ABSTRACT
Introducción. La fluidoterapia es una intervención ampliamente usada en la práctica clínica. No obstante, su aplicación no está exenta de riesgos y demanda una evaluación cuidadosa de la tolerancia del paciente y su respuesta al volumen. La práctica empírica de la reanimación con líquidos puede ser potencialmente letal. El propósito de esta revisión fue proporcionar una visión general de los principios fisiológicos y terapéuticos para la administración de líquidos intravenosos en pacientes críticamente enfermos, abordando poblaciones especiales, como los pacientes quirúrgicos, sépticos y politraumatizados. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión narrativa a partir de artículos publicados en PUBMED, ScienceDirect y LILACS, entre 2001 y 2023. Para la búsqueda se emplearon los términos MESH fluid therapy, crystalloid solutions y colloids. Resultados. Se encontraron 371 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron los estudios clínicos aleatorizados, las revisiones narrativas, las revisiones sistemáticas y los metaanálisis que analizaron el rol de los cristaloides y coloides. Se incluyeron manuscritos publicados en fechas por fuera del rango de búsqueda, que se consideraron relevantes para la descripción de la fisiopatología y los fundamentos del uso de líquidos endovenosos. Conclusión. La reanimación reflexiva se fundamenta en un entendimiento holístico de la fisiología y la individualización de la fluidoterapia. El uso liberal de líquidos endovenosos tiene potenciales efectos nocivos y las estrategias de reanimación deben ser guiadas por medidas dinámicas y estáticas individuales, que proporcionan un panorama seguro para el manejo de los líquidos.
Introduction. Fluid therapy is an intervention widely used in clinical practice. However, its application is not without risks and requires a careful evaluation of patient's tolerance and response to volume. The empirical practice of fluid resuscitation can be potentially lethal. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the physiological and therapeutic principles for the administration of intravenous fluids in critically ill patients, addressing special populations, such as surgical, septic, and trauma patients. Methods. A narrative review was carried out based on articles published in PUBMED, ScienceDirect, and LILACS between 2001 and 2023. MESH terms fluid therapy, crystalloid solutions, and colloids were employed. Results. A total of 371 articles were found, of which randomized clinical trials studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that analyzed the role of crystalloids and colloids were selected. Manuscripts published on dates outside the search range, which were considered relevant for the description of the pathophysiology and the rationale for the use of intravenous fluids, were included. Conclusion. Reflective resuscitation is based on a holistic understanding of physiology and individualization of fluid therapy. The liberal use of intravenous fluids has potential harmful effects and resuscitation strategies should be guided by individual dynamic and static measures, which provide a safe framework for fluid management
Subject(s)
Humans , Extracellular Fluid , Fluid Therapy , Colloids , Glycocalyx , Crystalloid SolutionsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The concept introduced by protocols of enhanced recovery after surgery modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period is of great importance to ensure fewer postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay, and decreased surgical costs. AIMS: To emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. METHODS: Careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols, justifying their inclusion in the multimodal care recommended for digestive surgery patients. RESULTS: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is fundamental in digestive surgery, and thus, both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensuring fewer postoperative complications and reducing the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. The handling of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance is vital. Fluid overload can delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fasting for two hours before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance the recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This position paper from the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being.
RESUMO RACIONAL: O conceito introduzido pelos protocolos de recuperação após a cirurgia modifica os cuidados perioperatórios tradicionais em cirurgia digestiva. A integração desses componentes modernos de recomendações, durante o período perioperatório, é de grande importância para garantir menos complicações pós-operatórias, redução do tempo de internação hospitalar e diminuição dos custos cirúrgicos. OBJETIVOS: Enfatizar os pontos mais importantes de um protocolo multimodal de cuidados perioperatórios. MÉTODOS: Análise criteriosa de cada recomendação dos protocolos ERAS e ACERTO, justificando sua inclusão no atendimento multimodal recomendado para pacientes de cirurgia digestiva. RESULTADOS: Os programas de recuperação avançada (PRAs), tais como os protocolos ERAS e ACERTO, são a base dos cuidados perioperatórios modernos. A terapia nutricional é de grande importância na cirurgia digestiva e, portanto, tanto os cuidados nutricionais pré-operatórios, quanto pós-operatórios são fundamentais para garantir menos complicações pós-operatórias e reduzir o tempo de internação hospitalar. O conceito de pré-habilitação é outro elemento-chave nos PRAs. O manuseio de fluidos cristalóides em perfeito equilíbrio é vital. A sobrecarga de fluidos pode atrasar a recuperação dos pacientes e aumentar as complicações pós-operatórias. A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório para duas horas antes da anestesia é agora aceita por diversas diretrizes das sociedades cirúrgicas e de anestesiologia. Combinadas com a realimentação pós-operatória precoce, essas prescrições não são apenas seguras, mas também podem melhorar a recuperação de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos digestivos. CONCLUSÕES: Este posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva enfatiza fortemente que a implementação de PRAs em cirurgia digestive, representa uma mudança de paradigma no cuidado perioperatório, transcendendo as práticas tradicionais e adotando uma abordagem inteligente para o bem-estar do paciente.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Damage control resuscitation should be initiated as soon as possible after a trauma event to avoid metabolic decompensation and high mortality rates. The aim of this article is to assess the position of the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) from Cali, Colombia regarding prehospital care, and to present our experience in the implementation of the "Stop the Bleed" initiative within Latin America. Prehospital care is phase 0 of damage control resuscitation. Prehospital damage control must follow the guidelines proposed by the "Stop the Bleed" initiative. We identified that prehospital personnel have a better perception of hemostatic techniques such as tourniquet use than the hospital providers. The use of tourniquets is recommended as a measure to control bleeding. Fluid management should be initiated using low volume crystalloids, ideally 250 cc boluses, maintaining the principle of permissive hypotension with a systolic blood pressure range between 80- and 90-mm Hg. Hypothermia must be management using warmed blankets or the administration of intravenous fluids warmed prior to infusion. However, these prehospital measures should not delay the transfer time of a patient from the scene to the hospital. To conclude, prehospital damage control measures are the first steps in the control of bleeding and the initiation of hemostatic resuscitation in the traumatically injured patient. Early interventions without increasing the transfer time to a hospital are the keys to increase survival rate of severe trauma patients.
