Description of Trypoxylonsicklum sp. nov. from Vietnam and a key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollare group (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae).

Background: Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) consists of 633 known species worldwide and the genus is divided into numerous species groups. In Vietnam, 19 species of Trypoxylon have been recorded to date. In this study, a new species, Trypoxylonsicklum Pham and Antropov sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. The new species is the second member of the Trypoxylonfulvocollare species group. A key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollaris group is presented. New information: Trypoxylonsicklum Pham and Antropov sp. nov., is described as a new species and is the second member of the Trypoxylonfulvocollare species group. A key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollaris group is presented.

The Viromes of Six Ecosystem Service Provider Parasitoid Wasps.

Parasitoid wasps are fundamental insects for the biological control of agricultural pests. Despite the importance of wasps as natural enemies for more sustainable and healthy agriculture, the factors that could impact their species richness, abundance, and fitness, such as viral diseases, remain almost unexplored. Parasitoid wasps have been studied with regard to the endogenization of viral elements and the transmission of endogenous viral proteins that facilitate parasitism. However, circulating viruses are poorly characterized. Here, RNA viromes of six parasitoid wasp species are studied using public libraries of next-generation sequencing through an integrative bioinformatics pipeline. Our analyses led to the identification of 18 viruses classified into 10 families (Iflaviridae, Endornaviridae, Mitoviridae, Partitiviridae, Virgaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Chuviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Xinmoviridae, and Narnaviridae) and into the Bunyavirales order. Of these, 16 elements were described for the first time. We also found a known virus previously identified on a wasp prey which suggests viral transmission between the insects. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of virus surveillance in wasps as its service disruption can affect ecology, agriculture and pest management, impacting the economy and threatening human food security.

Behavioral Strategies and the Spatial Pattern Formation of Nesting.

AbstractNesting in dense aggregations is common in central place foragers, such as group-living birds and insects. Both environmental heterogeneity and behavioral interactions are known to induce clustering of nests, but their relative importance remains unclear. We developed an individual-based model that simulated the spatial organization of nest building in a gregarious digger wasp, Bembix rostrata. This process-based model integrates environmental suitability, as derived from a microhabitat model, and relevant behavioral mechanisms related to local site fidelity and conspecific attraction. The drivers behind the nesting were determined by means of inverse modeling in which the emerging spatial and network patterns from simulations were compared with those observed in the field. Models with individual differences in behavior that include the simultaneous effect of a weak environmental cue and strong behavioral mechanisms yielded the best fit to the field data. The nest pattern formation of a central place foraging insect cannot be considered as the sum of environmental and behavioral mechanisms. We demonstrate the use of inverse modeling to understand complex processes that underlie nest aggregation in nature.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Cerceris quinquefasciata (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cerceris quinquefasciata (Rossi, 1792) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 16,188 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and two A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T-. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported Crabronidae is the sister group of anthophila bees.

Nesting Biology of the Solitary Wasp Pisoxylon amenkei (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Trypoxylini) in a Neotropical Hotspot of Southern Brazil.

Pisoxylon amenkei is a specie of solitary wasp that builds its nests in pre-existing cavities; it has only been recorded nesting in the Araucaria forest, one of the Atlantic forest phytophysiognomies and a biodiversity hotspot. So far, the only information on the biology of the genus Pisoxylon is based on one species. In addition, the genus has many similarities to Trypoxylon, showing an increased need for studies on the biology of these species of wasps. In the present study, we introduce unpublished information about Pisoxylon amenkei nesting biology and described many aspects of its natural history. Research was carried out between August 2017 and August 2019, in a rural area of Guarapuava municipality, Paraná, Brazil. Pisoxylon amenkei nested only in fragmented parts of Araucaria forest, during summer and autumn. It is a multivoltine species, and thus remains in diapause, in the pre-pupa phase during winter and spring. Their nests had an interior design similar to that of Pisoxylon xanthosoma and some Trypoxylon species, such as Trypoxylon lactitarse and Trypoxylon agamenon. Moreover, the sex ratio of P. amenkei was 1: 1, which can be linked to an equal cost in the production of females and males. Like other species of Pisoxylon, P. amenkei nests primarily in forest areas. In southern Brazil, it nests in fragments of Araucaria forest, which are threatened. Therefore, more efforts are needed to preserve these remaining fragments; a failure to do so could have devastating results, considering the number of threatened species that these forests house. We conclude that further studies should focus on the phylogeny of the group and use molecular analyses to clarify the hypothesis of Antropov (1998), that Pisoxylon should be classified as a subgenus of Trypoxylon.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Cerceris bucculata (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cerceris bucculata (A. Costa, 1860) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 16178 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and an A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T--. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported Crabronidae shown as sister group of anthophila bees.

