Factores sociodemográficos en la dinámica del comportamiento delictivo: análisis descriptivo de criminalidad en Colombia, año 2022 / Socio-demographic factors in the dynamics of criminal behaviour: descriptive analysis of criminality in Colombia, year 2022 / Fatores sociodemográficos na dinâmica do comportamento criminal: análise descritiva da criminalidade na Colômbia, ano de 2022

El presente estudio de carácter descriptivo y analítico tiene como objetivo principal presentar el comportamiento criminal en Colombia para el 2022, desde un enfoque cuantitativo empleado para la extracción, análisis e interpretación de los registros administrativos del Sistema de Información Estadístico, Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo (SIEDCO), constituyéndose como un insumo para aquellos interesados en el estudio de la dinámica criminal, así como para quienes se encargan de diseñar estrategias para la contención del delito y la generación de política pública en materia de seguridad. En este sentido y en el marco de las dinámicas sociodemográficas, en una primera parte se aborda de manera general el proceso de homogenización de los registros administrativos llevado a cabo por la Policía Nacional y la Fiscalía General de la Nación. Y en una segunda parte, con especial énfasis en el homicidio intencional, se presenta el análisis de la información que permitió identificar las principales variables que influyen en la comisión del delito, de acuerdo con las cifras contenidas en el SIEDCO, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2022, comparado con la misma temporalidad del 2021, en el que se detallan los delitos que afectan la integridad personal y el patrimonio económico de quienes habitan el territorio colombiano; se hallaron incrementos considerables en estos y se resaltan los factores de oportunidad para su comisión, situación contraria a la que se evidenció sobre las afectaciones a la vida y la integridad, conjunto de conductas que, según lo registrado, decrecieron en el periodo analizado. Finalmente, se ofrece un aporte a la contención desde la actividad de policía y una serie de conclusiones que permitan ampliar la visión sobre los diversos fenómenos y enriquecer la generación de conocimiento en el campo de la criminología.

The main objective of this descriptive and analytical study is to present criminal behaviour in Colombia for 2022, from a quantitative approach used for the extraction, analysis and interpretation of the administrative records of the Statistical, Criminal, Contraventional and Operational Information System (SIEDCO), constituting an input for those interested in the study of criminal dynamics, as well as for those responsible for designing strategies for the containment of crime and the generation of public policy on security. In this sense, and within the framework of socio-demographic dynamics, the first part of the paper deals in a general way with the process of homogenisation of administrative records carried out by the National Police and the Attorney General's Office. The second part, with special emphasis on intentional homicide, presents the analysis of the information that made it possible to identify the main variables that influence the commission of the crime, according to the figures contained in SIEDCO, in the period between 1 January and 31 December 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, in which the crimes that affect the personal integrity and economic patrimony of those who live in Colombian territory are detailed; considerable increases were found in these and the factors of opportunity for their commission are highlighted, contrary to the situation that was evidenced in the affectations to life and integrity, a group of conducts that, according to what was recorded, decreased in the period analysed. Finally, we offer a contribution to containment from the police activity and a series of conclusions that allow us to broaden the vision of the diverse phenomena and enrich the generation of knowledge in the field of criminology.

O principal objetivo deste estudo descritivo e analítico é apresentar o comportamento criminal na Colômbia para 2022, a partir de uma abordagem quantitativa utilizada para a extração, análise e interpretação dos registros administrativos do Sistema de Informação Estatística, Criminal, Contravencional e Operacional (SIEDCO), constituindo um insumo para os interessados no estudo da dinâmica criminal, bem como para os responsáveis pela elaboração de estratégias para a contenção do crime e a geração de políticas públicas de segurança. Nesse sentido, e dentro da estrutura da dinâmica sociodemográfica, a primeira parte do artigo trata de forma geral do processo de homogeneização dos registros administrativos realizado pela Polícia Nacional e pela Procuradoria Geral da República. A segunda parte, com ênfase especial no homicídio doloso, apresenta a análise das informações que permitiram identificar as principais variáveis que influenciam o cometimento do crime, de acordo com os números contidos no SIEDCO, no período entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2022, em comparação com o mesmo período de 2021, no qual são detalhados os crimes que afetam a integridade pessoal e o patrimônio econômico daqueles que vivem em território colombiano; Neles foram encontrados aumentos consideráveis e são destacados os fatores de oportunidade para seu cometimento, ao contrário da situação que se evidenciou nas afetações à vida e à integridade, grupo de condutas que, segundo o que foi registrado, diminuiu no período analisado. Finalmente, oferecemos uma contribuição para a contenção da atividade policial e uma série de conclusões que nos permitem ampliar a visão dos diversos fenômenos e enriquecer a geração de conhecimento no campo da criminologia.

