Infant exposure to ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol from the consumption of milk formula and baby cereal in Chile.

Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins whose exposure is associated with various adverse health effects, including cancer and renal disorders, estrogenic effects, and immunosuppressive and gastrointestinal disorders, respectively. Infants (<2 years) are the most vulnerable group to mycotoxins, representing a unique combination of restricted food consumption types, low body weight, lower ability to eliminate toxins, and more future years to accumulate toxins. This study aimed to estimate the infant́s exposure to OTA, DON, and ZEN due to the consumption of milk formula and baby cereals in Chile. Milk formula samples (n = 41) and baby cereals (n = 30) were collected and analyzed using commercial ELISA kits for OTA, DON, and ZEA determination. Exposure was assessed by the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) approach (mean and worst-case scenario, WCS) with the levels found in a modified Lower Bound (mLB) and Upper Bound (UB); ideal consumption (<6m, 7-12 m, and 13-24 m); adjusted by the weight of each group. The risk was estimated by comparing the EDI with a reference tolerable daily intake or by the margin of exposure (MOE) in the case of OTA. DON and OTA occurrence in infant formula were 34 % and 41 %, respectively. The co-occurrence between these mycotoxins was 22 %. Mycotoxin contents were below LOQ values except for OTA determined in one sample (0.29 ng/ml). No milk formulae were contaminated with ZEN. In the case of baby cereals, the occurrences were 17 % for OTA, 30 % for DON, and 7 % for ZEN, all below LOQ. Co-occurrence was seen in two samples between ZEN and OTA. According to exposure calculations, the MOE for OTA was less than 10,000 in all models for milk formula between 0 to 12 months of age and in the UB and WCS for cereal consumption. Health concerns were observed for DON in the WCS and UB for milk consumption in all ages and only in the UB WCS for cereal consumption. Considering the high consumption of milk formula in these age groups, regulation of OTA and other co-occurring mycotoxins in infant milk and food is strongly suggested.

Shaking palsy and other neurologic illness in The Quixote / La perlesía y otras patologías neurológicas en El Quijote de Cervantes

Abstract Miguel de Cervantes had seasoned knowledge of medical care in his time. Here we provide evidence of his having read medical texts from his personal library and of his relationships with relatives and friends who were physicians. As an example of his knowledge, we analyze the references to palsy and other neurological diseases like epilepsy, tremors and head trauma, which are mentioned or described in his great literary masterpiece titled The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2830).

Resumen Miguel de Cervantes tuvo un conocimiento avezado de la medicina de su época. Acá se demuestra la evidencia de sus lecturas de libros de medicina que poseyó en su biblioteca personal y de sus relaciones con familiares y amigos médicos. Se analiza como ejemplo de su saber las referencias a la perlesía y otras patologías neurológicas como la epilepsia, los temblores y los traumas craneanos, que son mencionadas o descritas en su gran obra maestra titulada El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2830).

Research on Anti-inflammatory Targets and Mechanisms of alkaloids in Picrasma quassioides Benn Through Network Pharmacology

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of Picrasma quassioides Benn against inflammation by means of network pharmacology. The paper will provide a reference for multi-target and multi-channel treatment of inflammation with traditional Chinese medicine. Through screening and analysis, 11 active ingredients and 109 anti-inflammation prediction targets were obtained and constructed a compound-target network. The targets such as VEGFA, TLR4 and STAT3 may play a crucial role. Network enrichment analysis showed that the 109 potential targets constitute a number of pathways or inflammatory reactions closely related to inflammation, including NF-κB signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. The docking results indicated that the binding energy of Picrasidine Y and the inflammatory factors VEGFA is the highest. This study predicted the role of multiple active compounds in the alkaloids of Picrasma in the inflammatory response, and provided a theoretical basis for the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Picrasma

Sirex noctilio infestation led to inevitable pine death despite activating pathways involved in tolerance.

