School Satisfaction in Immigrant and Chilean Students: The Role of Prejudice and Cultural Self-Efficacy.

Latin-American immigration has transformed Chilean schools into new multicultural scenarios. Studies about intergroup dynamics among students from different cultural backgrounds and their psychological consequences are still limited in south-south migration contexts. Literature has suggested that intergroup relations influence students' satisfaction with school, and they could be improved by the development of competences to cope with cultural differences. This study aims to verify if cultural self-efficacy and its dimensions mediated the influence of prejudice on satisfaction with school, in a sample composed by N = 690 Chilean and Latin-American immigrant secondary students. Results showed that cultural self-efficacy reduced the effect of prejudice in satisfaction with school, in the cases of both immigrant and Chilean students. The dimensions of cultural self-efficacy in processing information from other cultures and mixing with different others make the difference. Findings' contributions for the understanding of adolescents' intergroup relations and psychosocial interventions at school are discussed.

Level of Cultural Self-Efficacy of Colombian Nursing Professionals and Related Factors.

PURPOSE: To describe the level of cultural self-efficacy of Colombian nursing professionals and determine the main influencing factors. METHOD: A descriptive, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 211 nursing professionals selected by systematic random sampling for a finite population, using the Colombian version of the Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale. After descriptive statistical analysis, nonparametric tests were applied to determine between-variable associations, followed by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale score was 2.58. An association with sex and age ( p < .05) was observed in regression analysis. The mean score for knowledge of cultural concepts was 3.20 and associated with age, years of experience, educational level, and cross-cultural experiences ( p < .05). The mean score for confidence in performing cultural nursing skills was 3.29. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The cultural self-efficacy level of this sample of nursing professionals, with their consequent capacity to provide culturally competent care, is moderate and is associated with sex and age. Confidence in knowledge of cultural concepts is affected by age, educational level, years of experience, and cross-cultural experiences. This evidence supports the implementation of changes to improve the cultural knowledge and therefore cultural self-efficacy of these professionals.

Uma teoria simbólica da história: O mito cristão como principal símbolo estruturante do padrão de alteridade na cultura ocidental / A symbolic theory of history: The Christian Myth as the main structuring-symbol of the Alterity Pattern in Western culture / Una teoría simbólica de la historia: El mito cristiano como principal símbolo estructurante del patrón de alteridad en la cultura occidental

O artigo busca desenvolver uma conceituação de Antropologia Simbólica que possa perceber e estudar o Self Cultural a partir de quatro estruturas arquetípicas básicas: matriarcal, patriarcal, alteridade e cósmica, na sua transformação histórico-evolutiva da Consciência Individual e Coletiva por intermédio de símbolos estruturantes. Esta metodologia nos permite estudar a interação dos símbolos estruturantes de culturas diferentes nas sociedades pluriculturais em contexto dinâmico e igualitário. Esta perspectiva simbólica aplicada à História da Cultura Ocidental se destina a estudar a transição da dominância patriarcal para a alteridade por intermédio dos símbolos estruturantes do Mito Cristão. Simbolicamente, os 14 séculos de Inquisição são vistos reintensificando o dinamismo patriarcal a ponto de patriarcalizar o Mito Cristão, estabelecer a dicotomia Cristo-Diabo e levar à dissociação do Self Cultural no século XVIII, produzindo uma grave fixação cultural no desenvolvimento da alteridade no Ocidente daí em diante. São discutidos alguns aspectos dessa dissociação cultural e enfatizada a importância do conceito de Patologia Cultural e de resgate do dinamismo matriarcal ferido. ■

The article develops a concept of Symbolic Anthropology to study the Cultural Self based on four archetypal structures, matriarchal, patriarchal, alterity and cosmic as they historically contribute side by side to develop Individual and Collective Consciousness through structuring symbols. This method allows us to study the interaction of structuring symbols in multicultural societies in a dynamic and equalitarian context even though one culture is highly advanced technologically and the other has no written language. This symbolic perspective is also used to study the transition of our patriarchal Roman-Judaic tradition towards the alterity democratic pattern through the structuring symbols of the Christian Myth. Symbolically, the fourteen centuries of the Inquisition are seen as a reintensification of the patriarchal pattern to the point of patriarchalizing the Christian Myth, establishing the Christ-Devil dichotomy splitting the image of the Christian Godhead and culminating in a severe dissociation of the Cultural Self in the 18th century with an intense injury to the implantation of the alterity pattern which affects us greatly today in all cultural dimensions. The importance of the concept of Symbolic Anthropology and History is stressed to study phenomena such as Cultural Pathology, fixation and dissociation of the Cultural Self. The author stresses the importance of matriarchal dynamism functioning side by side with patriarchal dynamism for society to attain and exercise the alterity democratic pattern of Consciousness. The symbolic richness of Indian and Negro Cultures and the absence in them of a dissociation similar to the Christ-Devil dichotomy is also emphasized as their possibility to contribute to a healthier Cultural Self in our multi-cultural society. ■

