The human factor and ergonomics in Patient Safety.

The human condition is linked to error in any activity that is performed, and the healthcare world is no exception. The origin of human error does not lie within the perversity of human nature, instead, it has its origins in latent failures in the healthcare environment and is a consequence of the processes and procedures applied. The science of the Human Factor deals with the application of knowledge to people (capabilities, characteristics and limitations), with the design and the management of the equipment they use and with the environments in which they work and the activities they carry out. Part of the Human Factor are the non-technical skills. These skills greatly influence people's behavior and, therefore, their performance and the quality of healthcare in a very complex socio-technical system.

Informação a proporcionar aos familiares dos doentes internados em unidades de cuidados intensivos / Information for relatives of patients in intensive care units

O presente relatório enquadra-se no âmbito do Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, como culminar da Unidade Curricular - Estágio de Natureza Profissional, e tem como principal objetivo a análise crítico-reflexiva de todo o processo formativo de aquisição de competências especializadas em enfermagem médico-cirúrgica, na pessoa em situação crítica (PSC). Para a aquisição dessas competências, o contato com o doente crítico, numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) e as atividades aí desenvolvidas, foram essenciais, como resposta aos domínios da prestação de cuidados, da formação, da gestão e da investigação. No domínio da prestação de cuidados, foi possível integrar competências técnicas, científicas e relacionais no cuidado à PSC e à sua família, assim como a capacidade de resposta a situações de emergência e a preocupação na prevenção e controlo de infeções. No domínio da formação, apesar dos constrangimentos provocados pela pandemia por Covid19, foi possível intervir na área da ventilação não invasiva (VNI), recurso importante no tratamento dos doentes internados com Sar-Cov2, com a criação de um cartaz informativo para a equipa. No domínio da gestão, a colaboração com o enfermeiro-chefe e com as enfermeiras com funções de gestão, e a perceção da gestão dos recursos materiais, humanos e relacionais, foi essencial para a aquisição de competências nesta área. Relativamente ao domínio da investigação, a possibilidade de desenvolver um estudo de investigação relacionado com a informação a proporcionar aos familiares dos doentes internados em UCI, com todas as etapas que constituem o processo de investigação, proporcionou o desenvolvimento de competências investigativas, com a pretensão de contribuir para a melhoria dos cuidados prestados à família do doente internado em UCI. Numa era em que o humanismo é um foco de preocupação pelas instituições de saúde, importa incluir a família do doente crítico no processo de enfermagem e dar atenção às suas necessidades. A necessidade de informação é a mais sentida pelos familiares dos doentes internados em UCI e foi identificada como área a necessitar de intervenção no contexto do estágio. De forma a identificar a informação a proporcionar aos familiares, foi selecionado um grupo de participantes do contexto, e efetuado um focus grupo. Os participantes identificaram como importante transmitir, presencialmente, a informação relacionada com o estado clínico e o motivo de admissão do doente. Já a informação relacionada com o funcionamento do serviço, apoios institucionais existentes e regras internas, deverá ser incluída no guia de acolhimento aos familiares dos doentes internados em UCI. Sugeriram a realização de ações de formação sobre comunicação e afirmam a necessidade de envolver toda a equipa multidisciplinar neste processo. Este trabalho, teve o propósito de melhorar a satisfação dos familiares dos doentes internados neste contexto e, consequentemente, contribuir para a excelência do cuidar à PSC.