The genus Lyroda Say, 1837 in Africa and Arabian Peninsula with description of two new species (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae).

The genus Lyroda Say, 1837 is reviewed in Africa and Arabia. Lyroda centralafricana Schmid-Egger Al-Jahdhami, sp. nov. is described from Central African Republic and Zambia from both sexes; the holotype is a male. Lyroda salalah Schmid-Egger Al-Jahdhami, sp. nov. is described from Oman in both sexes; the holotype is a female. The unknown male of L. aethiopica is described for the first time. A key to Lyroda species from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula is given.

A new species of Oryttus Spinola, 1836 from the United Arab Emirates and Tunisia, with identification key to Palaearctic species (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae).

The Palaearctic species of the genus Oryttus Spinola, 1836, are reviewed and a key to these species is given. Oryttus konradschmidti sp. nov. is described from the United Arab Emirates and Tunisia.

A review of Solierella Spinola, 1851 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) from Iran with description of four new species.

Species of Solierella Spinola, 1851 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in Iran are revised and a key to species is given. The following species from southern Iran are described, based on females only: Solierella farsica Schmid-Egger sp. nov., Solierella kermania Schmid-Egger sp. nov., Solierella khafriensis Schmid-Egger sp. nov. and Solierella persica Schmid-Egger sp. nov. In addition, four species, S. insidiosa de Beaumont, 1964, S. pisonoides (Saunders 1873), S. syriaca de Beaumont, 1964 and S. verhoeffi de Beaumont, 1964 are recorded for the first time for fauna of Iran. Solierella compedita (Piccioli, 1869) could not be confirmed for the fauna of Iran, recognition characters of S. insidiosa and S. compedita are discussed. The number of Solierella species in Iran raises to ten.

Chemoreceptor Diversity in Apoid Wasps and Its Reduction during the Evolution of the Pollen-Collecting Lifestyle of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).

Chemoreceptors help insects to interact with their environment, to detect and assess food sources and oviposition sites, and to aid in intra- and interspecific communication. In Hymenoptera, species of eusocial lineages possess large chemoreceptor gene repertoires compared with solitary species, possibly because of their additional need to recognize nest-mates and caste. However, a critical piece of information missing so far has been the size of chemoreceptor gene repertoires of solitary apoid wasps. Apoid wasps are a paraphyletic group of almost exclusively solitary Hymenoptera phylogenetically positioned between ant and bee, both of which include eusocial species. We report the chemosensory-related gene repertoire sizes of three apoid wasps: Ampulex compressa, Cerceris arenaria, and Psenulus fuscipennis. We annotated genes encoding odorant (ORs), gustatory, and ionotropic receptors and chemosensory soluble proteins and odorant-binding proteins in transcriptomes of chemosensory tissues of the above three species and in early draft genomes of two species, A. compressa and C. arenaria. Our analyses revealed that apoid wasps possess larger OR repertoires than any bee lineage, that the last common ancestor of Apoidea possessed a considerably larger OR repertoire (∼160) than previously estimated (73), and that the expansion of OR genes in eusocial bees was less extensive than previously assumed. Intriguingly, the evolution of pollen-collecting behavior in the stem lineage of bees was associated with a notable loss of OR gene diversity. Thus, our results support the view that herbivorous Hymenoptera tend to possess smaller OR repertoires than carnivorous, parasitoid, or kleptoparasitic species.