El artículo busca desarrollar una conceptualización de Antropología Simbólica que pueda percibir y estudiar el Self Cultural a partir de cuatro estructuras arquetípicas básicas: matriarcal, patriarcal, alteridad y cósmica, en su transformación histórico-evolutiva de la Conciencia Individual y Colectiva por intermedio de símbolos estructurantes. Esta metodología nos permite estudiar la interacción de los símbolos estructurantes de culturas diferentes en las sociedades pluriculturales en contexto dinámico e igualitario. Esta perspectiva simbólica aplicada a la Historia de la Cultura Occidental está destinada a estudiar la transición de la dominancia patriarcal a la alteridad a través de los símbolos estructurantes del Mito Cristiano. Simbólicamente, los catorce siglos de Inquisición se ven nuevamente intensificando el dinamismo patriarcal a punto de patriarcalizar el Mito Cristiano, establecer la dicotomía Cristo-Diablo y llevar a la disociación del Self Cultural en el siglo XVIII, produciendo una grave fijación cultural en el desarrollo de la alteridad en Occidente de ahí en adelante. Se discuten algunos aspectos de esa disociación cultural y se enfatiza la importancia del concepto de Patología Cultural y de rescate del dinamismo matriarcal herido. ■

Arte e Psicopatologia: a defesa sadomasoquista e a transcendência do mal. Um enigma que reúne a vida e a obra de Franz Kafka / Art and psychopathology: the sadomasochistic defense and the transcendence of evil. An enigma that brings together the life and work of Franz Kafka. A study of Jungian Symbolic Psychopathology / Arte y psicopatología: la defensa sadomasoquista y la rrascendencia del mal. Un enigma que reúne la vida y la obra de Franz Kafka. Un estudio de la Psicopatología Simbólica Junguiana

O autor, dentro do referencial teórico da Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana, estuda a relação da Arte com a Psicopatologia e situa o sadomasoquismo como a defesa central dos relacionamentos humanos. Postula a sua formação através da fixação das identificações parentais, que inclui o vínculo entre mãe e pai e as reações do Ego a eles. Esta fixação envolve a interação da função estruturante do amor (afeto e agressividade) com a função estruturante do poder (obediência e comando). O autor ilustra estes conceitos na vida e na obra de Franz Kafka, descrevendo a identificação do seu Ego na Consciência dominantemente com o afeto delicado, sensível e introvertido do seu complexo materno positivo, e do seu Ego na Sombra com a passividade covarde e masoquista do seu complexo materno negativo. Descreve também a identificação do Outro na Consciência dominantemente com a exuberância vital, a produtividade e a dedicação ao trabalho e à família do seu complexo paterno positivo e do seu Outro na Sombra com a agressividade egocêntrica, sádica, prepotente e extrovertida do seu complexo paterno negativo. A resultante desta grave fixação foi uma relação sadomasoquista da polaridade Ego-Outro na sua personalidade, claramente expressa na sua famosa Carta ao Pai e na maior parte de sua obra, inclusive na sua ordem para que fosse destruída junto com seus diários. Byington conclui mencionando alguns aspectos da relação entre Arte e Psicopatologia e postula que o Arquétipo Central abrange os complexos fixados do sistema defensivo da Sombra, mas busca ultrapassá-los na autorrealização criativa do Processo de Individuação. No caso de Kafka, isto não aconteceu no Self Individual, mas realizou-se vigorosamente através da imagem arquetípica da ressurreição no Self Cultural. ■