This Report was written as a final essay fort the Nursing Master's Course with Specialization in Medical-Surgical Nursing, reached with the Module ­ Professional Clinical Practice and it main purpose is a critical-reflective analysis of all the learning process to acquire specialized competences in medical-surgical nursing, for a critical patient. To achieve these competences, working directly with a critical patient, in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and all the activities developed during this period were essential to respond to all the domains for the nursing care, training, management and research. The nursing care domain, it was possible to integrate technical, scientifical and relational competencies associated with the humanised care to a critical patient and to his family, as well as the capacity to respond to emergency situations and the infection control and prevention. The training domain, even with pandemic COVID-19 restraints it was possible to intervene in the Non-Invasive Ventilation (NVI), important type of respiratory treatment for SARS COV-2 infected patients, elaborating an informative poster for the team. The management domain, the collaboration with the chief nurse and other nurses with management duties and the perception of governance, technical material, human and relational resources was important to acquire this competence. In the research domain, the opportunity to develop a case study about relevant information given to the ITU patient's family, with the different steps that constitutes the research process, which provided the development of skills in this subject and the intention to contribute to the improvement of nursing care provided to ITU patients and their families. In a time that humanism is the main concern for the health institutions, it is very important to include the family of a critical patient on the nursing care planning and also give attention to their needs. The patient information is one of the main requests frequently demanded by the ITU patient's family and it was identified as an important subject to focus on the clinical practice intervention. To identify the information to transmit to the patient's family, a group of critical care experts was selected and created a focus group. The experts identified the importance of transmit in person information related to the patient clinical status and the admission diagnoses. In other hand, these experts claim that some information should be included in a "unit guide" such as the information related to the unit like the structure, schedule, and intern rules. They also suggest training the health care team about communication and they enhance the need to involve all the health team during the process. This essay has the purpose to improve the patient's family satisfaction in this context and to contribute for excellency of the care given to the critical patient.

O cuidado cultural: estratégias facilitadoras da comunicação à pessoa em situação crítica e família / Cultural care: facilitating communication strategies for people in critical situations and their families

Este trabalho surge no âmbito da Unidade Curricular Estágio com Relatório, inserida no plano de estudos do 11º Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem na Área de Especialização à Pessoa em Situação Crítica, da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa. Tem como finalidade descrever e analisar as atividades realizadas para dar resposta ao objetivo geral inicialmente traçado - Desenvolver competências especializadas na prestação de um cuidado culturalmente competente à Pessoa em Situação Crítica e sua família, com especial foco nas estratégias facilitadoras da comunicação. Neste sentido, como referencial teórico, foi selecionado o Modelo de Avaliação Transcultural de Giger e Davidhizar. A comunicação é considerada como uma habilidade básica no cuidado de doentes críticos. No entanto, os enfermeiros que cuidam de clientes com idiomas e culturas diferentes experimentam um desafio constante em serem compreendidos, assim como em compreender estes clientes. O crescimento da sociedade multicultural em Portugal, decorrente da globalização e do aumento da população migrante, levanta diversos desafios no que diz respeito à comunicação. Neste sentido, recai uma grande responsabilidade sobre os profissionais que trabalham diariamente com estas diversas populações, exigindo-se que considerem a pessoa como ser único e individual, respeitando a sua diversidade cultural. Como tal, os enfermeiros devem possuir um corpo de conhecimento de outras culturas, por forma a identificar as particularidades de cada uma, para que o planeamento dos cuidados seja individualizado e personalizado, permitindo, desta forma, a prestação de cuidados culturalmente competentes. As atividades realizadas em estágio, fundamentadas na evidência científica, de onde destaco os resultados da revisão integrativa da literatura realizada sobre a temática, e na prática reflexiva, possibilitaram-me a aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências na prestação de cuidados especializados de enfermagem à pessoa em situação crítica, nomeadamente com um diferente background cultural, com especial foco nas estratégias facilitadoras da comunicação.

This study was developed within the scope of the Curricular Unit Internship with Report, included in the study plan of the 11th Master's Degree Course in Nursing in Specialization in Critical Care of the Nursing School of the Nursing School of Lisbon. Its purpose is to describe and analyze the activities carried out to respond to the general objective initially outlined - to develop specialized skills in providing culturally competent care to the person in critical condition and his/her family, with a special focus on strategies to facilitate communication. In this sense, Giger and Davidhizar's Cross-Cultural Assessment Model was selected as the theoretical reference. Communication is considered a basic skill in the care of critically ill patients. However, nurses who care for clients with different languages and cultures experience a constant challenge in being understood, as well as in understanding these clients. The growth of a multicultural society in Portugal, arising from globalization and the increase in the migrant population, raises several challenges regarding communication. In this sense, a great responsibility falls on the professionals who work daily with these diverse populations, requiring them to consider the person as a unique and individual being, respecting his/her cultural diversity. As such, nurses should have a body of knowledge of other cultures, to identify the particularities of each one, so that care planning can be individualized and personalized, thus allowing for the provision of culturally competent care. The activities carried out during the internship, based on scientific evidence, in particular the results of the integrative literature review, and on reflective practice, allowed me to acquire and develop skills in the provision of specialized nursing care to critically ill patients, particularly those from a different cultural background, with a special focus on communication strategies.