Defense-related metabolome traits in pine species after infestation by Sirex noctilio are largely unknown, despite, in most cases, trees being overwhelmed. Using LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics, we revealed the systemic metabolic changes induced by this insect in 14-year-old Pinus radiata trees, the most affected species worldwide. An immediate metabolome alteration was expressed in needles after infestation, including the up-regulation of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, oxyneolignans, auxins, proline, and tryptophan, among others. The flavan-3-ols (catechin and procyanidin B1) suggested a rapidly induced photoprotection mechanism aided by diverting proline as an alternative substrate for respiration to compensate for the progressive chlorosis that degrades photosystems. Meanwhile, glutathione, glutamate, and ascorbate levels significantly dropped in needles, which may indicate the critical oxidative stress that trees had to face since the onset of the infestation. They were not fully replenished after long-term infestation, and redox homeostasis was probably not achieved, compromising tree survival. Nevertheless, a huge auxins overexpression detected in needles throughout the infestation may reflect tolerance against the premature senescence caused by the woodwasp venom. In contrast, the metabolome of wood tissues remained initially unchanged, although it seems to collapse after three months. Overall, the metabolomics strategy adopted in this work evidenced its usefulness in uncovering the fundamental roles of plants' chemical defense that govern interactions with specific stressors.

Deoxynivalenol biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat under application of carrageenan / Biossíntese e acúmulo de desoxinivalenolem trigo submetido à aplicação de carragena

Mycotoxins pose a large threat to human and livestock besides reducing the quality of food/feed.It is believed that these toxins are biosynthesized as a mechanism of defense (stress-response) of fungi. The most important mycotoxin for winter-cereal crops is known by deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene biosynthesized mainly by Fusarium graminearum. This manuscript brings data of three years (2018, 2019 and 2020) of field research (24 fieldexperiments) in Western Santa Catarina and North-Western Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil using a sulphated polysaccharide exclusive from red seaweed, carrageenan, associated with fungicides to help suppressing deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels. A reduction of 36.4% in DON contamination was observed. Weather conditions have influenced the accumulation of DON in wheat kernels. Carrageenan has shown to be a biological compound capable of helping on the suppression of DON biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels regardless of weather conditions.(AU)

As micotoxinas representam uma grande ameaça para humanos e animais, além de reduzirem a qualidade de alimentos/rações. Acredita-se que essas toxinas sejam biossintetizadas como mecanismo de defesa (resposta ao estresse) de fungos. A micotoxina de maior interesse para cereais de inverno é conhecida por desoxinivalenol (DON), um tricoteceno biossintetizado principalmente por Fusariumgraminearum. Esse estudo traz dados de três anos (2018, 2019 e 2020) de pesquisa de campo (24 experimentos) conduzidos no Oeste de Santa Catarina e no Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil,utilizando um polissacarídeo sulfatado exclusivo de algas vermelhas, carragena, associado a fungicidas para ajudar na supressão da biossíntese e acúmulo de desoxinivalenol (DON) em grãos de trigo. Foi observada uma redução de 36,4% na contaminação por DON. As condições climáticas influenciaram no acúmulo de DON nos grãos de trigo. A carragena se demostrou como um composto biológico capaz de atenuar a biossíntese e acúmulo de DON em grãos de trigo independente das condições climáticas.(AU)

Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology, Degradation by Bacteria, and Phylogenetic Analysis.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates many crops, mainly wheat, maize, and barley. It affects animal health, causing intestinal barrier impairment and immunostimulatory effect in low doses and emesis, reduction in feed conversion rate, and immunosuppression in high doses. As it is very hard to completely avoid DON's production in the field, mitigatory methods have been developed. Biodegradation has become a promising method as new microorganisms are studied and new enzymatic routes are described. Understanding the common root of bacteria with DON degradation capability and the relationship with their place of isolation may bring insights for more effective ways to find DON-degrading microorganisms. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the occurrence, regulation, metabolism, and toxicology of DON as addressed in recent publications focusing on animal production, as well as to explore the enzymatic routes described for DON's degradation by microorganisms and the phylogenetic relationship among them.

