ABSTRACT
In Flanders the term flandrien refers to cyclists who display a strong work ethic, great perseverance, are powerful and who perform best in adverse weather conditions. Until the 1960s, only leading cyclists originating from the province of West- and East-Flanders were considered as flandriens. After 1960, the media extended the use of this term to Belgian cyclists in general and even to international cyclists. The present study examined whether Flemish citizens agree with this generalization considering that the term flandrien still plays a highly symbolical role in the public discourse on Flemish identity. First, the main aim was to investigate whether having an ethno-cultural identity representation of the Flemish identity is positively related to perceived regional exclusivity of the term flandrien. Second, this study explored whether Flemish identification moderates this relation (i.e. this relation is only expected for high identifiers) and also predicts Flemings' regional exclusivity of the term. Results revealed that the more Flemings endorse an ethno-cultural identity representation the more they consider a flandrien as an exclusively Flemish cyclist, and the less they will include international cyclists in their consideration of a flandrien. Flemish identification did not moderate this relation but did predict the consideration of a flandrien as a Flemish cyclist. These findings indicate that the current interpretation of the historical cycling term flandrien is influenced by cultural conceptualizations of Flemish identity.
ABSTRACT
O controle visual da freada foi estudado em ciclistas recreacionais através da manipulação da velocidade no início da freada (baixa, média e alta) e da trajetória de aproximação (retilínea e curvilínea) da bicicleta em relação a um obstáculo estacionário. A hipótese foi que o tipo de trajetória da bicicleta, de modo exclusivo ou em interação com a velocidade inicial, afetaria a informação visual de tempo para colisão ("tau" margem) e sua primeira derivada no tempo ("tau-dot"), respectivamente, no início e durante a freada. Os resultados revelaram que a velocidade afetou significativamente "tau" margem, enquanto "tau-dot" manteve-se inalterado independentemente da condição. O tipo de trajetória claramente não afetou o controle visual da freada em ciclistas.
Braking visual control was studied in recreational cyclists through the manipulation of bicycle's velocity at braking initiation (low, medium, and high) and approaching trajectory (straight and curved) with respect to a stationary obstacle. The hypothesis was that the type of trajectory, exclusively or interacting with initial velocity, would affect time to collision visual information (tau margin) and its first derivative in time (tau-dot), respectively, in the onset and during braking. The results revealed that velocity affected significantly tau margin while tau-dot remained unaltered independently of condition. The type of trajectory clearly did not affect the visual control of braking in cyclists.
El control visual de la frenada fue estudiado en ciclistas recreativos mediante la manipulación de la velocidad (baja, media y alta) al principio de la frenada y la trayectoria de aproximación de la bicicleta (rectilínea y curvilínea) en relación con un obstáculo fijo. La hipótesis era que el tipo de trayectoria de la bicicleta, de modo exclusivo o en interacción con la velocidad inicial, afectaría la información visual del momento de la colisión (margen "tau") y su primera derivada en el tiempo ("tau-dot"), respectivamente, al principio y durante la frenada. Los resultados revelaron que la velocidad afectó significativamente el margen "tau", mientras que el "tau-dot" permaneció inalterado independientemente de su condición. El tipo de trayectoria claramente no afectó el control visual de frenado en los ciclistas.