo-efectividad de 47 intervenciones en salud / Impact of different overhead cost allocation methods of public hospitals on the cost-effectiveness ranking of 47 health programs

Background: Costs allocation methods are important for economic evaluation of health care. Aim: To evaluate the impact of overhead costs rates of different hospitals on the cost-effectiveness rankings of health programs. Material and Methods: Using the cost reports from eight hospitals, a Montecarlo simulation was implemented, programming the complete micro-costing algorithm to calculate the final cost of 47 health care interventions, from the health sector perspective. The independent variables considered were the overhead cost rates per establishment and the actual overhead costs. Changing these variables, resulted in changes of the final cost of interventions and cost-effectiveness ratios. Finally the probabilities of changes in the cost-effectiveness ranking of each intervention were calculated. Results: Thirteen programs did not change their ranking order. However, 34 interventions modified their position with different occurrence probabilities. In the new proposed ranking, 21 programs changed their position from one to six places. Conclusions: Different overhead cost rates, representing different assignation forms, have a relative impact in the cost-effectiveness order. Montecarlo simulation can help to improve the accuracy of ranking assignment.

Implementing apportionment strategy to identify costs in a multidisciplinary clinic / Implantação de estratégia de rateio para identificação do custo em clínica multidisciplinar

ABSTRACT Objective To present the implementation of an apportionment strategy proportional to the productive areas of a multidisciplinary clinic, defining the minimum values to be passed monthly to health professionals who work there. Methods A study of the clinic structure was carried out, in which the area of occupation of each service was defined. Later the cost was prorated, allocating a value to each room, proportional to the space occupied. Results The apportionment implementation allowed the clinic managers to visualize the cost of each room, providing a value base for formation of a minimum amount necessary to be passed monthly to each professional, as a form of payment for rent of using their facilities. Conclusion The risk of financial loss of the clinic was minimized due to variation of its productivity, as well as the conditions of transference at the time of hiring by professionals were clear, promoting greater confidence and safety in contract relations.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a implantação de uma estratégia de rateio proporcional às áreas produtivas de uma clínica multidisciplinar, definindo valores mínimos a serem repassados mensalmente aos profissionais de saúde que as ocupam. Métodos Estudo da estrutura da clínica, no qual foi definida, em metros quadrados, a área de ocupação de cada serviço. Em seguida, o custo foi rateado, alocando um valor a cada sala, proporcional ao espaço ocupado. Resultados A implantação do rateio possibilitou aos gestores da clínica estudada visualizar o custo de cada sala, fornecendo uma base de valor para formação de um valor mínimo necessário a ser repassado mensalmente para cada profissional, como forma de pagamento pelo aluguel de utilização de suas instalações. Conclusão Minimizou-se o risco de prejuízo da clínica pela variação de sua produtividade, bem como ficaram claras as condições de repasse no momento de contratação do aluguel pelos profissionais, promovendo maior confiança e segurança na relação contratual.

Estimación de costos económicos en la atención de la neumonía nosocomial en un hospital regional peruano, 2009 al 2011 / Estimation of economic costs for the care of patients with nosocomial pneumonia in a regional peruvian hospital, 2009-2011

