Quantitative detection of cassava common mosaic virus for health certification of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm using qPCR analysis.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crop of global economic and food safety importance, used for human consumption and in various industrial applications. The genebank of the Genetic Resources Program of the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT currently holds the world's largest cassava collection, with 5965 in vitro accessions from 28 countries. Managing this extensive collection involves indexing quarantine pathogens as a phytosanitary certification requirement for safely distributing cassava germplasm. The study therefore aimed to optimize a quantitative diagnostic protocol to detect cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) using quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a better alternative to other molecular techniques. This was done through designing primers and a probe in the RdRP region of CsCMV, and optimizing the qPCR conditions of the diagnostic protocol using primer concentration assays, and reaction amplification conditions such as volume and reaction time. We also evaluated the qPCR protocol by comparing the results of 140 cassava accession evaluations using three diagnostic methodologies (DAS-ELISA, end-point PCR, and qPCR) for CsCMV. Our protocol established that qPCR technique analysis is ten-times more sensitive in detecting CsCMV compared to end-point PCR, showing a maximum detection level of 77.97 copies/µL of plasmid, with 76 min of reaction time. The comparison allowed us to verify the level of CsCMV detection through the techniques evaluated, concluding that qPCR was more sensitive and allowed the quantification of viral concentration. The optimized qPCR protocol will be used to accelerate diagnostic screening of cassava germplasm for the presence or absence of CsCMV to ensure safe movement and distribution of disease-free germplasm.

Development of antibody to virulence factor flagellin and its evaluation in screening Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum.

The bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum presents a notable economic risk to a variety of crucial crops worldwide. During preliminary isolation of this phytopathogen, several colonies of other saprophytic bacteria may be mistaken with it. So, the present study aims to address this issue by proposing the application of immunogenic proteins, particularly flagellin (FliC), to enable a rapid and early identification of bacterial wilt. In this study, a novel approach is unveiled for the early detection of R. pseudosolanacearum. The study exploits the immunogenic attributes of flagellin (FliC), by generating polyclonal antibodies against recombinant FliC within model organisms-rabbits and mice. The efficacy of these antibodies is meticulously assessed through discerning techniques, including DAS-ELISA and Western blot analyses, which elucidate their remarkable specificity in identifying various R. pseudosolanacearum strains. Furthermore, the introduction of antibody-coated latex agglutinating reagents offers an additional layer of confirmation, substantiating the feasibility of establishing a laboratory-based toolkit for swift screening and unambiguous identification of the bacterial wilt pathogen. This study presents a significant stride toward enhancing early diagnostic capabilities, potentially revolutionizing agricultural practices by safeguarding crop yield and quality through proactive pathogen detection and mitigation strategies.

Detection of Sugarcane bacilliform virus in diseased sugarcane plants in Andhra Pradesh, India by serological and molecular methods.

Sugarcane leaf fleck incited by Sugarcane bacilliform virus is emerging as a major disease and affecting exchange of sugarcane germplasm and cultivation worldwide. Roving surveys conducted in 162 fields belonging to 81 villages spread over 14 sugarcane growing districts of Andhra Pradesh during 2021-2022 revealed 8 to 44% incidence of the disease. Mean maximum fleck disease incidence was reported in Anakapalli district (33.00%) followed by Srikakulam district (22.66%), whereas least incidence was observed in Alluri Sitharamaraju district (9.33%). The early and sensitive detection of pathogens is vital and necessary to reduce the danger of introducing new diseases or pathogen strains into sugarcane growing regions. Both serological and molecular methods were used in proposed investigation to identify the virus at the protein and nucleic acid levels. DAS-ELISA results were positive for 50 suspected SCBV infected sugarcane leaf samples out of 81, with mean absorbance (A405) values ranging from 0.50 to 2.20. Further PCR assays were performed using SCBV-specific primers targeting RT/RNase H coding region which is frequently employed as a taxonomic marker for species delineation in Badnaviruses. Out of 81 symptomatic samples collected, 61 samples gave positive results, and no amplification was observed in healthy control and negative control. Results made it evident that PCR was more sensitive than DAS-ELISA. Low virus concentration or variation in virus strains may be the reason for the low detection rate in DAS-ELISA in the current study. Extensive roving surveys conducted for the incidence of leaf fleck disease for the first time in the state of Andhra Pradesh revealed severe occurrence of leaf fleck disease under field conditions.

CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL Potato virus V (PVV) INFECTANDO Solanum phureja MEDIANTE SECUENCIACIÓN DE NUEVA GENERACIÓN / Molecular Characterization of Potato virus V (PVV) Infecting Solanum phureja Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Las enfermedades virales son uno de los problemas más limitantes para la producción de papa en el mundo. Uno de los materiales de papa más susceptibles a los virus corresponde a Solanum phureja; sin embargo, en Colombia son pocos los estudios adelantados sobre los agentes causales que lo afectan. En este trabajo se realizó una caracterización molecular del Potato virus V (PVV) infectando plantas de S. phureja en Antioquia, utilizando métodos de secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS), pruebas de DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR en tiempo real (RT-qPCR) y RT-PCR convencional. Los resultados indican la ocurrencia de niveles muy variables de incidencia del virus entre lotes de cultivo (6,7 % a 86 %). El PVV tiene un genoma de 9828 nt que codifica para una poliproteína de 3066 aa y presenta dos variantes principales (Var_A y Var_B) en proporciones de 72 y 28 %. Estas variantes comparten altos niveles de identidad genética (99,7 % en todo el genoma) entre ellas y con respecto a la cepa PVV-Phureja reportada en Colombia, pero no con otras cepas del mundo (82-83 %). Con base en dichos genomas, se diseñaron y evaluaron en muestras foliares de S. phureja, dos pares de cebadores para la detección del virus en pruebas de RT-PCR (459 pb) y RT-qPCR (89 pb, Ct=12,08-21,86 y Tm= 78,7°C-80,2 °C), confirmándose la presencia de este virus en tejidos sintomáticos y asintomáticos de papa criolla. La ocurrencia generalizada de PVV en los cultivos de S. phureja indica la necesidad de incorporar en los programas de certificación de tubérculos-semilla de S. phureja en Colombia el diagnóstico de este virus.

Viral diseases are one of the most limiting problems in the production of potato worldwide. Solanum phureja constitutes one of the most susceptible materials to viral diseases in Colombia; however, there are few studies on viruses infecting this crop. In the current study, we performed a molecular characterization of Potato virus V (PVV) that infects S. phureja, using different potato plots located in the province of Antioquia, using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), DAS-ELISA, real time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RT-PCR. Results revealed variable levels of incidence among plots (6.7 %-86 %) and the presence of two slightly different variants (Var_A and Var_B) present in approximately 72 %:28 % ratio. These PVV strains have a genome of 9828 nt codifying for a polyprotein of 3066 aa and share high nucleotide sequence identity (99,7 % in their complete genome) with respect to PVV-Phureja, recently described in Colombia, but are very divergent with respect to currently available PVV genomes (82-83 %). The genome information was used to design two sets of primers, useful in the specific detection of this virus in S. phureja leaf samples through RT-PCR (459 bp) and RT-qPCR (89 bp, Ct=12.08-21.86; Tm=78.7 °C-80.2 °C). This study underscores the importance of including diagnostics of PVV in S. phureja tuber-seed certification programs in Colombia.

Detección serológica y molecular del Potato virus X (PVX) en tubérculos-semilla de papa (Solanum tuberosum L. y Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov) en Antioquia, Colombia / Serological and molecular detection of Potato virus X (PVX) in seed potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. and Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov) from Antioquia, Colombia

El Potato virus X (PVX) es uno de los virus más limitantes del cultivo de la papa en el mundo. Es transmitido solamente por contacto y por tubérculo-semilla. Su control se fundamenta en la siembra de tubérculos certificados por su sanidad viral y en la disponibilidad de metodologías de diagnóstico altamente sensibles. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia del PVX en cuatro diferentes tejidos de tubérculos de Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena var. Diacol-Capiro y S. phureja var. Criolla Colombia utilizando pruebas de DAS-ELISA para 128 submuestras y de RT-qPCR para 32 grupos de submuestras (4 submuestras/grupo). Los resultados de las pruebas serológicas indicaron la presencia de PVX en el 6,25 y 50% de las submuestras analizadas para la variedad Diacol-Capiro y Criolla Colombia, respectivamente; mientras que los niveles de prevalencia del PVX utilizando la detección por RT-qPCR fueron del 93,75%, independientemente de la variedad de papa y del tejido evaluado. Los valores promedio del ciclo umbral (Ct) en las RT-qPCR fueron de 25,6 (Ct=18,02 a 34,49) y el análisis de las curvas de desnaturalización permitió identificar dos variantes del virus con valores de Tm de 79,5±1°C y 83,7±1°C. La secuenciación de los amplicones obtenidos por RT-qPCR para los controles positivos y para dos de las muestras, confirmó su naturaleza viral. Estos resultados señalan unos muy altos niveles de prevalencia de PVX en el material de siembra de papa en Antioquia y la necesidad de fortalecer los programas de certificación de semilla con pruebas de detección como RT-qPCR.