Incidência de lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto* / Incidencia de lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos en unidades de cuidados intensivos para adultos / Incidence of medical device-related pressure injuries in an adult intensive care unit

Objetivo: determinar a incidência de lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos e os fatores associados em unidade de terapia intensiva adulta. Método: quantitativo, observacional, prospectivo. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro e novembro de 2020, em um hospital público. Utilizou-se instrumento para avaliações diárias da pele sob e peri os dispositivos. Resultados: foram analisados 1.579 dispositivos em 292 avaliações, em 47 pacientes. Identificando-se 233 lesões (14,9%). A incidência de lesões foi de 6,1%. Em 20,9% (n= 61) dos dispositivos utilizados, as lesões foram relacionadas ao tubo orotraqueal. Com relação às regiões acometidas por lesões, 10,4% (n= 24) ocorreram nas orelhas; 7,8% (n= 18), na face. As lesões estágio 1 foram as mais frequentes (n=147; 63,3%) nas avaliações realizadas. Conclusão: observou-se incidência de 6,1%. Ressalta-se a necessidade de manter a vigilância, em especial em pacientes com tubo endotraqueal. Medidas de prevenção devem ser adotadas para diminuir a ocorrência destas lesões.

Objective: to determine the incidence of medical device-related pressure injuries and associated factors in adult intensive care unit. Method: quantitative, observational, prospective. Data were collected between September and November 2020, in a public hospital. An instrument was used for daily evaluations of the skin under and peri the devices. Results: 1,579 devices were analyzed in 292 evaluations in 47 patients, identifying 233 injuries (14.9%). The incidence of injuries was 6.1%. In 20.9% (n = 61) of the devices used, the injuries were related to the orotracheal tube. Regarding the regions affected by injuries, 10.4% (n = 24) occurred in the ears; 7.8% (n = 18) in the face. Stage 1 injuries were the most frequent (n=147; 63.3%) in the evaluations performed. Conclusion: incidence was 6.1%. The need to maintain surveillance is emphasized, especially in patients with endotracheal tube. Prevention measures should be adopted to reduce the occurrence of these injuries.

Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos y los factores asociados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para adultos. Método: cuantitativo, observacional, prospectivo. Los datos fueron recogidos entre septiembre y noviembre de 2020, en un hospital público. Se utilizó instrumento para evaluaciones diarias de la piel bajo y peri los dispositivos. Resultados: se analizaron 1.579 dispositivos en 292 evaluaciones, en 47 pacientes. Identificándose 233 lesiones (14,9%). La incidencia de lesiones fue del 6,1%. En el 20,9% (n= 61) de los dispositivos utilizados, las lesiones fueron relacionadas al tubo orotraqueal. Con relación a las regiones afectadas por lesiones, 10,4% (n= 24) ocurrieron en las orejas; 7,8% (n= 18), en la cara. Las lesiones etapa 1 fueron las más frecuentes (n=147; 63,3%) en las evaluaciones realizadas. Conclusión: se observó incidencia de 6,1%. Se subraya la necesidad de mantener la vigilancia, en especial en pacientes con tubo endotraqueal. Se deben adoptar medidas preventivas para reducir la aparición de estas lesiones.

Acinetobacter baumannii: insights towards a comprehensive approach for the prevention of outbreaks in health-care facilities.

Acinetobacter baumannii is known to be an opportunistic pathogen frequently responsible for outbreaks in health-care facilities, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICU). It can easily survive in the hospital setting for long periods and can be transmitted throughout the hospital in a variety of ways, explored in this review. It can also easily acquire antibiotic resistance determinants rendering several antibiotic drugs useless. In 2019, the US Centre for Disease Control (CDC) considered the organism as an urgent threat. The aim of this review was to raise the awareness of the medical community about the relevance of this pathogen and discuss how it may impact seriously the healthcare institutions particularly in the aftermath of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed was searched, and articles that met inclusion criteria were reviewed. We conclude by the need to raise awareness to this pathogen's relevance and to encourage the implementation of preventive measures in order to mitigate its consequences namely the triage of specific high-risk patients.