Overlapped Bayesian spatio-temporal models to detect crime spots and their possible risk factors based on the Opole Province, Poland, in the years 2015-2019.

Geostatistical methods currently used in modern epidemiology were adopted in crime science using the example of the Opole province, Poland, in the years 2015-2019. In our research, we applied the Bayesian spatio-temporal random effects models to detect 'cold-spots' and 'hot-spots' of the recorded crime numbers (all categories), and to ascertain possible risk factors based on the available statistical population (demographic), socio-economic and infrastructure area characteristics. Overlapping two popular geostatistical models in the analysis, 'cold-spot' and 'hot-spot' administrative units were detected which displayed extreme differences in crime and growth rates over time. Additionally, using Bayesian modeling four categories of possible risk factors were identified in Opole. The established risk factors were the presence of doctors/medical personnel, road infrastructure, numbers of vehicles, and local migration. The analysis is directed toward both academic and police personnel as a proposal for an additional geostatistical control instrument supporting the management and deployment of local police based on easily available police crime records and public statistics. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40163-023-00189-0.

[Suicide in the police crime statistics]. / Der Suizid in der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although suicide is not a criminal offence and the person who commits suicide is neither a victim nor a perpetrator in the classic police sense, suicides are the subject of police investigations and sometimes even recorded in the police crime statistics. In the state of Bavaria, available data go back to 1986. The present analysis provides information about the development of suicides registered by the police, the social characteristics of the individuals who commit suicide, and the methods and circumstances for suicide. In particular, the extent to which the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on suicide risk is examined. METHODS: Descriptive statistical analysis of completed and attempted suicides based on the Bavarian police crime statistics from 1986-2020. RESULTS: The number of suicide deaths has continuously declined over the decades. This positive trend is also visible in the reporting year 2020, which is profoundly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the persons who commit suicide are male and older than the age of 60. Hanging is the most commonly used method to commit suicide and the circumstances for doing so are often a mental or physical illness. DISCUSSION: Prevention of danger is an important duty of police. Data generated by the police, experience-based knowledge, and police intervention and influence can help prevent suicides. The statistical recording of suicides in the police crime statistics is a valuable addition to the causes of death statistics and provides a basis for optimizing prevention and emergency care.

Aportes de la complejidad para la comprensión de las dinámicas de la violencia en las ciudades. Caso de estudio: las ciudades de Bello y Palmira, Colombia (años 2010-2016) / Contribuições da complexidade para a compreensão das dinámicas da violência nas cidades. Caso de estudo: as cidades de Bello e Palmira, Colômbia (anos 2010-2016) / Contributions of complexity for the understanding of the dynamics of violence in cities. Case study: the cities of Bello and Palmira, Colombia (Years 2010-2016)

Resumen Son variados los estudios que intentan explicar la violencia en las ciudades latinoamericanas, la mayoría abordados desde un único campo disciplinar como la sociología o la criminología. El presente artículo intenta, desde la perspectiva de la complejidad, aportar herramientas que permitan comprender las dinámicas de la violencia en los contextos urbanos. El carácter del estudio es cuantitativo; este es un caso de estudio que compara los homicidios de dos ciudades intermedias colombianas. Para ello se procesó la base de datos que recopila la Policía Nacional de Colombia por medio de su sistema estadístico, se espacializaron los datos de la ventana temporal 2010- 2016, se crearon mapas hotspots donde se evidenció la distribución de los homicidios en ciertos sectores de las ciudades estudiadas y, fi nalmente, se realizaron métricas topológicas que permitieron visualizar patrones de estos eventos violentos. Entre los hallazgos importantes que se obtuvieron con esta Metodología están (1) que los patrones de distribución y difusión son muy diferentes en espacio y tiempo porque la evolución topológica de los subgrafos que componen las redes complejas de los sistemas estudiados sigue comportamientos diferentes pese a tener una serie de variables sociales, económicas y ambientales similares; (2) que los homicidios tienden a concentrarse y coincidir con las centralidades de las ciudades estudiadas; y (3) que las herramientas de la complejidad, así como los estudios interdisciplinares, son innovadores y útiles para comprender las dinámicas de la violencia urbana.