Resumen La resucitación en el control de daños debe iniciarse lo más rápido posible después de presentado el evento traumático para evitar descompensación metabólica y aumento de la mortalidad. El objetivo de este artículo es sustentar nuestro enfoque respecto a la atención prehospitalaria y presentar nuestra experiencia en la implementación de la iniciativa "Stop the Bleed" en Latinoamérica. La atención prehospitalaria es la fase Cero de la resucitación del control de daños. Por medio de la implementación de la iniciativa "Stop the Bleed" se identificó que el personal prehospitalario tiene una mejor percepción sobre el uso de técnicas hemostáticas como el torniquete que el personal hospitalario. Se recomienda el uso de torniquetes como medida de control de sangrado en extremidades. El manejo de líquidos debe realizarse usando cristaloides a bajos volúmenes, con bolos de 250 mL para cumplir el principio de la hipotensión permisiva con un rango entre 80 y 90 mm Hg de presión arterial sistólica. Se deben realizar medidas para evitar la hipotermia como el uso de sábanas térmicas o paso de líquidos calientes. Estas medidas no deben retrasar en ningún momento el tiempo de traslado para recibir la atención hospitalaria. En conclusión, la atención prehospitalaria es el paso inicial para garantizar las primeras medidas de control de sangrado y de resucitación hemostática de los pacientes. Realizar intervenciones tempranas sin acortar el tiempo de traslado a la atención hospitalaria son las claves para aumentar la tasa de supervivencia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Resuscitation/methods , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Emergency Medical Services/methods , Hemorrhage/prevention & control , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Blood Volume , Body Temperature , Algorithms , Injury Severity Score , Hemorrhage/etiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Hemorrhagic shock and its complications are a major cause of death among trauma patients. The management of hemorrhagic shock using a damage control resuscitation strategy has been shown to decrease mortality and improve patient outcomes. One of the components of damage control resuscitation is hemostatic resuscitation, which involves the replacement of lost blood volume with components such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. However, this is a strategy that is not applicable in many parts of Latin America and other low-and-middle-income countries throughout the world, where there is a lack of well-equipped blood banks and an insufficient availability of blood products. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of cold fresh whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation in exsanguinating patients. Over 6 years of experience in Ecuador has shown that resuscitation with cold fresh whole blood has similar outcomes and a similar safety profile compared to resuscitation with hemocomponents. Whole blood confers many advantages over component therapy including, but not limited to the transfusion of blood with a physiologic ratio of components, ease of transport and transfusion, less volume of anticoagulants and additives transfused to the patient, and exposure to fewer donors. Whole blood is a tool with reemerging potential that can be implemented in civilian trauma centers with optimal results and less technical demand.
Resumen El choque hemorrágico y sus complicaciones son la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes con trauma. La resucitación en control de daños ha demostrado una disminución en la mortalidad y mejoría en el manejo del paciente. La resucitación hemostática consiste en la recuperación del volumen con hemoderivados como glóbulos rojos, plasma, crioprecipitado y plaquetas, en proporciones de 1:1:1:1. Sin embargo, esta demanda de hemo componentes podría no aplicarse para toda Latinoamérica u otros países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Las principales barreras para la implementación de esta estrategia serían la escasa disponibilidad de bancos de sangre y de hemoderivados insuficientes para contar con un protocolo de transfusión masiva. Una propuesta para superar estas barreras es el uso de sangre total fresca fría para la resucitación hemostática de los pacientes exsanguinados. Ecuador ha sido pionero en la implementación de esta estrategia con una experiencia ya de seis años, en que han demostrado que la sangre total tiene ventajas sobre la terapia de hemo componentes incluyendo, pero no limitando, la trasfusión de sangre con una razón fisiológica de componentes, fácil transporte y transfusión, menor volumen de anticoagulantes y aditivos trasfundidos al paciente, y menor exposición a donantes. La sangre total es una herramienta con un potencial reemergente que puede ser implementado en centros de trauma civil con óptimos resultados y menor demanda técnica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Resuscitation/methods , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Blood Transfusion , Hemostatic Techniques , Injury Severity ScoreABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modern crystalloid and colloid solutions are balanced solutions which are increasingly used in perioperative period. However, studies investigating their negative effect on whole blood coagulation are missing, and vivid debate is going on about which solution has the minimal coagulopathy effect. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of modern fluid solutions on whole blood coagulation using rotational thromboelastometry. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 30 patients during knee arthroscopy before and after administration of 500mL of crystalloid, Hydroxyethyl Starch and gelatin according to the randomization. Rotational thromboelastometry (Extem, Intem and Fibtem tests) was used to assess negative effect of fluid solutions on whole blood coagulation. RESULTS: In Extem test, the initiation phase of fibrin clot formation represented by CT parameter was not influenced by any fluid solution (p>0.05). The speed of clot formation represented by CFT and α angle was impaired by Hydroxyethyl Starch and gelatin but not by crystalloids (p<0.05). The strength of formatted coagulum represented by MCF parameter was impaired both in Extem and Fibtem test by HES and in Fibtem also by crystalloids (p<0.05). Intem test was not negatively influenced by any crystalloid or colloid solution in any parameter (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Extem test appears to be sensitive to coagulopathy effect of modern colloids and crystalloids. Hydroxyethyl starch has the most obvious negative effect on clot formation followed by gelatin and finally by crystalloids. Intem test seems to be insensitive to adverse effect of modern colloids and crystalloids.