Delirium in adult patients in intensive care: nursing interventions.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome of high incidence in the critically ill patient. It is characterised by changes in acute attention and cognition, has a multifactorial aetiology and has a negative impact on the patient's clinical situation and future quality of life. Prevention of delirium and early identification can reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Consequently, it is vital that intensive care unit (ICU) nurses perform targeted patient monitoring to identify acute cognitive changes. OBJECTIVE: To identify nursing interventions directed at the prevention and management of delirium in adult patients in ICU. METHOD: A scoping review was undertaken based on the principles recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Seven studies were selected for inclusion. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological nursing interventions were identified. CONCLUSION: The interventions identified were predominantly aimed at the prevention of delirium. The training of nurses and wider clinical team in preventing and identifying this syndrome is crucial.

The Impact of Delayed Symptomatic Treatment Implementation in the Intensive Care Unit.

We estimated the harm related to medication delivery delays across 12,474 medication administration instances in an intensive care unit using retrospective data in a large urban academic medical center between 2012 and 2015. We leveraged an instrumental variables (IV) approach that addresses unobserved confounds in this setting. We focused on nurse shift changes as disruptors of timely medication (vasodilators, antipyretics, and bronchodilators) delivery to estimate the impact of delay. The average delay around a nurse shift change was 60.8 min (p < 0.001) for antipyretics, 39.5 min (p < 0.001) for bronchodilators, and 57.1 min (p < 0.001) for vasodilators. This delay can increase the odds of developing a fever by 32.94%, tachypnea by 79.5%, and hypertension by 134%, respectively. Compared to estimates generated by a naïve regression approach, our IV estimates tend to be higher, suggesting the existence of a bias from providers prioritizing more critical patients.

Standardising care in the ICU: a protocol for a scoping review of tools used to improve care delivery.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of critically ill patients experience a prolonged intensive care unit stay contributing to greater physical and psychological morbidity, strain on families and cost to health systems. Quality improvement tools such as checklists concisely articulate best practices with the aim of improving quality and safety; however, these tools have not been designed for the specific needs of patients with prolonged ICU stay. The primary objective of this review will be to determine the characteristics including format and content of multicomponent tools designed to standardise or improve ICU care. Secondary objectives are to describe the outcomes reported in these tools, the type of patients and settings studied, and to understand how these tools were developed and implemented in clinical practice. METHODS: We will search the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, OpenGrey, NHS evidence and Trial Registries from January 2000 onwards. We will include primary research studies (e.g. experimental, quasi-experimental, observational and qualitative studies) recruiting more than 10 adult participants admitted to ICUs, high dependency units and weaning centres regardless of length of stay, describing quality improvement tools such as structured care plans or checklists designed to standardize more than one aspect of care delivery. We will extract data on study and patient characteristics, tool design and implementation strategies and measured outcomes. Two reviewers will independently screen citations for eligible studies and perform data extraction. Data will be synthesised with descriptive statistics; we will use a narrative synthesis to describe review findings. DISCUSSION: The findings will be used to guide development of tools for use with prolonged ICU stay patients. Our group will use experience-based co-design methods to identify the most important actionable processes of care to include in quality improvement tools these patients. Such tools are needed to standardise practice and thereby improve quality of care. Illustrating the development and implementation methods used for such tools will help to guide translation of similar tools into ICU clinical practice and future research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/ , DOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8MRE.

Morbimortalidad en pacientes egresados de una unidad de cuidados intensivos en Boyacá, Colombia / Morbidity and mortality in patients discharged from an Intensive Care Unit in Boyacá, Colombia

Objetivo: determinar la morbimortalidad de pacientes luego del alta en una UCI en Boyacá durante un periodo de 20 meses. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo trasversal con análisis de información de registros, historias clínicas y datos derivados de la aplicación de una encuesta; la población fue de 592 pacientes egresados vivos entre los meses de enero de 2015 a agosto de 2016 de la UCI con base en los promedios mensuales de atención. Resultados: de los 592 pacientes atendidos se encuentra una sobrevida del 63,9% dentro del primer mes del alta y una mortalidad del 36.1%, la cual fue mayor dentro de los primeros diez días pos egreso. Del total de la población atendida, el 55,2% corresponde a pacientes de sexo masculino y el restante 44,8% pacientes femeninas. La edad promedio fue de 58,9 años. La morbilidad reportada obedece principalmente a enfermedades metabólicas entre el 24,5% y 26,5%, alteraciones cardiovasculares, 14,7% y 19,7%, infecciosas con un 14,3% y 11,1% y politraumatismos el 8,7%. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de personas que sobreviven tras recibir atención en UCI corresponde a un indicador de eficiencia en la atención del paciente en condición crítica de salud. Las patologías prevalentes en los individuos fueron de etiología metabólica como diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal crónica, infarto agudo de miocardio, septicemias, politraumatismos e infecciones. Los datos constituyen un elemento determinante para formular políticas y planes de atención e intervenir efectivamente a los pacientes en condición crítica de salud tanto a nivel regional como nacional..Au