Resumo São variados os estudos que tentam explicar a violencia nas cidades latino-americanas, a maioria abordados de um único campo disciplinar como a sociologia ou a criminologia. O presente artigo tenta, da perspectiva da complexidade, fornecer ferramentas que permitam compreender as dinâmicas da violência nos contextos urbanos. O carácter do estudo é quantitativo; este é um caso de estudo que compara os homicídios de dois cidades intermédias colombianas. Para isso foi processada a base de dados que coleta a Policia Nacional da Colômbia por meio do seu sistema estadístico, se especializaram os dados da janela temporária 2010-2016, foram criados mapas hotspots onde foi evidenciada a distribuição dos homicídios em certos setores das cidades estudadas e, finalmente, realizaram-se métricas topológicas que permitiram visualizar padres destes eventos violentos. Entre os achados importantes que foram obtidos com esta metodologia estão (1) que os padrões de distribuição e difusão são muito diferentes em espaço e tempo porque a evolução topológica dos subgrafos que compõem as redes complexas dos sistemas estudados segue comportamentos diferentes apesar a ter uma série de variáveis sociais, econômicas e ambientais similares; (2) que os homicídios tendem a se concentrar e coincidir com as centralidades das cidades estudadas; e (3) que as ferramentas da complexidade, assim como os estudos interdisciplinares, são inovadores e úteis para compreender as dinâmicas da violência urbana.

Abstract There are varied studies that attempt to explain violence in Latin American cities, most approached from a single disciplinary field such as sociology and criminology. This article tries, from the perspective of complexity, to provide tools that allow us to understand the dynamics of violence in urban contexts. The nature of the study is quantitative; this is a case study that compares the homicides of two intermediate Colombian cities. For this, the database that compiles the National Police of Colombia through its statistical system was processed, the data of the 2010-2016 time window was spatialized, hotspots maps, where we could evidence the distribution of homicides in certain sectors of the cities studied were created and, finally, topological metrics that allowed us to visualize patterns of these violent events were performed. Among the important findings that were obtained through this methodology are (1) that the distribution and diffusion patterns are very different in space and time because the topological evolution of the subgraphs that compose the complex networks of the systems studied follows different behaviors despite having a series of similar social, economic and environmental variables; (2) that homicides tend to concentrate and coincide with the centralities of the cities studied; and (3) that the tools of complexity, as well as interdisciplinary studies, are innovative and useful for understanding the dynamics of urban violence.

Registros de la criminalidad en Colombia y actividad operativa de la Policía Nacional durante el año 2015 / Criminality records in Colombia and National Police operative activity during year 2015 / Registros da criminalidade na Colômbia e a atividade operacional da Polícia Nacional durante o ano 2015

La criminalidad que ocurre en Colombia suele conocerse en todo el territorio nacional, en primera instancia, por la Policía Nacional; por tanto, los registros administrativos para conocer la criminalidad del país se organizan en el Sistema de Información Estadístico Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo (SIEDCO), y desde allí se realizan los análisis criminológicos y reportes estadísticos que sirven de insumo para interpretar los cambios del crimen en los ámbitos temporal y territorial. Este artículo presenta la descripción de los delitos por títulos penales y agrupaciones criminológicas en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre del año 2015, comparando los datos con el año anterior. Asimismo, describe los resultados operativos de la Policía Nacional en la lucha contra la criminalidad y las contravenciones aplicadas a los ciudadanos de acuerdo con el Código de Policía vigente para el país. Adicionalmente, se presenta un análisis del delito de homicidio, por considerarse como una de las más importantes manifestaciones de la violencia en una sociedad. Entre las principales conclusiones se identifican: el cambio en las dinámicas del delito, las variaciones hacia los delitos que afectan la seguridad ciudadana y la disminución de la violencia homicida.

Crimes occurring in Colombia are usually known in the first place by the National Police throughout the country's territory. Therefore, administrative records serving to get information concerning criminality in the country are organized into the Statistical Criminal Contraventional and Operating Information System (SIEDCO) and, from there, criminological analyses and statistical reports used as an input to construe crime changes in the temporal and territorial environment are prepared. This article exposes the description of offenses by titles and criminological groupings within the period between 1st of January and 31st December 2015, and data are compared with those of the previous year. Likewise, National Police operational outcomes in their fight against criminality are described as well as the contraventions applied to citizens in accordance with the Police Code in force for the country. In addition, it includes an analysis of the crime of homicide since it is seen as one of the most serious manifestations of violence in any given society. Among the most important conclusions, the following findings have been identified: the change taking place in crime dynamics, variances towards offenses affecting citizen safety and security, and a decline in homicidal violence.