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar los costos económicos en la atención de la neumonía nosocomial al compararlo con el grupo sin neumonía nosocomial en Hospital II Huánuco EsSalud, 2009 -2011. Materiales y métodos. Evaluación económica parcial. Diseño de casos y controles pareado. Se empleó una ficha de recolección. Variable dependiente: neumonía nosocomial. Variables independientes: costos directos sanitarios, costos directos no sanitarios, costos indirectos, ocupación, comorbilidad, procedencia y grado de instrucción. Se realizó análisis bivariado. Resultados. Se identificaron 40 pares de casos y controles. Los casos estuvieron hospitalizados más de dos semanas y emplearon más de dos antibióticos. Los costos directos sanitarios asociados fueron por hospitalización, antibióticos, exámenes auxiliares, evaluaciones especializadas y otras medicaciones. Los costos directos no sanitarios y los costos indirectos asociados fueron por transporte, alimentación, alojamiento, ingresos por planilla dejados de percibir, ingresos por honorarios profesionales dejados de percibir, gastos extrainstitucionales, pago a cuidadores durante hospitalización y por telefonía. Conclusiones. Los costos directos sanitarios en neumonía nosocomial fueron más del triple, mientras los costos directos no sanitarios y costos indirectos fueron más del doble al compararlo con el grupo sin infección. Se identificaron variables con mayor impacto en los costos.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate and compare the economic costs for the care of patients with and without nosocomial pneumonia at Hospital II Huánuco EsSalud during 2009-2011, in Peru. Materials and Methods. This was a partial economic evaluation of paired cases and controls. A collection sheet was used. Dependent variable: nosocomial pneumonia. Independent variables: direct health costs, direct non-health costs, indirect costs, occupation, age, comorbidities, sex, origin, and education level. A bivariate analysis was performed. Results. Forty pairs of cases and controls were identified. These patients were hospitalized for >2 weeks and prescribed more than two antibiotics. The associated direct health costs included those for hospitalization, antibiotics, auxiliary examinations, specialized assessments, and other medications. The direct non-health costs and associated indirect costs included those for transportation, food, housing, foregone payroll revenue, foregone professional fee revenue, extra-institutional expenses, and payment to caregivers during hospitalization and by telephone. Conclusions. The direct health costs for nosocomial pneumonia patients were more than three times and the indirect costs were more than two times higher than those for the controls. Variables with the greatest impact on costs were identified.

La enfermedad renal crónica en Colombia: necesidades en salud y respuesta del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud / Chronic Kidney Disease in Colombia: Health Needs and Response of the General System of Social Security in Health / Doença Renal Crônica na Colômbia: necessidades em saúde e de resposta do Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es una enfermedad de alto costo, progresiva, no trasmisible y estrechamente ligada a otras enfermedades, como las cardiovasculares (ECV) y la diabetes mellitus (DM). La incidencia, prevalencia y mortalidad de la ERC va en aumento en Colombia, a pesar de que existen políticas que orientan el proceso de prevención y manejo. En el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, la ERC se ha manejado bajo un modelo de atención individual y biomédico que desestima la importancia de la prevención de la enfermedad. La autoridad sanitaria no ejerce eficazmente la vigilancia y control de los actores y privilegia la compensación económica a las Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), sin que medie una verdadera evaluación de los resultados en salud. Este ensayo muestra la situación de la ERC en el país y la respuesta del SGSSS, con el propósito de incentivar la reflexión hacia la necesidad de introducir un nuevo modelo de atención.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a high-cost illness, non-transmissible and progressive disease, closely related to others diseases such as cardiovascular ones and diabetes. Incidence, prevalence and mortality are increasing in Colombia, despite the existence of policies tempting to orientate the prevention, and healthcare process. In The General Social Security System, CKD has been treated preferably under a model of individual and biomedical attention that dismisses the importance of prevention of the disease. The health authority seems to be weak to exert an actual surveillance and control of actors involved in the System, and encourage economic compensation to Health Insurance Companies without taking into account an actual assessments of health results. This essay shows both, CKD situation in the country, and the response of the General System of Social Security in Health, with the purpose of encourage the reflection on the need to introduce a new model of healthcare.

A Doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma doença de alto custo, progressiva, não transmissível e intimamente ligada a outras patologias, tais como as cardiovasculares (DCV) e a diabetes mellitus (DM). A incidência, prevalência e mortalidade da DRC estão aumentando na Colômbia, embora existam políticas que orientem o processo de prevenção e gestão. No Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde (SGSSS), a DRC tem sido gerida sob um modelo de atenção individual e biomédico descartando a importância da prevenção de doenças. A autoridade de saúde não exerce efetivamente a fiscalização e o controle dos atores, e ainda privilegia a compensação econômica para as companhias de seguros da Saúde (EPS), sem que haja uma verdadeira avaliação dos resultados em saúde. Nesta dissertação pretende-se mostrar a situação da DRC na Colômbia, e a resposta do SGSSS, com o objetivo de incentivar a reflexão sobre a necessidade.