First report of the genus Kohliella Brauns, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae) from India with the species K. anula Pulawski, 1991 from Kerala.

The digger wasp genus Kohliella Brauns, 1910, a member of the tribe Larrini, subfamily Crabroninae of the family Crabronidae, is a rarely occurring genus comprising only three known species worldwide (Pulawski 1991; 2020). The genus has been recorded from the Ethiopian (South Africa and Zimbabwe; two species) and Oriental (Sri Lanka; one species) regions. Brauns (1910) erected the genus based on the type species Kohliella alaris from South Africa. The genus is characterized by a V-shaped swelling on the frons, an oblong tubercle on the mandible and a petiolate third submarginal cell of the forewing (Bohart Menke 1976; Pulawski 1991). The nesting habits are known only for Kohliella alaris. Gess and Gess (1980) studied the life history of this species. It preys on nymphal tree cricket Oecanthus filiger Walker, and nests in the ground in flat, sandy areas with sparse vegetation; nests are constructed prior to hunting. In this paper, Kohliella anula Pulawski, 1991, previously known from Sri Lanka only, is recorded for the first time from India.

A study on taxonomy and phylogeny of immature stages of Sphecidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).

A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Sphecidae based on morphology of last instar larvae and eggs is presented, including description of the family and a key to identify genera, tribes and subfamilies. Larval morphology of 12 species of Sphecidae was studied, along with four others used as outgroups (belonging to Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Apidae). Thirty characters were listed from the morphological studies. Four genera were included in the analysis based only on literature. Thus, representatives of all the subfamilies and tribes of the Sphecidae were included in the analysis, except those of Stangeellini. The characters matrix was submitted to a parsimonious analysis using TNT version 1.5 and generated four equally parsimonious trees, with Length = 46, Consistence Index = 0.739, Retention Index = 0.878. The hypothesis of relationship suggested by the larvae and eggs is congruent with those suggested by the adult morphology in previous studies. The taxa Sphecidae, Sceliphrinae, Podiini, Sceliphrini, Prionychini and Ammophilinae, as well the assemblages Sceliphrinae + Chloriontinae and Sphecinae + Ammophilinae were supported by larval apomorphies. No apomorphy supporting the monophyly of Sphecinae and Sphecini was found.

Miscophus Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe.

Species of the genus Miscophus from Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe are reviewed and a new key to these species is presented. Miscophus cappadocicus de Beaumont, 1967 is given a new status of a valid species (described as a subspecies of Miscophus mavromoustakisi Andrade 1953). New synonyms for Miscophus albufeirae Andrade, 1952 are: Miscophus susterai Balthasar, 1953, M. unigena Balthasar, 1953 and M. albufeirae ssp. anatolicus de Beaumont, 1967. New synonyms for Miscophus insolitus Andrade, 1953 are: Miscophus insulicola Balthasar, 1953, Miscophus percitus Mokrousov, 2004. The following species are new in the fauna of Central Europe: Miscophus albufeirae Andrade, 1952 (Hungary), Miscophus cappadocicus de Beaumont, 1967 (Slovakia, Hungary), Miscophus johni Mokrousov, 2004 (Czech Republic), Miscophus minutus Andrade, 1953 (Hungary).

Orthograph: a versatile tool for mapping coding nucleotide sequences to clusters of orthologous genes.