A criminalidade que acontece na Colômbia é conhecida geralmente em todo o território nacional, em primeira instância, pela Polícias Nacional; portanto, os registros administrativos para conhecer a criminalidade do país são organizados no Sistema de Informação Estatístico Delinquencial, Contravencional e Operacional (SIEDCO), e a partir daí, as análises criminológicas e os relatórios estatísticos que servem como insumo para interpretar as mudanças do crime nos espaços temporais e territoriais são realizadas. Este artigo apresenta a descrição dos crimes por títulos penais e agrupamentos criminológicos no período entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2015, e os dados são comparados com o ano precedente. Também, os resultados operacionais da Polícia Nacional na luta contra a criminalidade e as contravenções aplicadas aos cidadãos são descritos de acordo com o Código da Polícia válido para o país. Adicionalmente, uma análise do crime do homicídio é apresentado, por se considerar como uma das manifestações as mais importantes da violência em uma sociedade. Entre as conclusões principais são identificados: a mudança nas dinâmicas do crime, as variações para os crimes que afetam a segurança do cidadão e a redução da violência homicida.

Assessing geographical differences in illicit drug consumption--A comparison of results from epidemiological and wastewater data in Germany and Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Wastewater analysis is an innovative approach that allows monitoring illicit drug use at the community level. This study focused on investigating geographical differences in drug consumption by comparing epidemiological, crime and wastewater data. METHODS: Wastewater samples were collected in 19 cities across Germany and Switzerland during one week, covering a population of approximately 8.1 million people. Self-report data and consumption offences for the investigated areas were used for comparison and to investigate differences between the indicators. RESULTS: Good agreement between data sources was observed for cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants, whereas substantial discrepancies were observed for cocaine. In Germany, an important distinction could be made between Berlin, Dortmund and Munich, where cocaine and particularly amphetamine were more prevalent, and Dresden, where methamphetamine consumption was clearly predominant. Cocaine consumption was relatively homogenous in the larger urban areas of Switzerland, although prevalence and offences data suggested a more heterogeneous picture. Conversely, marked regional differences in amphetamine and methamphetamine consumption could be highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: Combining the available data allowed for a better understanding of the geographical differences regarding prevalence, typology and amounts of substances consumed. For cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants, the complementarity of survey, police and wastewater data could be highlighted, although notable differences could be identified when considering more stigmatised drugs (i.e. cocaine and heroin). Understanding illicit drug consumption at the national scale remains a difficult task, yet this research illustrates the added value of combining complementary data sources to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate picture of the situation.

A Comparative Analysis of the Official Crime Statistics of People with Mental Illness and Public Perception / 대한정신분열병학회지

OBJECTIVES: There exists only a limited number of studies on the people's perception of criminality of people with mental illness. People's fear of the dangerousness of people with mental illness may have been exaggerated, and yet there are few studies exploring whether people's view of the crime rates of mentally ill people are correct or not. METHODS: A total of 363 college students participated in the present study. The present study first compared the official statistics of the crime rates of the mentally ill with the public perception. In addition, the rates of mentally ill offenders with previous convictions across crime types are compared with people's perception. RESULTS: Compared to the official crime statistics, people's estimates of crime rates of mentally ill offenders were grossly exaggerated across crime types, including fraud, assault, rape, robbery, theft, homicide, and arson. Furthermore, the rates of mentally ill offenders with previous convictions across all crime types on the official crime statistics were actually higher than people's estimates. CONCLUSION: The present findings reveal that people's view of the crime rates of mentally ill people is considerably distorted. There is an urgent need to clarify these prejudices in order to help people with mentally illness adjust to society and to prevent them from committing crime.

Población presa en Europa: especial referencia a la realidad penitenciaria española / População presa na Europa: especial referência à realidade penitenciária espanhola / Prison population in Europe: a special reference to the Spanish prison system reality

El artículo centra la atención en las conclusiones más destacadas del último informe del Observatorio de la Delincuencia titulado “Realidad y política penitenciarias” (2012). Este informe analiza la situación del sistema penitenciario español a partir de datos oficiales que abarcan, por primera vez, el conjunto de España, incluida la administración regional catalana, que posee competencias delegadas enmateria penitenciaria. El objetivo general es mostrar y comparar la realidad penitenciaria española. Además, explicar sus altas tasas penitenciarias comparadas con otros países europeos. El análisis descriptivo-cuantitativo usado en el examen de los datos ofi ciales se ha complementado con su estudio cualitativo-interpretativo, a partir de entrevistas semiabiertas con expertos en la materia. Los resultados muestran que las prisiones españolas están sobrepobladas en comparación con las de otros países europeos, hechoque confirma que la causa no es la mayor entrada de presos, sino que en España se cumple íntegramente la pena