Parentalidades híbridas: circulación, apropiación y mercantilización de biomaterias primas / Hybrid parenthood: circulation, appropriation, and commercialization of bio raw materials

Resumen Las tecnologías de fertilización in vitro involucran una articulación tensa y contradictoria de sentidos hegemónicos establecidos en sistemas de creencias y normas respecto de la reproducción, la herencia genética, el parentesco, las identidades, las sexualidades, la naturaleza, lo sagrado, los cuerpos y el control y producción de la vida. A partir de experiencias etnográficas provenientes de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas entre los años 2007 y 2010 y entre 2017 y 2021 a trabajadoras en agencias de gestación por sustitución en Estados Unidos, profesionales vinculadas con los procedimientos en clínicas de fertilidad en Argentina y usuarios/as que acudieron a estas prácticas, este trabajo analiza las diferentes dimensiones y componentes que intervienen en los procedimientos de fertilización asistida: cuando las prácticas movilizan actores "aliados" al proyecto de paternidad y maternidad, las relaciones de poder y subalternidad resultan invisibilizadas en las transacciones. De forma simultánea, estas resultan imprescindibles para la producción material de las "parentalidades híbridas" en las que contextos particulares brindan interpretaciones y sensibilidades "situadas" en la trayectoria histórico-política argentina.

Abstract Biomedicine has built its object of study and intervention from a long and continuous process of desacralization, fragmentation, and progressive dissolution of the body as a monolithic entity in material and symbolic terms. Technological interventions provided possibilities for bodies, identities, and lives to be constructed, recombined, and designed by mobilizing molecular entities, which can be perceived as biofragments, with intervention practices. Consequently, in vitro fertilization technologies imply a tense and contradictory articulation of hegemonic meanings based on belief systems and norms about reproduction, genetic inheritance, kinship, identities, sexualities, nature, sanctity, bodies, and control and production of life. From ethnographic experiences in the area of assisted fertilization, this article analyzes the different dimensions and components that intervene in these procedures: when practices mobilize actors "allied" to the paternity and maternity project, the power and subalternity relations are made invisible in transactions. At the same time, these are essential for the material production of "hybrid parenthoods" in which particular contexts provide interpretations and sensibilities "situated" in the Argentine historical-political trajectory.

Cryptic Diversity in the Monotypic Neotropical Micromoth Genus Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Peru-Chile Desert.

Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Oecophyllembiinae) is considered a monotypic Neotropical genus of leaf miner micromoths known only from a few valleys of the arid environments of the Peru-Chile desert, particularly the southernmost part of Peru and northernmost part of Chile (type locality), where natural populations of its primary host plant occur. The geographic distribution of potential host plants provides a scenario for a wider range for this micromoth genus. The aims of this study were to explore the geographic range of Angelabella, determine the spatial distribution of mitochondrial lineages, and test lineage conspecificity hypotheses. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity indicated the presence of four spatial clusters, three of which are north of the previously known geographic range. Genetic distances were 0.2-0.8% and 3.6-8.3% (K2P) between haplotypes of the same and different spatial clusters, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships indicated reciprocal monophyly among the four spatial clusters, suggesting that allopatric differentiation processes have governed the recent history of Angelabella in these arid environments. These groups were defined as different species by four species delimitation methods, suggesting that Angelabella is not a monotypic genus, but harbors at least four morphologically cryptic allopatric species with restricted geographic ranges, including the type species and three candidate species.

