ABSTRACT
Nem todo desenvolvimento psíquico alcança suas formas mais elaboradas de vigência. Por vezes, o processo só se realiza aos pedaços, marcando o sujeito de forma particular. Partindo da consideração do traumatismo precoce, o trabalho articula três conceitos, a saber: homossexualidade primária, relação alérgica de objeto e culpabilidade primária.
Not every psychic development reaches its most elaborated forms of being. Sometimes, the process is only partially implemented and it leaves a particular mark on the subject. Starting from the study of the precocious trauma, the author articulates three concepts, as follows: primary homosexuality, allergic relation of object, and primary culpability.
No todo el desarrollo psíquico alcanza su forma más elaborada de vigencia. A veces, ese proceso se realiza solamente por partes, marcando al sujeto de forma particular. Partiendo de la consideración del traumatismo precoz, este trabajo articula tres conceptos: homosexualidad primaria, relación alérgica de objeto y culpabilidad primaria.
Ce n'est pas tout le développement psychique qui atteint ses formes les plus élaborées d'usage. Parfois, le processus ne se réalise que peu à peu, en marquant le sujet de façon singulière. En partant d'une réflexion sur le traumatisme précoce, ce travail articule trois concepts, à savoir: l'homosexualité primaire, la relation allergique d'objet et la culpabilité primaire.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Earlier studies have already identified that a greater proportion of injured drivers are under the effects of illicit drugs than alcohol in Brazil, but the crash risk attributable to each substance is still unknown. METHODS: Injured motorcycle drivers who were involved in traffic accidents in the West Zone of the city of Sao Paulo were recruited for a cross-sectional study based on crash culpability analysis. Alcohol and drug positivity among drivers was evaluated according to their responsibility for the crash. Culpability ratios were generated based on the proportion of drivers who were deemed culpable in relation to those considered not culpable according to the use of drugs and alcohol. RESULTS: Of the 273 drivers recruited, 10.6% tested positive for alcohol. Among those who were also tested for drugs (n=232), 20.3% had consumed either alcohol and/or other drugs, 15.5% of whom were positive only for drugs other than alcohol, specifically cannabis and cocaine. Drivers who tested positive for alcohol were significantly less likely to possess a valid driver's license and to report driving professionally, whereas those who had consumed only drugs were more likely to drive professionally. The culpability ratio estimated for alcohol-positive drivers was three times higher than that for alcohol-free drivers, showing a superior ratio than drivers who had consumed only drugs other than alcohol, who presented a 1.7 times higher culpability ratio than drug-free drivers. CONCLUSION: Substance use was overrepresented among culpable motorcycle drivers, with alcohol showing a greater contribution to crash culpability than other drugs.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Motorcycles , Adult , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Brazil/epidemiology , Cannabis , Cocaine/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Male , Substance-Related DisordersABSTRACT
El presente trabajo se propone relacionar el funcionamiento del superyó y la psicosis. Partiendo de los hechos clínicos que prefiguran e imponen la noción de superyó, y hasta su conceptualización en 1923, fecha en que encuentra su forma acabada en la teoría, se tratará de mostrar cómo los procesos psíquicos que Freud describe bajo este término lo llevan del lado de la psicosis. El caso del Hombre de las Ratas ofrecerá la oportunidad de entrar en contacto directo con el superyó: al hacer el balance del sentimiento de culpabilidad y la conciencia moral, se tomará nota de que esta instancia no se aviene a la diferencia entre consciente e inconsciente. Se concluirá que el superyó manifiesta las características mayores del inconsciente, salvo que a cielo abierto, como se dice
This paper proposes to link the functioning of the superego and psychosis. Based on the clinical facts that prefigure and impose the notion of superego, and even its conceptualization in 1923, when it finds its way finished in theory, will try to show how mental processes that Freud describes under this term takes at the side of the psychosis. The case of the Rat Man will offer the opportunity to come into direct contact with the superego: at the moment to make a balance stock of guiltiness and the moral conscience, will take note that this instance does not agree to the difference between conscious and unconscious. It will then clear that the superego manifests the greatest features of the unconscious, unless the opencast, as it is said
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Psychoanalysis , Psychotic Disorders , Obsessive Behavior , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Unconscious, PsychologyABSTRACT
Un correcto análisis de los elementos esenciales del tipo penal que sanciona la llamada negligencia médica es fundamental para resolver en justicia los casos de presunta mal praxis, en el sentido de distinguir con propiedad, para cada caso concreto, la diferencia entre los reproches de antijuridicidad y de culpabilidad. Las redacciones legales abiertas y normativas de este tipo de ilícitos dan un gran margen de decisión a los jueces para determinar qué conducta se ajusta o no a los deberes de cuidado exigidos. Esta facultad les obliga a fundar sus fallos de condena en infracciones objetivas a estos deberes y no en criterios particulares de exigibilidad de una determinada conducta, basados en características individuales del agente.
A proper analysis of the essential elements that comprise a criminal offense that falls under the purview of medical negligence is fundamental in order to rule, in justice, cases of alleged malpractice. It is necessary to properly distinguish between accusations of illegality and those of guilt. Open legal essays and precedents about such illicit acts provide judges with great latitude in determining when acts are consistent or not with standard care. This power mandates that judges should ground their convictions on objective infringements of the law rather than subjective criteria.