The article focuses the attention on the most outstanding conclusions in the last “Observatorio de la Delincuencia”titled “Realidad y Politica penitenciarias” [Literally: Penitentiary reality and policy] (2012). This report analyzes the situation of the Spanish prison system from offi cial data covering, for the fi rst time, the Spanish State as a whole, including the regional Catalonian administration which has delegate competencies in prison-related matters. Showing and comparing the Spanish reality in this area is the general objective of this article, apart for explaining its high incarceration rates as compared with other European countries. The descriptive-quantitative analysis used in the examination of offi cial data has been supplemented with the qualitative-interpretative study thereof from semi-open interviews with experts in this matter. The results show that Spanish prisons are overpopulated as compared with those of other European countries, this being the confi rmation that the cause is not a higher number of incoming prisoners but the fact that sentences are entirely served in Spain

O artigo concentra a atenção sobre as principais conclusões do último relatório do Observatório da delinquência,intitulado “Realidade e política prisional” (2012). Este relatório examina a situação do sistema prisional espanhol, com base em dados ofi ciais que abrangem, pela primeira vez, toda a Espanha, incluindo a administração regional catalã, que possui poderes delegados no campo penitenciário. O objetivo geral é apresentar e comparar a realidade da prisão espanhola. Além disso, explica suas elevadas taxas prisionais em comparação com outros países europeus. A análise descritiva e quantitativa usada na prova dos dados ofi ciais foi completada com seu estudo qualitativo e interpretativo, a partir de entrevistas e semi-abertas com especialistas no assunto. Os resultados mostram que as prisões espanholas estão superlotadas em compara-ção com aquelas de outros países europeus, que confi rma que a causa não é que tem um afl uxo crescente de presos, mas que em Espanha a pena e cumprida totalmente

The harassment of U.S. abortion providers.

In 1985, 47 percent of abortion providers experienced antiabortion harassment. The approximately 1,250 facilities that were affected served 83 percent of all abortion patients. Nonhospital facilities performing 400 or more abortions a year were the most likely targets of antiabortion activity; 88 percent reported at least one type of harassment during the year. Picketing occurred at 80 percent of these facilities. Only six percent experienced picketing alone; the average facility was subjected to five different types of activity. Seventy-three percent of the facilities were the target of at least one illegal activity. A number of problems that made abortions more difficult or costly to provide were significantly related to the occurrence of antiabortion activity: increased expenditures for security and for legal services, loss of fire and casualty insurance, new licensing requirements and problems hiring staff. However, harassment did not appear to have affected the average number of abortions performed at large nonhospital facilities or the fee charged.

PIP: In its most recent periodic surveys of abortion providers in the US, the Alan Guttmacher Institute included a series of questions about the kinds of antiabortion activities that may affect the provision of services. The survey was fielded in the late spring and the summer of 1986. Hospital administrators were asked about the levels of outside pressure to restrict or eliminate abortion services that they had encountered in 1984 and 1985. Nonhospital providers were asked about 12 specific antiabortion activities, as well as about any problems they had had with insurance, licensing requirements, and the general operation of their facilities. They also were asked whether the cost or difficulty of providing abortion services had increased significantly. A total of 722 hospitals and 927 nonhospital facilities answered the questions on harrassment. The respondents represented 62% of the total number of hospitals that provided abortion services in 1985 and 63% of the nonhospital facilities. The level of harrassment in 1985 varied by type and size of provider, but no group was immune from such activity. Among the hospital providers, 29% reported that they did not know if there had been any pressure from outside the hospital to restrict or eliminate their abortion services. Of hospitals with information on the question, 36% had been subjected to such pressure in 1985 and 64% had not. Nonhospital facilities performing 400 or more abortions a year were the most likely targets of antiabortion activity. 88% reported at least 1 type of harrassment during the year. Picketing occurred at 80% of these facilities. On 6% experienced picketing alone. The average facility was subjected to 5 different types of activity. More than half of the facilities experiencing any form of antiabortion harrassment also reported bomb threats (55-86%), loud demonstrations (52-84%), physical contact with or blocking of patients by picketers (59-83%), and distribution of antiabortion literature inside the facility (57-82%). A number of problems that made abortions more difficult or costly to provide were significantly related to the occurrence of antiabortion activity: increased expenditures for security and for legal services; loss of fire and casualty insurance; new licensing requirements; and problems hiring staff. Harrassment did not appear to have affected the average number of abortions performed at large nonhospital facilities or the fee charged.