Financiamento da atenção especializada em Pernambuco para o tratamento oncológico de mama e próstata / Financing of specialized care in Pernambuco for the oncological treatment of breast and prostate

Os custos da assistência oncológica é a sua estrutura de tratamento diferenciada, pois seus custos são baseados nos procedimentos realizados e no estadiamento ou nível da neoplasia. Ressalta-se que são realizados por ressarcimento, ou seja, os repasses financeiros são calculados com base no valor total do tratamento e divididos pela quantidade de meses, independentemente da quantidade de ciclos que o tratamento terá no mês. Esta forma de pagamento evita um novo ressarcimento de um tratamento já concluído. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a alocação de recursos Fundo a Fundo do Ministério da Saúde para a Atenção Especializada em Pernambuco entre os anos de 2008 e 2014, para o tratamento oncológico de mama e próstata. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa com bases de dados secundários de domínio público e de abordagem quantitativa, de cunho epidemiológico e estruturada segundo os critérios de um estudo observacional e retrospectivo. Analisando a participação dos hospitais por natureza jurídica no Brasil, observou-se que 67,45% (R$ 4.439.213.694,41) dos valores ressarcidos no SUS para o tratamento de câncer no Brasil se concentraram nos hospitais de regime privado, enquanto 32,55% (R$ 2.142.179.536,14) foram destinados aos públicos. Demonstrando importantes fluxos financeiros para a rede privada. Os valores ressarcidos por paciente internada para cobrir os serviços do tratamento oncológico em CA de mama para o Hospital do Câncer de Pernambuco teve um crescimento de 280,44%, com média R$ 1.297,10 por ano e total de R$ 9.079,73. Em relação aos óbitos, a supracitada Unidade de Saúde teve um crescimento de 37,26%, com média de 10 óbitos a cada 100 internações ao ano e total de 73 óbitos a cada 100 internações no período em análise. Quanto à ampliação de valores ressarcidos por paciente internado para cobrir os serviços do tratamento oncológico em CA de próstata ao Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco teve uma redução de 23,91%, com média R$ 2.666,94 por ano e total de R$ 18.668,61. Em relação aos óbitos, a supracitada Unidade de Saúde teve 4200% de crescimento de óbitos, com média de 6 óbitos a cada 100 internações ao ano e total de 43 óbitos a cada 100 internações no período em análise. Reafirma-se a necessidade de se avaliar as Políticas Públicas em saúde que fortaleçam o SUS, não permitindo que os hospitais de natureza jurídica pública se tornem sucateados e os privados canalizem para si todos os gastos relacionados à Atenção Especializada em Oncologia. Sugere-se fortemente uma distribuição equitativa dos gastos, levando-se em conta um maior investimento nas unidades do interior brasileiro, de maneira a fortalecer a estrutura geral do tratamento oncológico, aumentar o número de diagnósticos precoces, reduzirem as taxas de morbi-mortalidade e dos custos indiretos associados ao tratamento dos pacientes.(AU)

The cost of cancer care is its differentiated treatment structure, since its costs are based on the procedures performed and the staging or level of the neoplasia. It is emphasized that they are performed by reimbursement, that is, financial transfers are calculated based on the total value of the treatment and divided by the number of months, regardless of the amount of cycles that the treatment will have in the month. This form of payment avoids a new reimbursement of a treatment already completed. The objective of the study was to verify the allocation of resources Fund to Fund of the Ministry of Health for the Specialized Attention in Pernambuco between the years of 2008 and 2014, for the cancer treatment of breast and prostate. It is characterized as a research with secondary databases of public domain and of quantitative approach, of epidemiological character and structured according to the criteria of an observational and retrospective study. Analyzing the participation of the hospitals by legal nature in Brazil, it was observed that 67.45% (R $ 4,439,213,694.41) of the amounts reimbursed in the SUS for the treatment of cancer in Brazil were concentrated in private regime hospitals, while 32,55% (R $ 2,142,179,536.14) were allocated to the public. Demonstrating significant financial flows to the private network. The amounts reimbursed per inpatient to cover the services of the cancer treatment in CA of breast to Hospital do Câncer de Pernambuco had an increase of 280.44%, with average R $ 1,297.10 per year and a total of R $ 9,079.73 . In relation to the deaths, the above-mentioned Health Unit had a growth of 37.26%, with an average of 10 deaths per 100 hospitalizations per year and a total of 73 deaths per 100 admissions in the period under analysis. Regarding the increase in the amounts reimbursed by hospitalized patients to cover the services of the cancer treatment in CA of prostate to Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco had a reduction of 23.91%, with a mean of R $ 2,666.94 per year and a total of R $ 18,668 , 61. Regarding the deaths, the above-mentioned Health Unit had a 4200% increase in deaths, with a mean of 6 deaths per 100 hospitalizations per year and a total of 43 deaths per 100 admissions in the period under analysis. It is reaffirmed the need to evaluate Public Health Policies that strengthen the SUS, not allowing hospitals of a public legal nature to become scrapped and private ones to channel all the expenses related to Specialized Attention to Oncology. It is strongly suggested that there be a fair distribution of expenditures, taking into account a greater investment in the units of the Brazilian interior, in order to strengthen the general structure of cancer treatment, increase the number of early diagnoses, reduce morbidity and mortality rates, and of the indirect costs associated with the treatment of patients.(AU)