Potato virus X (PVX) is one of the most important virus affecting potato crops worldwide. The virus is only transmitted mechanically and through tuber-seeds. Control of PVX is based on the usage of certified tubers, which in turn depends on the availability of sensitive diagnostic tests that allow its direct detection on seeds. In this work, the prevalence of PVX in four different tuber tissues of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena var. Diacol-Capiro and S. phureja var. Criolla was evaluated using DAS-ELISA (128 subsamples) and RT-qPCR (4 subsamples per group). DAS-ELISA revealed the presence of PVX in 6.25 and 50% of Diacol-Capiro and Criolla Colombia subsamples; in contrast, RT-qPCR detected PVX in 93.75% of the samples independent of the potato variety or type of tissue. Ct values were in the 18.02 to 34.49 range with a mean value of 25.6. Melting curve analysis allowed the identification of two virus variants with Tm values of 79.5±1°C and 83.7±1°C. Sanger sequencing of the positive controls and two of the samples confirmed RT-qPCR amplicons to be PVX. These results reveal a high level of prevalence of PVX in potato tuber seeds used in Antioquia and the need to strengthen seed certification programs in Colombia through RT-qPCR detection assays.

ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO Y VARIABILIDAD MOLECULAR DEL Potato virus X (PVX) EN CULTIVOS DE PAPA DE ANTIOQUIA / Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Variability of Potato virus X (PVX) in Potato Crops of Antioquia

En este estudio se determinaron las relaciones filogenéticas y los niveles de variación de aislamientos de PVX obtenidos en tejidos foliares de plantas de Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena var. Diacol-Capiro y S. phureja var. Criolla Colombia en Antioquia, utilizando métodos de secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS) y de Sanger. Inicialmente, se detectó el PVX mediante DAS-ELISA (Agdia-PSA10000), confirmándose su presencia en ocho de las muestras por Inmunocaptura-RT-PCR en tiempo real (IC-RT-qPCR). Los resultados de las pruebas serológicas indicaron la infección de PVX en 14,7 % y 13,3 % de las muestras de Diacol-Capiro y Criolla Colombia, respectivamente. Su identidad fue confirmada por IC-RT-qPCR, con valores de ciclo umbral (Ct) de 15,04 a 27,59 y dos temperaturas de fusión (Tm) (Tm1 = 80,3 °C ± 0,5 y Tm2 = 83,3 °C ± 0,5), encontrándose así dos variantes de PVX en Antioquia. Utilizando NGS se detectó el PVX en bajos niveles de infección en las muestras de Criolla Colombia, siendo posible obtener contigs parciales para todos los ORFs del genoma viral. Con NGS no se detectó el virus en las muestras de Diacol-Capiro evaluadas. Los análisis filogenéticos realizados con base en secuencias de cápside y replicasa viral separaron los aislamientos de PVX de Antioquia en dos grupos, relacionados con el clado Eurasiático (I) de este virus. Los altos niveles de infección de PVX detectados en los cultivos de papa de Antioquia y la ocurrencia de al menos dos variantes, enfatizan en la necesidad de fortalecer los programas de certificación de tubérculos-semilla de papa, como principal herramienta para el control de este virus.

In this study, the phylogenetic relationships and molecular variability of PVX isolates from leaf samples of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena var. Diacol-Capiro and S. phureja var. Criolla Colombia in Antioquia were analyzed. Sequences were obtained using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of bulk samples and Sanger sequencing. DAS-ELISA (Agdia-PSA10000) revealed infection levels of 14.7 % and 13.3 % leaf samples of Diacol-Capiro and Criolla Colombia, respectively. The presence of PVX was further confirmed by IC-RT-qPCR in eight samples, which resulted in Ct values in the 15.04-27.59 range and two melting temperatures (Tm1 = 80.3 °C ± 0.5 and Tm2 = 83.3 °C ± 0.5). These results suggest the presence of at least two PVX variants in Antioquia. Using NGS, PVX was detected at low levels in leaf samples of Criolla Colombia, which resulted in contigs for most ORFs of the viral genome; NGS did not detect PVX in Diacol-Capiro samples. Phylogenetic analysis using capsid and replicase sequences separated PVX isolates into two groups within the Eurasian class (I). The high levels of PVX infection detected in potato crops in Antioquia and the presence of at least two variants highlight the need to strenghten current tuber seed certification programs aimed at controlling the spread of this virus.