Objective: to determine the morbidity and mortality of patients after discharge from an ICU in Boyacá over a period of 20 months. Materials and methods: cross-sectional descriptive study with analysis of information records, medical records, and data derived from the application of a survey; The population consisted of 592 patients discharged from the ICU from January 2015 to August 2016 based on monthly care averages. Results: of the 592 patients attended, there is a survival of 63,9% within the first month of discharge and a mortality of 36,1%, which was the highest within the first ten days after discharge. Of the total population served, 55,2% correspond to male patients and the remaining 44,8% female patients. The average age was 58,9 years. The reported morbidity is mainly due to metabolic diseases between 24,5% and 26,5%, cardiovascular disorders between 14,7% and 19,7%, infectious 14,3% and 11,1% and multiple injuries 8,7%. Conclusions: the percentage of people who survive after receiving ICU care corresponds to an indicator of efficiency in patient care in a critical health condition. The prevalent pathologies in the individuals were of metabolic etiology such as diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, sepsis, multiple injuries and infections. The data affected is a determining element in the formulation of policies and care plans, to effectively intervene in patients in critical health conditions at both the regional and national levels..Au

Study on the incidence of adverse events during intrahospital transfer of critical care patients from emergency department

@#Introduction: Emergency department (ED) plays a main role in the initial management of patients who are critically ill. These patients require intra-hospital transfer for continuation of care. Adverse events can occur during this short duration and the distance of intra -hospital transfer. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of adverse events during intrahospital transfer from ED and to determine the factors associated. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional observational study done from November 2017 until December 2017 at ED Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim (HSAH), a 650-bedded tertiary hospital in the state of Kedah. All patients that were triaged to red zone, age 18 years and above, and involved in intra-hospital transfer to critical coronary unit, intensive care unit and wards were included. All cases were documented in proforma by the accompanying staff. Results: Among the 170 critically ill patients, only 29 patients (17.1%) experienced adverse events during intra-hospital transfer. The adverse events seen were hypotension (12.4%), desaturation (3.5%) and dislodged peripheral line (2.4%). Cardiorespiratory related diagnosis was the commonest presentation. Intra-hospital transfer during morning shift and evening shift has 79.5% (b=-1.59, OR=0.21, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.69, p=0.011) and 75.6% ((b=-1.41, OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.73, p=0.012) lesser odds of experiencing adverse events compare to night shift. Patients with vasopressor/inotropes had 9 times higher odds of experiencing adverse events during transportation, compared to patients with no vasopressor/inotropes (b=2.27, OR=9.70, 95% CI: 3.39, 27.72, p<0.001). Conclusions: Critical care patients who are involved in intrahospital transfer were at risk of adverse events such as hypotension, desaturation and dislodge peripheral line. Risk identification and maintaining level of care is important to minimize the adverse events during transfer. Patients had higher rates of adverse events if they were transferred during night shifts and on inotropic/vasopressor support

Fragilidades e potencialidades vivenciadas pela equipe de saúde no processo de transplante de órgãos: revisão integrativa / Weaknesses and capabilities experienced by a healthcare team in the organ transplant process: integrative review