Subject(s)
Crystalloid Solutions/administration & dosage , Gelatin/administration & dosage , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives/administration & dosage , Thrombelastography/methods , Adult , Arthroscopy/methods , Blood Coagulation/drug effects , Blood Coagulation Tests , Colloids/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Knee Joint/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Plasma Substitutes/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Abstract Background and objectives Modern crystalloid and colloid solutions are balanced solutions which are increasingly used in perioperative period. However, studies investigating their negative effect on whole blood coagulation are missing, and vivid debate is going on about which solution has the minimal coagulopathy effect. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of modern fluid solutions on whole blood coagulation using rotational thromboelastometry. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 30 patients during knee arthroscopy before and after administration of 500 mL of crystalloid, Hydroxyethyl Starch and gelatin according to the randomization. Rotational thromboelastometry (Extem, Intem and Fibtem tests) was used to assess negative effect of fluid solutions on whole blood coagulation. Results In Extem test, the initiation phase of fibrin clot formation represented by CT parameter was not influenced by any fluid solution (p > 0.05). The speed of clot formation represented by CFT and α angle was impaired by Hydroxyethyl Starch and gelatin but not by crystalloids (p < 0.05). The strength of formatted coagulum represented by MCF parameter was impaired both in Extem and Fibtem test by HES and in Fibtem also by crystalloids (p < 0.05). Intem test was not negatively influenced by any crystalloid or colloid solution in any parameter (p > 0.05). Conclusion Extem test appears to be sensitive to coagulopathy effect of modern colloids and crystalloids. Hydroxyethyl starch has the most obvious negative effect on clot formation followed by gelatin and finally by crystalloids. Intem test seems to be insensitive to adverse effect of modern colloids and crystalloids.
Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Os cristaloides e coloides modernos são soluções balanceadas e cada vez mais utilizadas no período perioperatório. No entanto, não há estudos que avaliem seu efeito negativo na coagulação do sangue total e o intenso debate sobre a solução que cause um efeito mínimo na coagulopatia permanece. O objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar o efeito das soluções líquidas modernas na coagulação do sangue total com o uso da tromboelastometria rotacional. Métodos De acordo com a randomização, amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 30 pacientes durante a artroscopia de joelho, antes e após a administração de 500 mL de cristaloides, hidroxietilamido e gelatina. A tromboelastometria rotacional (testes Extem, Intem e Fibtem) foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito negativo das soluções líquidas na coagulação do sangue total. Resultados No teste Extem, a fase de iniciação da formação de coágulos de fibrina representada pelo parâmetro CT não foi influenciada por qualquer solução líquida (p > 0,05). A velocidade da formação de coágulos representada pelo CFT e pelo ângulo α foi prejudicada pelo hidroxietilamido e pela gelatina, mas não pelos cristaloides (p < 0,05). A força do coágulo formatado representado pelo parâmetro MCF foi prejudicada tanto no teste Extem quanto no teste Fibtem pelo HES e no teste Fibtem também pelos cristaloides (p < 0,05). O teste Intem não foi influenciado negativamente por nenhuma solução cristaloide ou coloide em nenhum parâmetro (p > 0,05). Conclusão O teste Extem parece ser sensível ao efeito de coagulopatia dos coloides e cristaloides modernos. O hidroxietilamido apresentou o efeito negativo mais óbvio na formação do coágulo, seguido pela gelatina e finalmente pelos cristaloides. O teste Intem parece ser insensível ao efeito adverso dos coloides e cristaloides modernos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Thrombelastography/methods , Crystalloid Solutions/administration & dosage , Gelatin/administration & dosage , Arthroscopy/methods , Blood Coagulation/drug effects , Blood Coagulation Tests , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives/administration & dosage , Plasma Substitutes/administration & dosage , Colloids/administration & dosage , Knee Joint/surgery , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Abstract Background and objectives: Hypothermia occurs in about 60% of patients under anesthesia and is generally not managed properly during short lasting surgical procedures. Hypothermia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The current study is designed to assess the effects of crystalloid warming on maternal and fetal outcomes in patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive crystalloid at room temperature or warmed at 37 °C. Spinal anesthesia was performed at L3-L4 interspace with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine without adding opioids. Core temperature, shivering, and hemodynamic parameters were measured every minute until 10th minute and 5-min intervals until the end of operation. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature at the end of cesarean section. Results: There was no difference for baseline tympanic temperature measurements but the difference was significant at the end of the operation (p = 0.004). Core temperature was 36.8 ± 0.5 °C at baseline and decreased to 36.3 ± 0.5 °C for isothermic warmed crystalloid group and baseline tympanic core temperature was 36.9 ± 0.4 °C and decreased to 35.8 ± 0.7 °C for room temperature group at the end of the operation. Shivering was observed in 43.3% in the control group. Hemodynamic parameter changes and demographic data were not significant between groups. Conclusions: Isothermic warming crystalloid prevents the decrease in core temperature during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in full-term parturients. Fetal Apgar scores at first and fifth minute are higher with isothermic warming.
Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A hipotermia ocorre em cerca de 60% dos pacientes sob anestesia e geralmente não é tratada adequadamente durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de curta duração. A hipotermia está associada a desfechos clínicos adversos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento de cristaloides nas condições maternas e fetais em pacientes submetidas à cesariana eletiva com raquianestesia. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, randômico e controlado, 60 parturientes agendadas para cesárea eletiva com raquianestesia foram distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber cristaloides à temperatura ambiente ou aquecidos a 37 °C. A raquianestesia foi realizada no interespaço L3-L4 com 10 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica sem adição de opioides. Temperatura central, tremores e parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram medidos a cada minuto até o décimo minuto e em intervalos de 5 min até o fim da operação. O desfecho primário foi a temperatura central materna ao final da cesárea. Resultados: Não houve diferença nas mensurações basais da temperatura timpânica, mas a diferença foi significativa no fim da operação (p = 0,004). A temperatura central foi de 36,8 ± 0,5 °C na fase basal e diminuiu para 36,3 ± 0,5 °C no grupo com aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides e a temperatura basal timpânica foi de 36,9 ± 0,4 °C e diminuiu para 35,8 ± 0,7 °C no grupo sem aquecimento das soluções no fim da operação. Tremores foram observados em 43,3% no grupo controle. Alterações nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e dados demográficos não foram significantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: O aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides previne a redução da temperatura central durante a cesariana com raquianestesia em parturientes a termo. Os escores de Apgar para os fetos no primeiro e quinto minutos são maiores com o aquecimento isotérmico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Body Temperature/drug effects , Cesarean Section , Double-Blind Method , Fetus/drug effects , Crystalloid Solutions/therapeutic use , Hypothermia/therapy , Anesthesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Crystalloid Solutions/pharmacology , Hyperthermia, Induced/methods , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypothermia occurs in about 60% of patients under anesthesia and is generally not managed properly during short lasting surgical procedures. Hypothermia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The current study is designed to assess the effects of crystalloid warming on maternal and fetal outcomes in patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive crystalloid at room temperature or warmed at 37°C. Spinal anesthesia was performed at L3-L4 interspace with 10mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine without adding opioids. Core temperature, shivering, and hemodynamic parameters were measured every minute until 10th minute and 5-min intervals until the end of operation. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature at the end of cesarean section. RESULTS: There was no difference for baseline tympanic temperature measurements but the difference was significant at the end of the operation (p=0.004). Core temperature was 36.8±0.5°C at baseline and decreased to 36.3±0.5°C for isothermic warmed crystalloid group and baseline tympanic core temperature was 36.9±0.4°C and decreased to 35.8±0.7°C for room temperature group at the end of the operation. Shivering was observed in 43.3% in the control group. Hemodynamic parameter changes and demographic data were not significant between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Isothermic warming crystalloid prevents the decrease in core temperature during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in full-term parturients. Fetal Apgar scores at first and fifth minute are higher with isothermic warming.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Anesthesia, Spinal , Body Temperature/drug effects , Cesarean Section , Crystalloid Solutions/therapeutic use , Fetus/drug effects , Hyperthermia, Induced , Hypothermia/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Anesthesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Crystalloid Solutions/pharmacology , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Hyperthermia, Induced/methods , Hypothermia/etiology , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Prospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
Sepse, definida pela Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) secundária a um agente infeccioso, é uma afecção comum em cães e gatos e está relacionada a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade nestas espécies. Sua patogenia é complexa e multifatorial, mas a instabilidade hemodinâmica tem sido apontada como fator relevante para o alto índice de óbito nos pacientes, pois gera hipóxia e subsequente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. O tratamento é baseado na terapia guiada por metas e tem como objetivo restaurar o equilíbrio circulatório pela infusão de grandes quantidades de fluido, sendo que a escolha da fluidoterapia adequada é ainda muito controversa. Assim, esta revisão descreve a fisiopatogenia da sepse e compara resultados do uso de coloides e cristaloides apresentados nos periódicos consultados.(AU)
Defined by the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which is secondary to an infectious agent, sepsis is a common affection in dogs and cats, being related to high morbidity and mortality rates in these species. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Hemodynamic instability is being identified as a key factor for the high mortality rate, since it causes hypoxia and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. The treatment consists of goal-oriented therapy and the primary objective is to restore the circulatory balance through the infusion of large amounts of fluid. However, choosing the adequate fluid therapy is still very controversial. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the pathophysiology of sepsis and to compare the results of the use of the colloids and crystalloids presented in the scientific articles analyzed.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Sepsis/physiopathology , Sepsis/therapy , Sepsis/veterinary , Liquid Crystals , Colloids , Shock, Septic/therapy , Shock, Septic/veterinary , Pharmaceutical Solutions/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Sepse, definida pela Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) secundária a um agente infeccioso, é uma afecção comum em cães e gatos e está relacionada a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade nestas espécies. Sua patogenia é complexa e multifatorial, mas a instabilidade hemodinâmica tem sido apontada como fator relevante para o alto índice de óbito nos pacientes, pois gera hipóxia e subsequente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. O tratamento é baseado na terapia guiada por metas e tem como objetivo restaurar o equilíbrio circulatório pela infusão de grandes quantidades de fluido, sendo que a escolha da fluidoterapia adequada é ainda muito controversa. Assim, esta revisão descreve a fisiopatogenia da sepse e compara resultados do uso de coloides e cristaloides apresentados nos periódicos consultados.
Defined by the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which is secondary to an infectious agent, sepsis is a common affection in dogs and cats, being related to high morbidity and mortality rates in these species. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Hemodynamic instability is being identified as a key factor for the high mortality rate, since it causes hypoxia and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. The treatment consists of goal-oriented therapy and the primary objective is to restore the circulatory balance through the infusion of large amounts of fluid. However, choosing the adequate fluid therapy is still very controversial. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the pathophysiology of sepsis and to compare the results of the use of the colloids and crystalloids presented in the scientific articles analyzed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Colloids , Liquid Crystals , Sepsis/physiopathology , Sepsis/therapy , Sepsis/veterinary , Shock, Septic/therapy , Shock, Septic/veterinary , Pharmaceutical Solutions/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar cómo se atendieron las pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica, qué recursos se utilizaron y los costos directos relacionados con el tratamiento de pacientes con placenta previa, con o sin placenta acreta, en quienes se indicó Floseal® como parte de las medidas de control e inhibición de la hemorragia en comparación con quienes solo recibieron los cuidados convencionales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes adultas con más de 20 semanas de gestación y placenta previa tratadas entre septiembre y noviembre del 2012 en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 23 en Monterrey, México. Los resultados clínicos y costos se compararon con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas. RESULTADOS Se analizaron 29 expedientes (15: Floseal® coadyuvante, 14: solo con tratamiento convencional). El grupo tratado con Floseal® tuvo menos reintervenciones (0 vs 57.1%, p 0.0010), días de estancia hospitalaria [2(2-4) vs 6(4-11), p 0.0048] y cuidados intensivos (2.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, p 0.0048). El costo promedio por remuestreo fue de 109,172.00 pesos mexicanos (IC95%: 80,153.10-139,073.71 pesos) para Floseal® vs 224,289.00 pesos mexicanos (IC95%: 181,881.48-269,061.23 pesos) para el tratamiento convencional a expensas de un número de piezas mayor de Tisseel®, crioprecipitados, cristaloides y retiro quirúrgico de compresas. CONCLUSIONES El uso coadyuvante de Floseal® se asoció con menor número de reintervenciones, días de estancia hospitalaria y atención en cuidados intensivos. Se registraron menores costos promedio y total asociados con la atención. Para corroborar estos resultados en población mexicana se requieren análisis de largo seguimiento y con muestras más grandes.
Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcomes and direct costs related to treatment of placenta previa with Floseal® hemostatic matrix as part of the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage in comparison with conventional management only. METHODS Clinical records of patients with hemorrhagic hemorrhage, with more than 20 weeks of pregnancy and placenta previa were reviewed, all patients were adults and treated within September and November of 2012 in the "Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 23" of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Monterrey, México. Costs where estimated using the Diario Oficial de la Federación 2013) and a resampling was performed. Clinical and costs outcomes where compared with parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS 29 clinical records (15: Adjuvant Floseal®, 14: conventional treatment only). Floseal® group resulted in less re-interventions (0% vs 57.1%, p 0.0010), days of hospital stay [2(2-4) vs 6(4-11), p 0.0048] and days in the intensive care unit (2.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, p 0.0048). Average cost by resampling was $109,172.00 [CI95% (80,153.10-139,073.71 mexican pesos)] for Floseal® vs 224,289.00 mexican pesos [IC95% (181,881.48-269,061.23)] for conventional treatment at the expense greater number of pieces of Tisseel®, cryoprecipitate, crystalloids and surgical removal of compresses. CONCLUSIONS The adjuvant use of Floseal® was associated with fewer re-interventions, days of hospital stay and intensive care. Lower average and total costs associated with treatment were also estimated. Future long-term analyzes and larger sample sizes are necessary to corroborate these results in the Mexican population.
ABSTRACT
A hipotensão arterial é intercorrência frequente na rotina clínica e cirúrgica de pequenos animais, provocando graves consequências, como injúria renal aguda ou mesmo disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Entender a fisiopatologia e conhecer as opções diagnósticas e terapêuticas dessa intercorrência são condições fundamentais para uma correta abordagem nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a fisiopatologia da hipotensão arterial, mas principalmente descrever os principais métodos de diagnóstico e as recentes diretrizes de seu tratamento. A atual terapia guiada por metas direciona o profissional para o entendimento da necessidade de uma ação terapêutica precoce a partir do diagnóstico da hipotensão. Dessa forma, por meio de um rápido restabelecimento da pressão arterial, espera-se reduzir ou mesmo prevenir sequelas dessa síndrome clínica potencialmente fatal.(AU)
Hypotension is an usual event in small animals clinics, which can impact severely the clinical outcome of patients by causing acute kidney injury or multiple organ failure. It is fundamental to understand the physiopathology of this condition and to know the main diagnosis and therapeutic options to deal correctly with such cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to briefly review the physiopathology of hypotension and to describe the main diagnostic methods, as well as the most recent treatment guidelines. The current goal-based therapy helps the professional to understand the need for an early therapeutic action as soon hypotension is diagnosed. Thus, one expects to decrease or even prevent major sequelae through a rapid return to normal blood pressure in this potentially fatal clinical syndrome.(AU)
La hipotensión es una complicación frecuente en la clínica y cirugía de pequeños animales que tiene consecuencias graves como la insuficiencia renal aguda o la falia de múltiples órganos. La comprensión de la fisiopatología y el reconocimiento de las opciones diagnósticas y terapêuticas de esta complicación son fundamentales para el correcto manejo de estos casos. EI objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la literatura relacionada con la fisiopatología de la hipotensión arterial, describiendo, principalmente, los métodos más importantes para su diagnóstico, y las directrices recientes en cuanto al tratamiento. La terapêutica actual a través de metas guía al profesional en la comprensión de la necesidad de una acción terapêutica precoz a partir dei diagnóstico de la hipotensión. De esa forma, a través de uma recuperación rápida de la presión arterial, se espera reducir o prevenir las posibles secuelas de este síndrome clínico potencialmente fatal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Hypotension/veterinary , Hypotension/diagnosis , Hypotension/therapy , Shock/veterinary , Hypovolemia/veterinaryABSTRACT
A hipotensão arterial é intercorrência frequente na rotina clínica e cirúrgica de pequenos animais, provocando graves consequências, como injúria renal aguda ou mesmo disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Entender a fisiopatologia e conhecer as opções diagnósticas e terapêuticas dessa intercorrência são condições fundamentais para uma correta abordagem nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a fisiopatologia da hipotensão arterial, mas principalmente descrever os principais métodos de diagnóstico e as recentes diretrizes de seu tratamento. A atual terapia guiada por metas direciona o profissional para o entendimento da necessidade de uma ação terapêutica precoce a partir do diagnóstico da hipotensão. Dessa forma, por meio de um rápido restabelecimento da pressão arterial, espera-se reduzir ou mesmo prevenir sequelas dessa síndrome clínica potencialmente fatal.
Hypotension is an usual event in small animals clinics, which can impact severely the clinical outcome of patients by causing acute kidney injury or multiple organ failure. It is fundamental to understand the physiopathology of this condition and to know the main diagnosis and therapeutic options to deal correctly with such cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to briefly review the physiopathology of hypotension and to describe the main diagnostic methods, as well as the most recent treatment guidelines. The current goal-based therapy helps the professional to understand the need for an early therapeutic action as soon hypotension is diagnosed. Thus, one expects to decrease or even prevent major sequelae through a rapid return to normal blood pressure in this potentially fatal clinical syndrome.