NIR spectroscopy and chemometric tools to identify high content of deoxynivalenol in barley.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the mycotoxins produced mainly by the Fusarium graminearum species complex in small grain cereals, including barley. This toxin can cause alimentary disorders, immune function depression and gastroenteritis. The negative health effects associated with DON coupled to the increasing concern about green and rapid methods of analysis motivated this study. In this context, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy data were applied for exploratory analysis to distinguish barley with high and low levels of DON contamination (> or <1250 µg/kg according to the European Union threshold), by Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and to verify the performance of Partial Least Squares-Regression (PLS-R) to predict DON concentration in barley samples. Maximum values of specificity and sensitivity were achieved in the calibration set; 90.9% and 81.9% were observed in the cross-validation set for the PLS-DA classification model. PLS-R quantification of DON in barley presented low values of error (RMSEC = 101.94 µg/kg and RMSEP = 160.76 µg/kg). Thus, we found that NIR in combination with adequate chemometric tools could be applied as a green technique to monitor DON contamination in barley.

Altered Glutaminase 1 Activity During Neurulation and Its Potential Implications in Neural Tube Defects.

The neurulation process is regulated by a large amount of genetic and environmental factors that determine the establishment, folding, and fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube, which develops into the main structure of the central nervous system. A recently described factor involved in this process is glutamate. Through NMDA ionotropic receptor, glutamate modifies intracellular Ca2+ dynamics allowing the oriented cell migration and proliferation, essentials processes in neurulation. Glutamate synthesis depends on the mitochondrial enzyme known as glutaminase 1 (GLS1) that is widely expressed in brain and kidney. The participation of GLS 1 in prenatal neurogenic processes and in the adult brain has been experimentally established, however, its participation in early stages of embryonic development has not been described. The present investigation describes for the first time the presence and functionality of GLS1 in Xenopus laevis embryos during neurulation. Although protein expression levels remains constant, the catalytic activity of GLS1 increases significantly (~66%) between early (stage 12) and middle to late (stages 14-19) neurulation process. Additionally, the use of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (L-DON, competitive inhibitor of glutamine-depend enzymes), reduced significantly the GLS1 specific activity during neurulation (~36%) and induce the occurrence of neural tube defects involving its possible participation in the neural tube closure in Xenopus laevis embryos.

Production of jacaranda plantlets by minicutting / Produção de mudas de jacaranda por miniestaquia

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) plantlets by minicutting. For this, a mini-clonal hedge was established to supply sprouts for minicuttings. For adventitious rooting, the minicuttings were treated with hydroalcoholic solution of indolebutyric acid at concentrations of 0, 1000, and 2000 mg L-¹ and grown in a greenhouse. The survival of minicuttings was evaluated at 30, 60, and 90 days, and rooting, callus, sprouting, leaf area, root area, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, and aerial/root dry mass ratio were assessedat 90 days. The rooted minicuttings were treated with different volumes of nutrient solution (0, 25, and 50 mL) and were evaluated for survival, height, diameter, leaf area, root area, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, and aerial/root dry mass ratio of the plantlets after 30 days of cultivation in a shade house and full sunlight. Jacaranda can be established in a mini-clonal hedge for the production of shoots necessary for the preparation of minicuttings. The minicuttings are rooted in a greenhouse without use of indolebutyric acid. The plantlets produced can be acclimatized in a shade house and rustified in full sun. Jacaranda plantlets can be produced by minicuttings.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a produção de mudas de jacarandá (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) por miniestaquia. Para isso, foi estabelecido um minijardim clonal para o fornecimento de brotações para a confecção de miniestacas. Para o enraizamento adventício, as miniestacas foram tratadas ou não com solução hidroalcoólica de ácido indolbutírico na concentração de 0, 1000 e 2000 mg L-¹ e cultivadas em casa de vegetação climatizada. A sobrevivência das miniestacas foi avaliada aos 30, 60 e 90 dias e o enraizamento, calos, brotação, área foliar, área de raiz, massa seca aérea, massa seca de raízes, massa seca total e massa seca aérea/raiz aos 90 dias. As miniestacas enraizadas foram tratadas com diferentes volumes de solução nutritiva (0, 25 e 50 mL) e avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, altura, diâmetro, área foliar, área radicular, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular e relação massa seca aérea/radicular das plantas após 30 dias de cultivo em casa de sombra e pleno sol. O jacarandá pode ser estabelecido em minijardim clonal para a produção de brotações necessárias para o preparo de miniestacas. As miniestacas enraízam em casa de vegetação e sem a necessidade de ácido indolbutírico. As mudas produzidas podem ser aclimatizadas em casa de sombra e rustificadas em pleno sol. Mudas de jacarandá podem ser produzidas por miniestaquia.(AU)