Avaliar as fragilidades e potencialidades vivenciadas pelos profissionais das unidades de pacientes críticos frente às etapas do processo de doação de órgãos. Revisão integrativa, desenvolvida em seis bases de dados, entre 2015 e 2020, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram selecionados 15 artigos. As informações foram agrupadas em duas categorias temáticas: conhecimento da equipe no processo de doação; complexidade do processo de doação de órgãos: aspectos emocionais nesse processo. As evidências apontam como principais fragilidades a pouca capacitação da equipe e estrutura das organizações de saúde. Quanto às potencialidades, destacam-se o reconhecimento das etapas e dos critérios para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica e a certificação do direito da família em receber informações sobre todas as etapas do processo de doação. Frente aos achados, a promoção de ações de educação permanente surge como estratégia efetiva para aprimorar a prática clínica neste processo.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the weaknesses and capabilities experienced by professionals working in critical care units during the stages of the organ donation process. This is an integrative review, developed using six databases, between 2015 and 2020, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. A total of 15 articles were selected. The information was grouped into two thematic categories: team knowledge on the organ donation process; complexity of the organ donation process: emotional aspects of the process. The evidence indicates lack of training of the team and lack of structure of the healthcare organizations as the main weaknesses. Regarding the capabilities, recognition of the stages of and criteria for the diagnosis of brain death and guaranteeing the right of the family to receive information on all the stages of the transplant process stand out. Given the findings, promoting actions of continuing education emerges as an effective strategy to improve clinical practice in this process

Pressure injury risk assessment in intensive care units: Comparison of the reliability and predictive validity of the Braden and Jackson/Cubbin scales.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the reliability and predictive validity of the Braden and Jackson/Cubbin PI risk assessment scales in intensive care unit patients. BACKGROUND: Risk assessment with a standardised tool is the usual intervention for preventing pressure injury. Therefore, tools used to assess pressure injury risk should be valid and reliable for the designated patient population. DESIGN: A prospective and cross-sectional study adheres to the STARD guideline. METHODS: This study was conducted between November 2017-April 2018 in the intensive care units of a tertiary level university hospital in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 176 patients admitted to three intensive care units. Risk assessment was performed once daily with the Braden scale, followed immediately with the Jackson/Cubbin scale. Risk assessment was terminated on the day of pressure injury development or upon patient discharge from the intensive care unit. Each patient's final risk assessment was considered in the data analysis. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Jackson/Cubbin and Braden scales was .78 and .85, respectively. The predictive validity of the Jackson/Cubbin scale was confirmed by a sensitivity of .87, specificity of .84, positive predictive value of .47 and negative predictive value of .97. These values for the Braden scale were .95, .75, .38 and .99, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both the Jackson/Cubbin and Braden scales are reliable and valid scales for pressure injury risk assessment in intensive care unit patients. However, the predictive ability to determine patients at risk and not at risk for pressure injury was better for the Jackson/Cubbin scale than for the Braden scale. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Both scales are reliable and valid scales for pressure injury risk assessment. Jackson/Cubbin scale's discriminative ability (between the patients at pressure injury risk and not at pressure injury risk) was better.

Transient Systolic Anterior Motion of the Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet in a Critical Care Patient with a Structurally Normal Heart.

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) is defined as the displacement of the anterior mitral leaflet towards the left ventricular outflow tract, which results in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). The SAM of the anterior mitral leaflet is a well-established phenomenon in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), but its occurrence in a structurally healthy heart is uncommon. We present a critical care patient with presumed septic shock whose blood pressure was previously controlled by fluid resuscitation and vasopressors. He developed a new cardiac murmur along with hypotension despite being on vasopressors. The echocardiographic assessment revealed no structural heart disease or valvular vegetations but a hyperdynamic left ventricle with significant SAM of the anterior mitral leaflet, resulting in mitral regurgitation (MR). The murmur and hypovolemia resolved after aggressive fluid resuscitation and by decreasing the vasopressor dose.

Early Mobilization for Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Early mobilization is beneficial in the prevention of intensive care unit acquired weakness. This paper summarized the meth-ods, opportunity, evaluation of early mobilization intervention, and some notes.

Clinical ultrasound in the ICU: changing a medical paradigm. / Ecografía clínica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: cambiando un paradigma médico.

In recent decades there has been an evolution from the traditional paradigm of sporadic ultrasound performed by radiologists and cardiologists in the ICU to clinical ultrasound performed by intensivists as an extension of patient evaluation rather than as a complementary test. Such clinical ultrasound aims to diagnose and treat the patient directly. All ultrasound modalities could be interesting in the ICU, either helping in decision making or guiding procedures. Clinical ultrasound training should include all the possibilities of ultrasound, and the tutelage of other trained intensivists and other specialists with more experience should be available at all times. Training should be phased into basic, advanced and expert levels, with adjustment to the contents of the CoBaTrICE Project and the recommendations of the SEMICYUC.

Clinical evaluation of a chlorhexidine intravascular catheter gel dressing on short-term central venous catheters.