La hipotensión es una complicación frecuente en la clínica y cirugía de pequeños animales que tiene consecuencias graves como la insuficiencia renal aguda o la falia de múltiples órganos. La comprensión de la fisiopatología y el reconocimiento de las opciones diagnósticas y terapêuticas de esta complicación son fundamentales para el correcto manejo de estos casos. EI objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la literatura relacionada con la fisiopatología de la hipotensión arterial, describiendo, principalmente, los métodos más importantes para su diagnóstico, y las directrices recientes en cuanto al tratamiento. La terapêutica actual a través de metas guía al profesional en la comprensión de la necesidad de una acción terapêutica precoz a partir dei diagnóstico de la hipotensión. De esa forma, a través de uma recuperación rápida de la presión arterial, se espera reducir o prevenir las posibles secuelas de este síndrome clínico potencialmente fatal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Hypotension/diagnosis , Hypotension/therapy , Hypotension/veterinary , Shock/veterinary , Hypovolemia/veterinaryABSTRACT
La deshidratación en el paciente pediátrico es una de las causas de morbimortalidad más importantes en países en vía de desarrollo; por tanto, es imprescindible el correcto manejo de esta patología con el fin de disminuir los desenlaces fatales y prevenibles de la enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura con respecto a la fisiología, la fisiopatología, la clínica, el mecanismo de acción, las indicaciones y las contraindicaciones de las sales de rehidratación oral y las soluciones de administración endovenosa, con el fin de brindar ciertas pautas y recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia actual, a todos los profesionales de la salud, que a diario enfrentan este tipo de patología. La investigación demostró que las sales de rehidratación oral siguen siendo el Gold Estándar en el tratamiento de la deshidratación leve a moderada en pacientes con indicaciones de uso y que las soluciones de administración endovenosa son de vital apoyo en aquel grupo de pacientes con deshidratación grave con intolerancia a la vía oral, shock, íleo paralitico, ciertas patologías quirúrgicas y con contraindicaciones de terapia con sales de rehidratación oral.
Dehydration in pediatric patients is one of the most common causes of mobility and mortality in developing countries; therefore, the right management of this disease is essential in order to reduce fatal and preventable disease outcomes. A review of the literature was made with respect to the physiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, mechanism of action, indications and contraindications of oral rehydration salts and intravenous solutions, in order to provide some recommendations based on current evidence, to all physicians, who daily work on this kind of pathology. The investigation showed that ORS remains the Gold Standard in the treatment of mild to moderate dehydration in patients with indications and intravenous solutions, are of vital support in the group of patients with severe dehydration, oral intolerant, shock, paralytic ileus, certain surgical pathologies and therapy contraindications ORS.
A desidratação em pacientes pediátricos é uma das causas mais comuns de mobilidade e mortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento; Portanto, o manejo correto desta doença é essencial para reduzir os resultados fatais e evitáveis da doença. Realizou-se revisão da literatura em relação à fisiologia, fisiopatologia, manifestações clínicas, mecanismo de ação, indicações e contra-indicações dos sais de reidratação oral e soluções intravenosas, a fim de fornecer algumas recomendações baseadas em evidências atuais a todos os médicos, que diariamente Trabalho sobre esse tipo de patologia. A investigação mostrou que a SRO permanece como padrão-ouro no tratamento da desidratação leve a moderada em pacientes com indicações e soluções intravenosas, são de suporte vital no grupo de pacientes com desidratação grave, intolerância oral, choque, íleo paralítico, certas patologias cirúrgicas e Terapia contra-indicações ORS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dehydration , Shock , Fluid Therapy , Crystalloid SolutionsABSTRACT
The measurement of serum parameters during general anesthesia procedures are subject to variations due to differences in protocol, splenic storage, and by the instituted fluid therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the hematocrit changes promoted by controlled fluid therapy and general anesthesia. Six mongrel female dogs underwent an anesthetic protocol with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg-1) and tramadol (5 mg kg-1) for premedication, induction with propofol (3 mg kg-1), and maintained with isoflurane and mechanical ventilation for 120 minutes. After induction, they were infused with 10 ml kg hr-1 of Ringers lactate solution. Hematocrit measurements were performed from the start until 72 hours from anesthesia and evaluated statistically to check if there were significant changes over time. The fluid therapy, the acepromazine and propofol in the anesthetic protocol promotes a significant reduction of hematocrit up to four hours after general anesthesia.(AU)
A mensuração de parâmetros séricos durante procedimentos dependentes de anestesia geral são passíveis de variações devido a diferenças do protocolo utilizado, armazenamento esplênico e também da fluidoterapia instituída. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o hematócrito buscando evidenciar as alterações flutuantes promovidas por fluidoterapia controlada e anestesia geral em cães submetidos a ovariohisterectomia laparoscópica. Seis cadelas sem raça definida foram submetidas a um protocolo anestésico com acepromazina (0,03 mg kg-1) e tramadol (5,0 mg kg-1) como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol (3,0 mg kg-1) e mantidas com isoflurano e ventilação mecânica durante 120 minutos. Após a indução, receberam a infusão de 10,0 ml kg hr-1 de solução Ringer com lactato. Foram realizadas aferições de hematócrito do início (ou antes?) até 72 horas após a anestesia, sendo avaliadas estatisticamente para verificar se houve alterações relevantes durante os tempos. A fluidoterapia e o uso de acepromazina e propofol no protocolo anestésico para esta técnica cirúrgica promoveram uma redução de hematócrito significativa até quatro horas após a anestesia geral.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dog Diseases , Ringer's Lactate/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, General/veterinary , Hematocrit/veterinaryABSTRACT
Several clinical trials on Goal directed fluid therapy (GDFT) were carried out, many of those using colloids in order to optimize the preload. After the decision of European Medicines Agency, there is such controversy regarding its use, benefits, and possible contribution to renal failure. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the use of last-generation colloids, derived from corn, with crystalloids in GDFT to determine associated complications and mortality. A bibliographic research was carried out in MEDLINE PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, corroborating randomized clinical trials where crystalloids are compared to colloids in GDFT for major non-cardiac surgery in adults. One hundred thirty references were found and among those 38 were selected and 29 analyzed; of these, six were included for systematic review and meta-analysis, including 390 patients. It was observed that the use of colloids is not associated with the increase of complications, but rather with a tendency to a higher mortality (RR [95% CI] 3.87 [1.121-13.38]; Because of the limitations of this meta-analysis due to the small number of randomized clinical trials and patients included, the results should be taken cautiously, and the performance of new randomized clinical trials is proposed, with enough statistical power, comparing balanced and unbalanced colloids to balanced and unbalanced crystalloids, following the protocols of GDFT, considering current guidelines and suggestions made by groups of experts.