Production of jacaranda plantlets by minicutting / Produção de mudas de jacaranda por miniestaquia

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) plantlets by minicutting. For this, a mini-clonal hedge was established to supply sprouts for minicuttings. For adventitious rooting, the minicuttings were treated with hydroalcoholic solution of indolebutyric acid at concentrations of 0, 1000, and 2000 mg L-¹ and grown in a greenhouse. The survival of minicuttings was evaluated at 30, 60, and 90 days, and rooting, callus, sprouting, leaf area, root area, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, and aerial/root dry mass ratio were assessedat 90 days. The rooted minicuttings were treated with different volumes of nutrient solution (0, 25, and 50 mL) and were evaluated for survival, height, diameter, leaf area, root area, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, and aerial/root dry mass ratio of the plantlets after 30 days of cultivation in a shade house and full sunlight. Jacaranda can be established in a mini-clonal hedge for the production of shoots necessary for the preparation of minicuttings. The minicuttings are rooted in a greenhouse without use of indolebutyric acid. The plantlets produced can be acclimatized in a shade house and rustified in full sun. Jacaranda plantlets can be produced by minicuttings.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a produção de mudas de jacarandá (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) por miniestaquia. Para isso, foi estabelecido um minijardim clonal para o fornecimento de brotações para a confecção de miniestacas. Para o enraizamento adventício, as miniestacas foram tratadas ou não com solução hidroalcoólica de ácido indolbutírico na concentração de 0, 1000 e 2000 mg L-¹ e cultivadas em casa de vegetação climatizada. A sobrevivência das miniestacas foi avaliada aos 30, 60 e 90 dias e o enraizamento, calos, brotação, área foliar, área de raiz, massa seca aérea, massa seca de raízes, massa seca total e massa seca aérea/raiz aos 90 dias. As miniestacas enraizadas foram tratadas com diferentes volumes de solução nutritiva (0, 25 e 50 mL) e avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, altura, diâmetro, área foliar, área radicular, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular e relação massa seca aérea/radicular das plantas após 30 dias de cultivo em casa de sombra e pleno sol. O jacarandá pode ser estabelecido em minijardim clonal para a produção de brotações necessárias para o preparo de miniestacas. As miniestacas enraízam em casa de vegetação e sem a necessidade de ácido indolbutírico. As mudas produzidas podem ser aclimatizadas em casa de sombra e rustificadas em pleno sol. Mudas de jacarandá podem ser produzidas por miniestaquia.

[Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Alonso Quijano, Don Quijote de la Mancha y la medicina]. / Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Alonso Quijano, Don Quixote de la Mancha and medicine.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra fue hijo de un cirujano itinerante. Escribió una de las obras maestras de la literatura universal, El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, considerada la primera novela moderna y solo la Biblia la rivaliza por el número de traducciones a diferentes lenguas e idiomas. La lectura del Quijote por un médico le hace dar un viraje a nuestra profesión. En sus páginas se tratan diversos y variados aspectos médicos, que van desde la descripción de diferentes enfermedades, tratamientos y heridas de batalla, al perfil psicológico de sus personajes. La capacidad de Cervantes para la descripción de hechos médicos y enfermedades es notoria, derivada de la osbservación de la actividad de su padre y de la lectura de libros de medicina. Don Quijote representa un mundo idealizado, ficticio y con claro comportamiento psicótico. A pesar de haber sido escrito hace cuatro siglos, El Quijote está lleno de referencias a diferentes especialidades de la medicina cuyo contenido sigue siendo de interés. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir brevemente el entorno médico que vivió Cervantes y su impacto en El Quijote.Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was the son of an itinerant surgeon. He wrote a masterpiece of the world literature, El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is rivalled only by the Bible for the number of languages into which it has been translated. This masterpiece of the world literature is considered to be the first modern novel. For the physician, a reading of the Quijote is likely to veer in a medical direction. Various medical matters arise in the course of the novel, ranging from medical illness, treatments and battle wounds to the psychological profile of their characters. Cervantes´s excellent nosological ability is evident when he describes symptoms and signs of illness, derived from being a witness to his father´s medical practice and reading medical books. Don Quixote representing an idealized and fictional world with clear psychotic features. Although Cervantes wrote it four centuries ago, Don Quixote contains plenty of references to different specialities of medicine, and many of the ideas and concepts reflected in it are still of interest. The aim of this paper is to describe briefly the medical environment that surrounded Cervantes and its impact on the Quixote.