BACKGROUND: Orthology characterizes genes of different organisms that arose from a single ancestral gene via speciation, in contrast to paralogy, which is assigned to genes that arose via gene duplication. An accurate orthology assignment is a crucial step for comparative genomic studies. Orthologous genes in two organisms can be identified by applying a so-called reciprocal search strategy, given that complete information of the organisms' gene repertoire is available. In many investigations, however, only a fraction of the gene content of the organisms under study is examined (e.g., RNA sequencing). Here, identification of orthologous nucleotide or amino acid sequences can be achieved using a graph-based approach that maps nucleotide sequences to genes of known orthology. Existing implementations of this approach, however, suffer from algorithmic issues that may cause problems in downstream analyses. RESULTS: We present a new software pipeline, Orthograph, that addresses and solves the above problems and implements useful features for a wide range of comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Orthograph applies a best reciprocal hit search strategy using profile hidden Markov models and maps nucleotide sequences to the globally best matching cluster of orthologous genes, thus enabling researchers to conveniently and reliably delineate orthologs and paralogs from transcriptomic and genomic sequence data. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on de novo-sequenced and assembled transcript libraries of 24 species of apoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) as well as on published genomic datasets. CONCLUSION: With Orthograph, we implemented a best reciprocal hit approach to reference-based orthology prediction for coding nucleotide sequences such as RNAseq data. Orthograph is flexible, easy to use, open source and freely available at https://mptrsen.github.io/Orthograph . Additionally, we release 24 de novo-sequenced and assembled transcript libraries of apoid wasp species.

Review of Frigitilla Williams in Bartholomay et al., 2015, with description of a new species from Panama (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae).

Frigitilla panamensis Cambra, Brothers & Quintero sp. nov., from Panama, based on females, is described and illustrated. This new species represents the northernmost distribution record for the Neotropical genus Frigitilla Williams in Bartholomay et al., 2015. New synonymy and combination are proposed for Frigitilla simulatrix (F. Smith, 1879), comb. nov. =Mutilla frigidula Cresson, 1902, syn. nov. A lectotype is designated for Mutilla simulatrix F. Smith, 1879. The differentiating characters for the genus are briefly discussed.

Tachysphex austriacus Kohl, 1892 and T. pompiliformis (Panzer, 1804) (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) are a complex of fourteen species in Europe and Turkey.

Tachysphex pompiliformis (Panzer, 1804) and Tachysphex austriacus Kohl, 1892 species subgroups belong to the Tachysphex pompiliformis species group, and both subgroups consist of morphologically similar species. The Tachysphex austriacus Kohl species subgroup comprises four species in Europe and Turkey. For this subgroup, differential diagnoses of Tachysphex austriacus and Tachysphex prismaticus Straka, 2005 are presented, and Tachysphex hungaricus sp. n. from Hungary and Tachysphex smissenae sp. n. from Spain, France and Turkey are described. The Tachysphex pompiliformis species subgroup consists of ten species from Europe and Turkey. For this subgroup, differential diagnoses of Tachysphex ferrugineus Pulawski, 1967 and Tachysphex opacus F. Morawitz, 1893, as well as the differential diagnosis and redescription of Tachysphex pompiliformis, are presented. Tachysphex dimidiatus (Panzer, 1809), Tachysphex jokischianus (Panzer, 1809) and Tachysphex nigripennis (Spinola, 1808) are resurrected from synonymy with Tachysphex pompiliformis and redescribed. Neotypes of Tachysphex dimidiatus (Panzer) and Tachysphex nigripennis (Spinola) are designed. Tachysphex bohemicus sp. n. from the Czech Republic; Tachysphex cretensis sp. n. from Crete, Greece; Tachysphex nobilis sp. n. from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Turkey; and Tachysphex punctipleuris sp. n. from Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia and Turkey are described. Identification keys to all species from Tachysphex pompiliformis and Tachysphex austriacus species subgroups known from Europe and Turkey are presented.

Evaluating buprestid preference and sampling efficiency of the digger wasp, Cerceris fumipennis, using morphometric predictors.