Costo día cama servicio pensionado para una enfermedad en un hospital de Chile / Day bed cost pensioners service for a disease in a hospital of Chile

Uno de los temas de mayor complejidad en salud es la determinación de los costos involucrados en una atención de una enfermedad, por la gran cantidad de costos indirectos incurridos que provienen de los diversos servicios que directa o indirectamente intervienen, por lo que su asignación al usuario requirente, afectado por un problema de salud, ya sea de recuperación o rehabilitación, es sin lugar a dudas el problema más importante a resolver de cualquier sistema de costos. Además, es un problema ineludible pues la organización necesita tener información confiable, oportuna y lo más exacta posible sobre el costo de sus productos, para una correcta toma de decisiones, por lo que el objetivo del presente artículo es calcular el costo indirecto incurrido por procedimiento y su asignación por inductor de costos a un caso real para una atención cerrada en la unidad de pensionado de un hospital público chileno. La metodología seguida implicó identificar todas las actividades y costos involucrados en una atención, mediante la identificación de los inductores de costos y su distribución a una enfermedad en particular, siguiendo el criterio de costo por paciente-enfermedad. El resultado demuestra que es posible incorporar la valorización del día cama y, por tanto, reconocer los costos indirectos incurridos en la atención de una enfermedad en particular, lo que permite contar con un instrumento de identificación de costos, que responda a las necesidades de información para un establecimiento en concreto y que es posible replicar, con las adecuaciones pertinentes, a otros establecimientos de salud.

One of the most complex topics in health is the determination of the costs involved in care of a disease, the large amount of incurred indirect costs arising from the various services directly or indirectly involved, so its allocation the requesting user, affected by a health problem, either recovery or rehabilitation, is undoubtedly the most important to solve any problem costing system. Furthermore, it is an inescapable problem for the organization need to have reliable, timely and as accurate as possible on the cost of their products, for proper decision-making, so the aim of this paper is to calculate the indirect costs incurred by procedure and allowance costs drivers a real case for a closed care unit boarding a Chilean public hospital. The methodology involved identifying all activities and costs involved in care, identifying the cost drivers and their distribution to a particular pathology, following the criteria of cost per patient-disease. The result shows that it is possible to incorporate the valuation day bed and, therefore, recognize the indirect costs incurred in attending a particular disease, thus providing a tool for identifying costs that responds to the information needs for a particular establishment, that can be replicated with appropriate adaptations, to other health care.