Within the conceptual framework of Jungian Symbolic Psychology, the author studies the relationship between Art and Psychopathology and considers sadomasochism to be the defensive core of all psychological relationships. He postulates its formation mainly through the fixation of the Ego-Other polarity in the primary negative parental identifications, including the meaning of the relationship between father and mother and the reactions of the ego towards them. This fixation involves the interaction between the structuring function of love (affection and aggression) and that of power (obedience and control). The author illustrates these concepts in the life and work of Franz Kafka, describing his ego's identification in consciousness predominantly with the gentle, affectionate and sensitive introversion of his positive mother complex and of his ego in the shadow with the masochistic cowardly passivity of his negative mother complex. He also describes the identification of the other in consciousness predominantly with the vital exuberance, the productivity and the dedication to work and to the family of his positive father complex, and of the other in the shadow dominantly with sadistic egocentric and aggressive extroversion of his negative father complex. The result of this severe fixation was a sadomasochist relationship of the ego-other polarity in his personality expressed clearly in the famous letter to his father and in most of his work, including his wish to destroy it. Byington concludes by mentioning some aspects of the relationship between art and psychopathology and postulates that the Central Archetype encompasses the fixated complexes of the shadow's defensive system, and tries to go beyond them in the creative self-realization of the individuation process. In the case of Kafka, this could not occur in the individual Self, but was realized through the archetypal image of resurrection in the cultural Self. ■

El autor, dentro del referencial teórico de la Psicología Simbólica Junguiana, estudia la relación del Arte con la Psicopatología y sitúa el sadomasoquismo como la defensa central de las relaciones humanas. Postula su formación a través de la fijación de las identificaciones parentales, que incluye el vínculo entre madre y padre y las reacciones del Ego a ellos. Esta fijación implica la interacción de la función estructurante del amor (afecto y agresividad) con la función estructurante del poder (obediencia y mando). El autor ilustra estos conceptos en la vida y obra de Franz Kafka, describiendo la identificación de su Ego en la Conciencia dominante con el afecto delicado, sensible e introvertido de su complejo materno positivo, y de su Ego en la Sombra con la pasividad cobarde y masoquista su complejo materno negativo. Describe también la identificación del Otro en la Conciencia dominante con la exuberancia vital, la productividad y la dedicación al trabajo y a la familia de su complejo paterno positivo y de su Otro en la Sombra con la agresividad egocéntrica, sádica, prepotente y extrovertida de su complejo paterno negativo. La resultante de esta grave fijación fue una relación sadomasoquista de la polaridad Ego-Otro en su personalidad, claramente expresada en su famosa Carta al Padre y en la mayor parte de su obra, incluso en su orden para que fuera destruida junto con sus diarios. Byington concluye mencionando algunos aspectos de la relación entre Arte y Psicopatología y postula que el Arquetipo Central abarca los complejos fijados del sistema defensivo de la Sombra, pero busca sobrepasarlos en la autorrealización creativa del Proceso de Individuación. En el caso de Kafka, esto no sucedió en el Self Individual, pero se realizó vigorosamente a través de la imagen arquetípica de la resurrección en el Self Cultural. ■

Uso de recursos herbolarios entre mapuches y criollos de la comunidad campesina de Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina) / Use of medicinal plant resources in Mapuche and Criollo inhabitants of the rural community of Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Argentina)

This work investigates wild medicinal plant use in a rural population of Northwest Patagonia. Arroyo Las Minas population is composed by families with different cultural identitites. Biogeographical origin and differential use between Mapuches and Criollos were focused in this work.. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 inhabitants. Among the medicinal plants used in this population, native flora was best represented than the exotic one. The Mapuche inhabitants utilized more total richness (particularly native species) of medicinal plants than the Criollos. Cultural identity (i.e. self-recognition as Mapuche) and time of interaction with the local flora seems to influence the present use of the medicinal plants in this population.

Este trabajo indaga acerca del uso de plantas silvestres medicinales usadas en una pequeña población campesina del noroeste patagónico. La población Arroyo Las Minas está compuesta por familias con diferente auto-reconocimiento cultural. En este estudio se enfoca en aspectos relacionados con el origen biogeográfico de los recursos utilizados y se analiza si el uso de plantas varía entre mapuches y criollos. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas a 17 personas del paraje. La flora nativa se encuentra mejor representada que los elementos exóticos en la herbolaria de esta población. Los pobladores mapuches utilizan una mayor riqueza de plantas medicinales, y de nativas en particular en comparación con los pobladores criollos. El auto-reconocimiento cultural y el tiempo de interacción con la flora son aspectos que parecen influir en el uso actual de plantas medicinales en esta población.