In-ground colonies of the native digger wasp, Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), were sampled over two years in four New York State counties to characterize prey range, primarily their preying on beetles in the metallic wood-boring family, Buprestidae. These records were also used to evaluate beetle sampling efficiency by comparing collected beetles to historic county records and to identify limitations of wasp-mediated sampling in study areas. Overall, 1,530 beetles representing three families and 44 beetle species were collected from C. fumipennis. Five of these species (Agrilus cuprescens (Ménétriés) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), A. pensus Horn, Buprestis nutalli Kirby, Chrysobothris scabripennis Gory and Laporte, Dicerca pugionata (Germar)) were new prey records for C. fumipennis. The wasps exhibited a strong preference for larger beetle genera (e.g., Dicerca, Buprestis), which accounted for 68% of beetles caught. Agrilus and Chrysobothris were the next dominant genera, accounting for 16% and 11%, respectively. A 4-19 mm prey size range is proposed, as all beetles collected were within this range despite the availability of prey outside of this range. Cerceris fumipennis caught 43% of the 42 buprestids species present in museum records from the four census counties as well as an additional 23 buprestid species that were not represented in museum records. Of the 22 buprestid species identified in museum collections that were not caught by C. fumipennis in the census counties, only one was within the proposed size range and active during the C. fumipennis flight season (late June through August). Overall, sampling C. fumipennis colonies over two summers at five sites resulted in 32% of the recorded buprestid species in New York State being caught, indicating that monitoring colonies is an efficient and viable means of quantifying buprestid assemblages.

Partner choice and fidelity stabilize coevolution in a Cretaceous-age defensive symbiosis.

Many insects rely on symbiotic microbes for survival, growth, or reproduction. Over evolutionary timescales, the association with intracellular symbionts is stabilized by partner fidelity through strictly vertical symbiont transmission, resulting in congruent host and symbiont phylogenies. However, little is known about how symbioses with extracellular symbionts, representing the majority of insect-associated microorganisms, evolve and remain stable despite opportunities for horizontal exchange and de novo acquisition of symbionts from the environment. Here we demonstrate that host control over symbiont transmission (partner choice) reinforces partner fidelity between solitary wasps and antibiotic-producing bacteria and thereby stabilizes this Cretaceous-age defensive mutualism. Phylogenetic analyses show that three genera of beewolf wasps (Philanthus, Trachypus, and Philanthinus) cultivate a distinct clade of Streptomyces bacteria for protection against pathogenic fungi. The symbionts were acquired from a soil-dwelling ancestor at least 68 million years ago, and vertical transmission via the brood cell and the cocoon surface resulted in host-symbiont codiversification. However, the external mode of transmission also provides opportunities for horizontal transfer, and beewolf species have indeed exchanged symbiont strains, possibly through predation or nest reuse. Experimental infection with nonnative bacteria reveals that--despite successful colonization of the antennal gland reservoirs--transmission to the cocoon is selectively blocked. Thus, partner choice can play an important role even in predominantly vertically transmitted symbioses by stabilizing the cooperative association over evolutionary timescales.

Nesting behavior of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) agamemnom Richards (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) / Comportameno de nidificação de Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) agamemnom Richards (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

Nesting behaviour is extremely diversified among solitary nesting sphecids. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the nesting behaviour of Trypoxylon agamemnon and discuss the advantages of guarding behaviour of males. It was conducted in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava (PR), Brazil from October/2003 to July/2007. To describe the behaviour of T. agamemnon and construct its ethogram, daily observations were made, totalling 410:19 hours observation. Although the males of T. agamemnon stand guard close to the entrance of the nests, we concluded that this behaviour is not ensuring the protection of nests against parasitoids and that, probably, this behaviour ensures them the paternity, but further studies with microsatellite markers will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

O comportamento de nidificação é bastante diversificado entre os esfecídeos solitários. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento de nidificação de Trypoxylon agamemnon, bem como discutir as vantagens do comportamento de guarda dos machos. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava-PR, Brasil, de outubro de 2003 a julho de 2007. Para descrever o comportamento de T. agamemnon e construir o etograma, foram feitas observações diárias, totalizando 410:19 horas. Embora os machos de T. agamemnon permaneçam constantemente de guarda na entrada do ninho, foi possível concluir que tal comportamento não está promovendo a proteção dos ninhos contra parasitoides e que, provavelmente, sirva para os machos se assegurarem da paternidade; entretanto, estudos com marcadores microssatélites serão necessários para confirmar essa hipótese.