Foram feitos múltiplos ensaios clínicos em fluidoterapia guiada por objetivos (FGO), muitos deles com o uso de coloides para aprimoramento da pré-carga. Após a decisão da Agência Europeia de Medicamentos, existe ainda controvérsia sobre seu uso, seus benefícios e sua possível contribuição para a falência renal. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática e metanálise é comparar o uso de coloides de última geração, derivados de milho, com cristaloides em FGO para determinar as complicações e a mortalidade associadas. Busca bibliográfica em Medline, Pubmed, Embase e Biblioteca Cochrane de ensaios clínicos aleatórios nos quais se comparam cristaloides com coloides dentro de FGO para cirurgia não cardíaca de grande porte em adultos. Foram obtidas 130 referências das quais se selecionaram 38 e 29 foram analisadas; dessas, seis foram incluídas para revisão sistemática e metanálise, incluindo 390 pacientes. Observou-se que o uso de coloides não está associado a um aumento de complicações, mas sim a uma tendência a maior mortalidade (RR [IC 95%] 3,87 [1,121-13,38]; I2 = 0,0%; p = 0,635). Devido às limitações desta metanálise em decorrência do número escasso de ensaios clínicos aleatórios e pacientes incluídos, os resultados devem ser usados com cautela e propõe-se a feitura de novos ensaios clínicos aleatórios, com potência estatística suficiente naqueles em que se comparam coloides balanceados e não balanceados com cristaloides balanceados e não balanceados, dentro de protocolos de FGO, que respeitem as indicações atuais e as sugestões emitidas pelos grupos de especialistas.
Se han realizado múltiples ensayos clínicos en fluidoterapia guiada por objetivos (FGO), muchos de ellos con el uso de coloides para la optimización de la precarga. Tras la decisión de la Agencia Europea del Medicamento, existe cierta controversia en cuanto a su utilización, beneficios y su posible contribución al fallo renal. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática y metaanálisis es comparar el uso de coloides de última generación, derivados del maíz, con cristaloides en FGO para determinar las complicaciones y la mortalidad asociadas. Se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica en MEDLINE Pubmed, EMBASE y Cochrane Library comprobando ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en los que se comparan cristaloides con coloides dentro de FGO para cirugía mayor no cardíaca de adultos. Se obtuvieron 130 referencias de las que se seleccionaron 38 y 29 fueron analizadas; de ellas 6 fueron incluidas para revisión sistemática y metaanálisis, incluyendo a 390 pacientes. Se apreció que el uso de coloides no se asocia con un aumento de complicaciones pero sí con una tendencia a mayor mortalidad (RR [IC 95%] 3,87 [1,121-13,38]; I2 = 0,0%; p = 0,635). Debido a las limitaciones de este metaanálisis por el escaso número de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y pacientes incluidos, los resultados deben tomarse con cautela, y se propone la realización de nuevos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con suficiente potencia estadística en los que se comparen coloides balanceados y no balanceados con cristaloides balanceados y no balanceados, dentro de protocolos de FGO, respetando las indicaciones actuales y las sugerencias emitidas por los grupos de expertos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Colloids/administration & dosage , Fluid Therapy/methods , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Colloids/adverse effects , Fluid Therapy/adverse effects , Crystalloid Solutions , Isotonic Solutions/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The measurement of serum parameters during general anesthesia procedures are subject to variations due to differences in protocol, splenic storage, and by the instituted fluid therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the hematocrit changes promoted by controlled fluid therapy and general anesthesia. Six mongrel female dogs underwent an anesthetic protocol with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg-1) and tramadol (5 mg kg-1) for premedication, induction with propofol (3 mg kg-1), and maintained with isoflurane and mechanical ventilation for 120 minutes. After induction, they were infused with 10 ml kg hr-1 of Ringers lactate solution. Hematocrit measurements were performed from the start until 72 hours from anesthesia and evaluated statistically to check if there were significant changes over time. The fluid therapy, the acepromazine and propofol in the anesthetic protocol promotes a significant reduction of hematocrit up to four hours after general anesthesia.
A mensuração de parâmetros séricos durante procedimentos dependentes de anestesia geral são passíveis de variações devido a diferenças do protocolo utilizado, armazenamento esplênico e também da fluidoterapia instituída. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o hematócrito buscando evidenciar as alterações flutuantes promovidas por fluidoterapia controlada e anestesia geral em cães submetidos a ovariohisterectomia laparoscópica. Seis cadelas sem raça definida foram submetidas a um protocolo anestésico com acepromazina (0,03 mg kg-1) e tramadol (5,0 mg kg-1) como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol (3,0 mg kg-1) e mantidas com isoflurano e ventilação mecânica durante 120 minutos. Após a indução, receberam a infusão de 10,0 ml kg hr-1 de solução Ringer com lactato. Foram realizadas aferições de hematócrito do início (ou antes?) até 72 horas após a anestesia, sendo avaliadas estatisticamente para verificar se houve alterações relevantes durante os tempos. A fluidoterapia e o uso de acepromazina e propofol no protocolo anestésico para esta técnica cirúrgica promoveram uma redução de hematócrito significativa até quatro horas após a anestesia geral.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Anesthesia, General/veterinary , Dog Diseases , Hematocrit/veterinary , Ringer's Lactate/administration & dosageABSTRACT
La administración de fluidos intravenosos, es uno de los pilares de la reanimación del paciente en shock y su beneficio es mayor cuanto antes se inicie. Los fluidos más utilizados para tal objeto son las soluciones cristaloides (solución salina y Ringer Lactato) y los coloides (albumina, gel, dextrán y almidones). Estudios fisiológicos y clínicos han demostrado que los coloides y los cristaloides tienen diferentes efectos y perfiles de seguridad. Por otra parte, ambos tipos de fluidos administrados en exceso o a destiempo pueden tener efectos perjudiciales. Estudios clínicos recientes parecen coincidir que, en general, los coloides no ofrecen mayor beneficio clínico que los cristaloides y se asocian a mayor tasa de eventos adversos. Por tanto, el presente artículo pretende describir las ventajas y limitaciones de los tipos de soluciones que se utilizan para la reanimación de los pacientes críticos en base a literatura más reciente.
