Guidelines for HPV-DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in Brazil / Recomendações para o uso de testes de DNA-HPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo útero no Brasil

Abstract Evidence-based clinical guidelines ensure best practice protocols are available in health care. There is a widespread use of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPVDNA) tests in Brazil, regardless of the lack of official guidelines. On behalf of the Brazilian Association for the Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy (ABPTGIC, in the Portuguese acronym), a team of reviewers searched for published evidence and developed a set of recommendations for the use of HPV-DNA tests in cervical cancer screening in Brazil. The product of this process was debated and consensus was sought by the participants. One concern of the authors was the inclusion of these tests in the assessment of women with cytologic atypia and women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Testing for HPV is recommended in an organized screening scenario to identify women with precursor lesions or asymptomatic cervical cancer older than 30 years of age, and it can be performed every 5 years. It also has value after the cytology showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) as a triage test for colposcopy, in the investigation of other cytological alterations when no abnormal findings are observed at colposcopy, seeking to exclude disease, or, further, after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, to rule out residual disease.

Resumo O uso de diretrizes clínicas baseadas em evidências visa assegurar as melhores práticas na área de cuidado à saúde. O uso de testes de ácido desoxirribonucleico de papilomavírus humano (DNA-HPV) vem crescendo e se disseminando sem que existam recomendações de uso no cenário brasileiro.Emnomeda Associação Brasileira de Patologia doTrato Genital Inferior e Colposcopia (ABPTGIC), grupos de revisores pesquisaram evidências e formularamrecomendações para o uso dos testes de DNA-HPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, no seguimento de mulheres com atipias citológicas, e após tratamento de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC). O produto desse processo foi debatido e foi buscado consenso entre participantes. Os testes de DNA-HPV são recomendados num cenário de rastreamento organizado para identificação de mulheres portadoras de lesões precursoras ou câncer assintomático com mais de 30 anos e podem ser realizados a cada 5 anos. Também têm valor após a citologia mostrando células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US) ou lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LSIL) como teste de triagempara colposcopia, na investigação de outras alterações citológicas quando não são observados achados anormais à colposcopia, buscando excluir doença, ou, ainda, no seguimento após tratamento das neoplasias intraepiteliais de alto grau, para exclusão de doença residual.

Barreras para la implementación de la prueba ADN-VPH como técnica de tamización primaria para cáncer de cuello uterino en un área demostrativa en Colombia / Barriers for implementing the HPV-DNA test as a primary cervical cancer-screening technique in a demonstrative area of Colombia

Objetivo: Describir las barreras para la implementación de un programa de tamización para cáncer de cuello uterino basado en la prueba de virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en Colombia. Métodos: Se aplicó el modelo de planeación Precede-Procede en cuatro municipios de Cundinamarca y dos de Boyacá; se realizó análisis de fuentes secundarias y primarias obtenidas de 74 encuestas a instituciones de salud, 18 grupos focales (GF), con líderes comunitarios, gerentes y profesionales de la salud y 12 entrevistas (autoridades locales). Resultados: Se identificaron las siguientes barreras: 1) la infección por VPH se asocia a una enfermedad venérea; 2) barreras epidemiológicas: la ausencia de un adecuado registro de diagnóstico definitivo de lesiones preneoplásicas; 3) barreras del comportamiento del sistema, tales como la no centralización de la lectura de citologías, laboratorios no habilitados que prestan servicios y la no estandarización de la colposcopia ni el tratamiento; 4) barreras educacionales: los profesionales de la salud sobreestiman la sensibilidad de la citología y les preocupa demasiado la infección por VPH en mujeres menores de 30 años, y 5) barreras administrativas de acceso a la colposcopia y a la biopsia de lesiones preneoplásicas. Conclusiones: Colombia presenta barreras que impiden el funcionamiento de un programa organizado de tamización, las cuales hacen difícil lograr los objetivos esperados con el cambio tecnológico de citología a pruebas moleculares.

Objective: To identify the barriers for the implementation of a cervical cancer-screening program based on human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in Colombia. Methods: The Precede-Proceed model was applied in four municipalities of Cundinamarca and two of Boyacá. Secondary and primary data were analyzed from 74 institutional surveys, 18 focus groups (with community leaders and health professionals), and 12 interviews (health authorities). Results: The most relevant barriers were identifi ed as follows: 1) Social barriers: in Duitama, the municipality with a religious tradition, HPV infection is represented as a venereal disease. 2) Epidemiological barrier: the absence of a register for defi nitive diagnosis of pre-neoplasic lesions. 3) Behavioral barriers: Pap smear laboratories are not centralized, some are not accredited and colposcopies are not standardized. 4) Health professionals overestimate Papsmear sensitivity and they are over worried about HPV infection among women younger than 30 years. 5) Administrative barriers: positive screened women need to have an authorization from Health Insurance Enterprises in order to access the diagnosis and treatment of cervical lesions. Conclusions: Colombia presents barriers to the operation of an organized screening program that make it diffi cult to achieve the expected objectives with the technological change from the use of cytology to molecular testing.