Prey selection in the trap-nesting wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) opacum Brèthes (Hymenprtera; Crabronidae) / Seleção de presas por vespa que nidifica em ninhos-armadilha Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) opacum Brèthes (Hymenprtera; Crabronidae)

The purpose of our research was to document and discuss the temporal patterns of prey use shown by the trap-nesting wasp Trypoxylon opacum in two different habitats in Southern Brazil. It was carried out from December 2001 to December 2004. Twenty nine species belonging to five families of spiders were captured by T. opacum. Araneidae was the most captured family and has been strongly represented by the genus Eustala. Through Bray-Curtis´s coefficient and the unweighted pair group method average (UPGMA), the spiders can be divided into three groups: the smaller group includes the most abundant species (Alpaida sp2, Bertrana rufostriata, Eustala sp1, Eustala sp2, Eustala sp3 and Eustala sp4), the second group includes species with intermediate abundance (Alpaida, Alpaida gracia and Mangora sp2), and the third and largest group includes the less abundant species, (Acacesia villalobosi, Alpaida argenata, Alpaida sp1, Araneus blumenau, Araneus sicki, Crysometa boraceia, Crysometa sp3, Eustala sp8, Eustala sp11, Larinia t-notata, Mangora sp1, Ocrepeira aff gnomo, Sanogasta sp., Sanogasta sp2, Sanogasta sp3, Salticidae sp2, Theridion sp1, Theridion sp2, Wagneriana eupalaestris, Wagneriana iguape). Of 1,053 identified spiders, 362 were captured in the grassland areas and 691 in the swamp, since T. opacum built nests only in these two habitats. The diversity, richness and evenness of spiders in T. opacum nests were higher in grassland than in the swamp.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi documentar e discutir o padrão temporal de uso de presas por Trypoxylon opacum em dois ambientes diferentes no Sul do Brasil. Ela foi realizada de dezembro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Vinte e nove espécies de aranhas pertencentes a cinco famílias foram capturadas por Trypoxylon opacum. Araneidae foi a família mais capturada e foi fortemente representada pelo gênero Eustala. Pelo coeficiente de Bray-Curtis e pela análise de agrupamento, (UPGMA) as aranhas foram divididas em três grupos: o menor deles, incluindo as aranhas mais abundantes na dieta de T. opacum (Alpaida sp2, Bertrana rufostriata, Eustala sp1, Eustala sp2, Eustala sp3 and Eustala sp4); o segundo com as espécies cujas abundâncias foram intermediárias (Alpaida, Alpaida gracia and Mangora sp2); e o terceiro e maior grupo com as espécies pouco abundantes (Acacesia villalobosi, Alpaida argenata, Alpaida sp1, Araneus blumenau, Araneus sicki, Crysometa boraceia, Crysometa sp3, Eustala sp8, Eustala sp11, Larinia t-notata, Mangora sp1, Ocrepeira aff gnomo, Sanogasta sp., Sanogasta sp2, Sanogasta sp3, Salticidae sp2, Theridion sp1, Theridion sp2, Wagneriana eupalaestris, Wagneriana iguape). Das 1.053 aranhas identificadas, 362 foram capturadas em área de campos naturais e 691 em área de várzea, visto que T. opacum fundou ninhos apenas nestes ambientes. A diversidade, a riqueza e a equitabilidade de aranhas nos ninhos de T. opacum foram maiores nas áreas de campos do que naquelas de várzeas.