ABSTRACT
Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.(AU)
Subject(s)
Soil/chemistry , Sustainable Agriculture/methods , CoffeeABSTRACT
Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.
Subject(s)
Sustainable Agriculture/methods , Soil/chemistry , CoffeeABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o poder discriminante da escala de Configurações de Poder organizacional para identificar as diferentes formas de manifestação de cada uma das configurações de poder em diferentes organizações, numa perspectiva macro organizacional/ cultural. Participaram do estudo 20 organizações de diferentes tamanhos, públicas, privadas, de economia mista e de direito público/privado. O instrumento de configurações de poder contendo as seis configurações propostas teoricamente e confirmadas empiricamente foi aplicado coletivamente e respondido individualmente. As amostras foram constituídas por acessibilidade, mas sendo assegurada a representatividade de cada organização no seu todo por meio da reprodução de características originais da população em termos de distribuição por áreas. 3589 participantes responderam ao instrumento. Os testes multivariados da MANOVA demonstraram que a organização tem efeito sobre as configurações de poder. Os resultados evidenciam empiricamente as diferenças entre as configurações de poder e a manifestação delas como fenômeno de nível organizacional, de forma que as configurações de poder podem ser investigadas no nível macro da organização e numa perspectiva cultural. A análise discriminante mostrou que todas as configurações contribuem para os efeitos multivariados identificados na MANOVA, sendo possível concluir que as configurações de poder caracterizam as organizações estudadas e produzem efeitos diferenciados em relação a elas, o que também remete ao construto no nível organizacional.(AU)
This study's objective is to evaluate the discriminating capacity of the organizational power configuration scale to identify the different ways each of the power configurations is manifested in different organizations, in a macro organizational and cultural perspective. Twenty-two (22) organizations of different sizes, public, private, public/private investment and legal entities participated in the study. The power configurations instrument, which contains the six theoretically proposed and empirically confirmed configurations, was applied collectively and answered individually. The samples were selected by convenience, but the representativeness of each organization as a whole was guaranteed by reproducing the original characteristics of the population in terms of distribution by area. A total of 3,589 participants responded to the instrument. The MANOVA multivariate tests showed that the organization has effect over the configurations of power. The results empirically show the differences between the power configurations and their manifestation as a phenomenon at the organizational level, thus the power configurations can be investigated on a macro organizational level and in a cultural perspective. Discriminant analysis showed that all the configurations contribute to the multivariate effects identified in the MANOVA, suggesting that the power configurations characterize the organizations studied and produce distinct effects in relation to these organizations, which is also related to the construct at the organizational level.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Power, Psychological , Organizations , Organizational CultureABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o poder discriminante da escala de Configurações de Poder organizacional para identificar as diferentes formas de manifestação de cada uma das configurações de poder em diferentes organizações, numa perspectiva macro organizacional/ cultural. Participaram do estudo 20 organizações de diferentes tamanhos, públicas, privadas, de economia mista e de direito público/privado. O instrumento de configurações de poder contendo as seis configurações propostas teoricamente e confirmadas empiricamente foi aplicado coletivamente e respondido individualmente. As amostras foram constituídas por acessibilidade, mas sendo assegurada a representatividade de cada organização no seu todo por meio da reprodução de características originais da população em termos de distribuição por áreas. 3589 participantes responderam ao instrumento. Os testes multivariados da MANOVA demonstraram que a organização tem efeito sobre as configurações de poder. Os resultados evidenciam empiricamente as diferenças entre as configurações de poder e a manifestação delas como fenômeno de nível organizacional, de forma que as configurações de poder podem ser investigadas no nível macro da organização e numa perspectiva cultural. A análise discriminante mostrou que todas as configurações contribuem para os efeitos multivariados identificados na MANOVA, sendo possível concluir que as configurações de poder caracterizam as organizações estudadas e produzem efeitos diferenciados em relação a elas, o que também remete ao construto no nível organizacional...
This study's objective is to evaluate the discriminating capacity of the organizational power configuration scale to identify the different ways each of the power configurations is manifested in different organizations, in a macro organizational and cultural perspective. Twenty-two (22) organizations of different sizes, public, private, public/private investment and legal entities participated in the study. The power configurations instrument, which contains the six theoretically proposed and empirically confirmed configurations, was applied collectively and answered individually. The samples were selected by convenience, but the representativeness of each organization as a whole was guaranteed by reproducing the original characteristics of the population in terms of distribution by area. A total of 3,589 participants responded to the instrument. The MANOVA multivariate tests showed that the organization has effect over the configurations of power. The results empirically show the differences between the power configurations and their manifestation as a phenomenon at the organizational level, thus the power configurations can be investigated on a macro organizational level and in a cultural perspective. Discriminant analysis showed that all the configurations contribute to the multivariate effects identified in the MANOVA, suggesting that the power configurations characterize the organizations studied and produce distinct effects in relation to these organizations, which is also related to the construct at the organizational level...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Organizational Culture , Organizations , Power, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Geographic Information System GIS is a technology developed to generate and to analyze spatial information on several thematic areas. This work provides a method to generate and to quantify small extension areas, like morphological homogeneous units (MHU) of a soil cultural profile, using the software Arcview8. The MHU were easily identified and their areas quantified by depth level.
O Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG é uma tecnologia que muito auxilia a confecção e análise de mapas do espaço físico-territorial e ambiental. Este trabalho visa propor um método para quantificar áreas de tamanho pequeno, como as unidades morfologicamente homogêneas (UMH) de um perfil cultural do solo, utilizando o programa computacional Arcview8. As UMH´s foram facilmente identificadas e suas áreas quantificadas por profundidade.