BACKGROUND: A major source of microbial colonization of short-term central venous catheters (CVC) is the patients' endogenous skin microorganisms located at the CVC insertion site. The aim of this study was to determine if a transparent film dressing incorporating a 2% (weight/weight) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) gel decreases CVC and insertion site microbial colonization compared with a nonantimicrobial dressing in adult patients in critical care. METHODS: On CVC removal, samples for microbiological investigation were taken from both the skin surrounding the CVC insertion site and also from sutures securing the CVC. The sutures and intradermal and tip sections of the CVC were also collected for microbiological investigation. Microorganisms recovered from the samples were subsequently tested for susceptibility to CHG. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms recovered from the CVC insertion site, suture site, sutures, and catheter surface in the CHG dressing group (n = 136) compared with the nonantimicrobial dressing group (n = 137). There was no significant difference in susceptibility to CHG between the microorganisms isolated from the CHG and standard dressing study patients. CONCLUSION: A film dressing incorporating a CHG gel pad significantly reduced the number of microorganisms at the CVC insertion and suture sites with concomitant reduced catheter colonization.

Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate deficiency is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia regardless of antioxidant, thiamine, riboflavin, cobalamine, and folate status in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Critically ill patients develop severe stress, inflammation and a clinical state that may raise the utilization and metabolic replacement of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate decreasing their body reserves. This study was designed to assess the nutritional pyridoxal-5'-phosphate status in critical care patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, comparing them with a group of healthy people, and studying it's association with factors involved in the pyridoxine and other B vitamins metabolism, as the total antioxidant capacity and Hcy as cardiovascular risk biomarker. METHODS: Prospective, multicentre, comparative, observational and analytic study. One hundred and three critically ill patients from different hospitals, and eighty four healthy subjects from Granada, Spain, all with informed consent. Data from daily nutritional assessment, ICU severity scores, clinical and nutritional parameters, antioxidant status and homocysteine levels was taken at admission and at the seventh day of the ICU stay. RESULTS: Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and folate status proved deficient in a large number of patients, being significantly lower in comparison with control group, and significantly decreased at 7th day of ICU stay. Higher homocysteine was observed in patients compared with control group (p < 0.05) where 31.5 and 26.8 percent of subjects presented hyperhomocysteinemia at initial and final of study, respectively. Antioxidant status was lower than control group in two periods analysed, and decreased at 7th day of ICU stay (p < 0.05) being associated with PLP deficiency. PLP deficiency was also correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia at two times measured (r. -0.73, p < 0.001; r. -0.69, p < 0.001, respectively), showing at day 7 an odds ratio of 6.62 in our multivariate model. CONCLUSION: Critically ill patients with SIRS show deficient B vitamin and low antioxidant statuses. Despite association found between PLP deficiency and low antioxidant status in critically ill patients, PLP deficiency was only associated with hyperhomocysteinemia regardless of antioxidant, riboflavin, cobalamine, and folate statuses in critically ill patients with SIRS at seventh day of ICU stay. PLP deficient patients presented about six times more risk of cardiovascular disease than non deficients.

Factorial Validation and Psychometric Properties Establishment of Malay Version Critical Care Family Need Inventory

Introduction: Despite general acknowledgement of the importance in assessing family needs in critical care patients, there is no psychometric instrument to measure the family needs within Malaysian settings. This study aimed to perform factorial validation and establish psychometric properties of Malay translated Critical Care Family Need Inventory (CCFNI-M) for Malaysians. Methods: This study consisted of four protocols: Forward-Backward translation, validity, internal reliability and inter domain correlations phases. The factorial validation of the CCFNI-M was based on its administration to 109 family members of critical care patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. At validity phase, factorial validation was performed using Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation. The internal consistency and inter domain correlations were calculated using Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient respectively. Results: Preliminary analyses reported the suitability of data for factorial validation. With reference to the original CCFNI, five factors were extracted which explained 49.4% of the total variance. After removal of several items for different reasons, the final items in CCFNI-M were 42. The internal consistency values for five dimensions ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 with inter domain correlation values (r) among the dimensions ranged between 0.36 and 0.61. Conclusion: The high measures of factorial validity, internal consistency and inter domain correlations values of the CCFNI-M make it suitable measure for assessing the family needs of critical care patients.