Los costos de la enfermedad laboral: revisión de literatura / The cost of occupational disease: a literature review / Os custos da doença profissional: revisão de literatura

OBJETIVO: identificar el estado de desarrollo de la investigación sobre los costos de la enfermedad laboral que ha sido publicada en la literatura durante la última década en el mundo. METODOLOGIA: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura, altamente sensible, con el objetivo de identificar publicaciones que se adaptaran a los criterios de inclusión predefinidos por los autores. Se consultaron bases de datos como Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase y Springer. El periodo de tiempo consultado fue 2000-2013. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 54 artículos, de los cuales el mayor porcentaje están escritos en inglés, la mayoría fue producto de investigaciones realizadas en Estados Unidos. La metodología utilizada principalmente por los autores de los artículos fue del tipo de estudios de carga y costos de la enfermedad. Los costos incluidos en estas publicaciones fueron directos e indirectos en su mayoría y la perspectiva predominante fue la de tipo social. CONCLUSIONES: Las economías más avanzadas del mundo son las que en su mayoría realizan este tipo de investigaciones, balance que resalta la importancia de realizar estos estudios para economías de países en desarrollo. Con respecto al lenguaje de publicación solamente se encontraron publicaciones en español realizadas en España, de ahí que sea necesario adelantar más estudios de este tipo en Latinoamérica.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the status of the research on the cost of occupational disease that have been published in the literature around the world during the last ten years. METHODS: a systematic review of the literature was carried out in order to identify publications matching the inclusion criteria predefined by the authors. Databases such as Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase and Springer were used. The period analyzed was 2000-2013. RESULTS: Fifty four papers were included in the review. Most of them were in English and resulted from research conducted in the United States. The authors of the papers conducted mostly disease cost and disease burden studies. These publications included direct and indirect costs in most cases, and the dominant perspective was social in nature. CONCLUSIONS: the most advanced economies in the world belong to the same countries that conduct most research on this subject. This shows the importance of these studies for countries with developing economies. As for the language of the publications, few are written in Spanish, and the papers in that language are all from Spain; this shows the need for more research of this kind in Latin America.

Objetivo: Identificar o estado de desenvolvimento da pesquisa sobre os custos da doença profissional que tem sido publicada na literatura durante a última década no mundo. Métodos: Realizou-se um busca sistemática de literatura, altamente sensível, com o objetivo de identificar publicações que se adaptassem aos critérios de inclusão pré-definidos pelos autores.Consultaram-se bases de dados como Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase e Springer. O período de tempo consultado foi 2000-2013. Resultados: Incluíram-se 54 artigos, dos quais a maior porcentagem está escrita em inglês, a maioria foi produto de pesquisas realizadas nos Estados Unidos.A metodologia utilizada principalmente pelos autores dos artigos foi do tipo de estudos de peso e custos da doença.Os custos incluídos nestas publicações foram diretos e indiretos na sua maioria e a perspectiva predominante foi a do tipo social. Conclusões: As economias mais avançadas do mundo são aquelas que na sua maioria realizam este tipo de pesquisas, o que salienta a importância de realizar estes estudos nas economias de países em desenvolvimento.Com relação à linguagem de publicação, só se encontraram publicações em espanhol realizadas na Espanha, o que salienta a necessidade de gerar mais estudos deste tipo na América Latina.

Atenção à saúde na síndrome demencial: qual será o impacto econômico dessa atenção no Brasil? / Health care in dementia: what will be the economic impact of this care in Brazil?

O estudo pretende chamar a atenção dos tomadores de decisão para a premente necessidade da avaliação do impacto econômico da síndrome demencial no Brasil. O País já se enquadra, em termos demográficos e epidemiológicos, em patamar semelhante ao dos países desenvolvidos, mas ainda não implementou de forma efetiva políticas públicas ou reconheceu as reais necessidades sociais em saúde para a configuração dessa atual condição. Para tanto, uma revisão não sistemática sobre o impacto financeiro da síndrome em várias regiões do mundo foi elaborada. Diante das evidências, concluiu-se que é de suma importância a realização de estudos empíricos no contexto brasileiro que contemplem essa temática.

The study intends to draw the attention of decision makers for the urgent need to assessment the economic impact of dementia in Brazil. Nowadays, this country stands at the same baseline, in demographic and epidemiological terms, as developed countries. However, it has not yet implemented policies or even recognized real health needs to this current condition. Therefore, a non-systematic review of the financial impact of the syndrome in various regions of the world was developed. Given the evidence, it was concluded that it is extremely important to carry out empirical studies in the Brazilian context that address this theme.