The administration of intravenous fluids, is a mainstay of patient resuscitation in shock and your benefit is greater the earlier it starts. The fluids commonly used for this purpose are crystalloid solutions (saline and Ringer Lactate) and colloids (albumin, gel, dextran and starch). Physiological and clinical studies have shown that colloids and crystalloids have different effects and safety profiles. Moreover, both ty-pes of fluids administered in excess or untimely can have detrimental effects. Recent clinical studies seem to agree that, in general, colloids offer no greater clinical benefit than crystalloids and are associated with increased rate of adverse events. Therefore, this article aims to describe the advantages and limitations of the types of solutions used for resuscitation of critically ill patients based on recent literature.
Subject(s)
Shock , Crystalloid SolutionsABSTRACT
El manejo actual de los pacientes traumatizados, que constituyen un desafío, se realiza en varias fases, en función de las características de las lesiones y la capacidad de los equipos de rescate y reanimación. La hemorragia masiva constituye la principal causa de muerte en estos pacientes y la reposición de volumen debe enfocarse con una variedad de productos, comenzando con los cristaloides y en función de la evolución y respuesta a estos, la utilización de coloides y finalmente los Hemoderivados. Cada uno de estos productos presenta ventajas y problemas, y continúa siendo el juicio clínico el principal criterio en su utilización ya que, en el contexto de esta situación de emergencia, el laboratorio suele ir detrás de la realidad. El control de la hemorragia es uno de los principales objetivos a lograr, sin el cual ninguna otra medida médica evitará la muerte de estos pacientes.
Trauma patients represent a challenge for health providers. Clinical management has to be provided accordignly to their medical conditions, injuries and also to the level of experience of the emergency room team. Because massive bleeding is the main cause of death in this group of patients, volume reposition has to be one of the most important goals in order to improve their survival outcome. This is the reason why it is important in health providers a solid knowledge of volume replacement algorithms in trauma cases. Volume reposition algorithms usually recommend starting with cristaloid solutions, following with coloids and finally hemoderivatives. All these products have their own advantages but also disadvantages, being the clinical judgement the most important tool in order to know when and how to use them. In the trauma field, the laboratory tests are often not available or their results are too slow to wait for. We still need to set in the future the advantages of oxygen carrying substances (or substitutes) to improve survival rates in the field of trauma.
Subject(s)
Humans , Colloids , Hemorrhage , Hypovolemia , Multiple Trauma/complications , Blood-Derivative DrugsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: comparar la efectividad de las soluciones coloides versus las cristaloides en el tratamiento inicial del shock por dengue hemorrágico. MÉTODO: La búsqueda bibliográfica fue realizada en las bases Medline, Lilacs, Biblioteca Cochrane y en texto libre con el motor Google. Solamente tres de los 14 estudios identificados y potencialmente elegibles cumplían con los criterios de selección preestablecidos. En total, incluyeron 792 pacientes menores de 15 años de edad con shock por dengue hemorrágico. La mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas, la recurrencia del shock y el tiempo insumido para la recuperación de la presión de pulso, fueron considerados los resultados principales para la evaluación. RESULTADOS: Sólo un estudio refiere una muerte sobre 512 pacientes. La recurrencia del shock ocurrió en el 23,7 por ciento de aquellos inicialmente tratados con coloides y en el 25,5 por ciento de los tratados con cristaloides (RR 0,93; IC95 por ciento 0,63 a 1,38). El tiempo de la recuperación del pulso fue medido en un solo estudio, mostrando un beneficio marginal para los tratados con coloides (RR 0,40;IC95 por ciento 0,16 a 0,99). Las reacciones alérgicas severas fueron más frecuentes en los tratados con coloides (RR 5,43; IC95 por ciento 0,33 a89,13). El precio de las soluciones coloides disponibles en plaza fue hasta 90 veces mayor que el de las soluciones cristaloides. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente revisión sistemática no se identificaron razones clínicamente relevantes y sustentadas por evidencia que aconsejen recomendar el uso de soluciones coloides en el tratamiento inicial del shock por dengue hemorrágico.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of colloids and crystalloids solutions as initial treatment of dengue hemorrhagic shock. METHOD: A comprehensive bibliographic search was carried out through Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Library andusing search motor Google. Only three out of the 14 studies initially identified fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total, they included 792 patients less than 15 years old with dengue hemorrhagic shock. Mortality during first 24 hours, shock recurrence and time to recovery of hemodynamic variables were used as main outcomes to assess effectiveness among solutions. RESULTS: Only one patient death out of 512 during the first 24 hours was reported by a single study. Shock recurrence occurred in 23.7 percent of those initially treated with colloids and in 25.5 percent in those treated with crystalloids (RR0.93, CI95 percent 0.63 to 1.38). Pulse pressure recovery after 1 hour was measured in only one study, showing a marginal benefit from colloids solutions (RR 0.40; CI95 percent 0.16 to 0.99).Severe allergic reactions were more frequent in colloids group (RR 5.43; CI95 percent 0.33 to 89.13). Otherwise, colloids solutions price is up to 90 times higher than crystalloids. CONCLUSIONS: This review did not identify any clinically relevant and evidence supported reason to prescribe colloids solutions instead crystalloids solutions in the initial treatment of dengue hemorrhagic shock.