Detección serológica y caracterización molecular de Potato virus S (PVS, Carlavirus) en cultivos de papa de Colombia / Detection and molecular characterization of Potato virus S (PVS, Carlavirus) from Colombia

In Colombia, potato crops are affected by a wide variety of viruses such as PVY, PLRV, PVX, PMTV and PVS. Unfortunately, there are very few studies on the biology, distribution and pathogenicity of these viruses; this situation is even worse for the latent virus PVS. In this work, we evaluated the presence of PVS in four Colombian provinces (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Nariño) by the use of ELISA. We also studied the degree of molecular variation by sequence comparison of a segment of the gene encoding for the viral coat protein. In average, PVS was detected in 40% of 320 analyzed samples of potato leaves; the highest levels were observed in the East of Antioquia (49%) and Pasto (Nariño) (47%), while in the other regions ranged between 35% and 42%. Analysis of sequence revealed the presence of two PVS strains in Colombia: three isolates were associated to PVS O (Ordinary) and twelve belonged to PVS A (Andean). A high diversity was observed among PVS A strains with percent identities in the range of 88-99%. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening seed certification programs and quarantine measures in Colombia for viruses like PVS, which can cause losses of up to 20% in potato crops and even higher in mixed virus infection.

El cultivo de papa en Colombia es afectado por diversos virus, que incluyen PVY, PLRV, PVX, PMTV y PVS; aunque se han realizado pocos estudios sobre la biología, distribución y patogenicidad de dichos virus en Colombia, siendo especialmente escasa la información referente al PVS. En este trabajo se evaluó mediante pruebas de ELISA, la presencia del PVS en cuatro departamentos de Colombia, así como sus niveles de variación, a partir de la secuenciación de una porción del gen de la cápside viral. Los resultados indicaron una detección promedio del virus en el 40% de las 320 muestras analizadas, con zonas como el Oriente cercano de Antioquia (49%) y Pasto (Nariño) (47%), donde se detectó en mayor proporción el virus. Los análisis de variación molecular indicaron la presencia de las dos razas de PVS (Ordinaria y Andina) en Colombia, siendo los aislamientos de PVS A los más diversos, al pre- sentar un rango de identidad del 88 al 99%. Estos hallazgos indican que es imperativo el fortalecimiento de los programas de certificación de semilla y vigilancia cuarentenaria en el país, especialmente para virus como el PVS, que aunque puede ser asintomático, causa pérdidas hasta del 20% en cultivos de papa.

Incidencia y distribución altitudinal de 13 virus en cultivos de solanum tuberosum (solanaceae) en Costa Rica / Incidence and altitudinal distribution of 13 virus cultures in Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae) from Costa Rica

A survey was conducted in 30 fields located at three different altitudes in Cartago, Costa Rica's main potato producing area. Twenty plants were sampled per farm, for a total of 600 samples with 200 samples per altitude. ELISA was used with commercial reagents to independently test for PVX, PVY, PVM, PVA, PVS, PLRV, PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT, APLV, APMoV and TRSV. The presence of the following viruses was determined: PVX (77 %), PAMV (62 %), PLRV (42 %), TRSV (42 %), PVT (39 %), PVV (37 %), PMTV (31%), PVY (30 %), PVS (19 %), PVM (13 %), PVA (8 %), and APMoV (8%). APLV was not detected in any sample. This is the first report in Costa Rica of the presence of the viruses PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT and APMoV. A high viral incidence in the tuber seed production area as well as a high rate of mixed infections is reported.

En Cartago, la zona productora de papa más importante de Costa Rica, se realizó un muestreo en 30 fincas ubicadas a tres altitudes. Se recolectaron 20 plantas por finca y 200 muestras por altitud. Todas las muestras se analizaron independientemente mediante ELISA, para PVX, PVY, PVM, PVA, PVS, PLRV, PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT, APLV, APMoV y TRSV, utilizando reactivos comerciales. Se identificó la presencia de PVX (77 %), PAMV (62 %), PLRV (42 %), TRSV (42 %), PVT (39 %), PVV (37 %), PMTV (31 %), PVY (30 %), PVS (19 %), PVM (13 %), PVA (8 %), y APMoV (8 %). No se detectó APLV en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Se informan por primera vez la presencia en Costa Rica de los virus PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT y APMoV. Se informa la alta incidencia viral en la zona dedicada a la producción de tubérculos como semilla y la alta tasa de infecciones mixtas.