Costo de un sistema de atención de adultos mayores dependientes en Chile, 2012 - 2020 / Cost of a health care system for dependent older adults in Chile, 2012 - 2020

OBJETIVO: Obtener una estimación de los costos relativo y absoluto de un sistema de atención domiciliaria para los adultos mayores dependientes en Chile y reflexionar sobre las consideraciones metodológicas a tener en cuenta en estimaciones para otros modelos en otros países. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron tasas de prevalencia por sexo y edad con base en los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Dependencia (ENDPM 2009) y se proyectaron tres escenarios para 2012 - 2020. Se estimó la población beneficiaria y la demanda de 12 programas de servicios de atención domiciliaria. Las características de los programas, en horas y tipo de atención se obtuvieron del juicio de expertos, ajustados por la revisión bibliográfica. Se utilizaron salarios/hora del sistema público y privado. RESULTADOS: Entre los mayores de 65 años, 20,3% sería beneficiario del sistema; 21,7% sobre el total de mujeres y 18,4% sobre el total de hombres. Su número asciende a 336 874 personas para 2012. El costo anual del sistema alcanza los 1 214 millones de dólares para 2012. Esto equivale a 0,45% del PIB (producto interior bruto), que se podría incrementar entre 32,1% y 33,1% hasta 2020. CONCLUSIONES: El costo de un sistema inicial para adultos mayores dependientes en Chile es relativamente bajo en comparación con los modelos de los países industrializados. En términos metodológicos, se destaca la importancia de la discusión previa sobre el tipo de modelo que se desee implementar y las posibilidades financieras de llevarlo a cabo. Además, se valida la opción de utilizar juicios de expertos para la evaluación, aunque se aconseja ampliarla.

OBJECTIVE: . To estimate the relative and absolute costs of a home-based health care system for dependent older adults in Chile and to consider the methodological factors to take into account in estimates for other models in other countries. METHODS: Sex- and age-specific prevalence rates were used, based on microdata from the National Dependency Survey (ENDPM 2009), and three scenarios were projected for 2012 - 2020. The beneficiary population and the demand were estimated for 12 home-based health care programs. The characteristics of the programs (number of hours and type of care) were based on expert opinions, adjusted through a literature review. Public and private system wages/hours were used. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% of people over 65 years of age would be beneficiaries of the system; 21.7% of all women and 18.4% of all men, for a total of 336 874 people in 2012. The annual cost of the system is 1.214 billion dollars for 2012, equivalent to 0.45% of GDP (gross domestic product). This figure could increase by between 32.1% and 33.1% by 2020. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of an initial system for dependent older adults in Chile is relatively low in comparison to the models seen in industrialized countries. In terms of methodology, it is particularly important for there to be prior discussion of the desired model to be implemented and the financial capacity to achieve this. Furthermore, the option of using expert opinions as the basis for the evaluation is validated, although it is recommended that this be expanded.

Impacto de Dos Métodos Alternativos de Asignación de Costos Indirectos Estructurales de Hospitales Públicos Chilenos en el Costo Final de Producción de Servicios Sanitarios.

OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study is to measure the impact of two alternative methods of overhead cost allocation of chilean public hospitals into the final production cost of 256 health care services which are recurrent in health problems whose burden of disease is high in Chile. METHODS: A purposively sample of six important hospitals of metropolitan region in Chile was considered. A survey was applied to them in order to collect analytic cost data of resource use (labor, medical supplies and use of capital) in the production of health care services. The data of overhead cost (electricity, central heating, laundry, administrative support, transport, maintenance, etc.) were obtained from the Information System of each hospital. The final cost of each health care service was calculated from the perspective of health public system, in two ways: (1) using a proxy rate of common use, and (2) using overhead cost rates as a result of a step-down methodology. The final costs calculated with each method were compared and analized. RESULTS: Considering that the gold standard method for allocation of overhead cost is the step-down methodology, the results using proxy rate revealed that 185 services (72,3%) are under costing, and 71 health care services (27,7%) are over costing. CONCLUSION: The use of proxy rates to allocate overhead costs into the final cost lead to important under costing and over costing of health services. This finding is important at least by two reasons: (1) for the management of hospitals, (2) in economic evaluations, the variations in cost can modify the ratio of cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit, influencing the health public decision.