Natural Contamination with Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae in Malting Barley in Argentina.

Two of the most common species of toxin-producing Fusarium contaminating small cereal grains are Fusarium graminearum and F. poae; with both elaborating diverse toxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), respectively. The objective of our work during the 2012-2014 growing seasons was to screen crops for the most commonly isolated Fusarium species and to quantify DON and NIV toxins in natural malting-barley samples from different producing areas of Argentina. We identified 1180 Fusarium isolates in the 119 samples analyzed, with 51.2% being F. graminearum, 26.2% F. poae and 22.6% other species. We found high concentrations of mycotoxins, at maximum values of 12 µg/g of DON and 7.71 µg/g of NIV. Of the samples, 23% exhibited DON at an average of 2.36 µg/g, with 44% exceeding the maximum limits (average of 5.24 µg/g); 29% contained NIV at an average of 2.36 µg/g; 7% contained both DON and NIV; and 55% were without DON or NIV. Finally, we report the mycotoxin contamination of the grain samples produced by F. graminearum and F. poae, those being the most frequent Fusarium species present. We identified the main Fusarium species affecting natural malting-barley grains in Argentina and documented the presence of many samples with elevated concentrations of DON and NIV. To our knowledge, the investigation reported here was the first to quantify the contamination by Fusarium and its toxins in natural samples of malting barley in Argentina.

BSA and molecular markers screening for salt stress tolerant mutant of Petunia obtained in in vitro culture / Rastreamento de BSA e marcadores moleculares para mutante tolerante ao estresse salino de Petunia obtido em cultura in vitro

In this study, we performed BSA to identify genetic markers linked to salt tolerance. We tested the genetic diversity among four bulked DNA samples of EMS induced mutant clones and one bulked DNA sample of non-mutated clone of Petunia for salt tolerance in in vitro callus cultures using RAPD and ISSR markers. Out of the 36 RAPD and 16 ISSR primers identified, 25 and 13 were effectively used to amplify genomic DNA of all the five bulked samples, respectively. In total, 114 RAPD amplifications products were obtained, of which 28% were polymorphic and 2% were genotype-specific bands. Out of the 64 ISSR amplification products obtained, 51% were polymorphic and 1% was genotype-specific bands. Results of this study indicated the existence of two patterns of distorted segregation among the studied markers. The first one indicates the differences between non-mutated clones of Petunia and its putative mutants. The second one was observed only between putative mutants and putative mutants tested for salt tolerance in in vitro culture. Both RAPD and ISSR analysis successfully detected the association with changes induced by chemical mutagenesis and salinity. Furthermore, our results indicate that BSA method can be useful in the rapid detection of molecular markers for further marker-assisted selection.(AU)

Neste estudo, realizamos BSA para identificar marcadores genéticos ligados à tolerância ao sal. Testamos a diversidade genética entre quatro amostras de DNA volumoso de clones mutantes induzidos por EMS, e uma amostra de DNA volumoso de clone não mutado de Petunia para tolerância a sal em culturas de calos in vitro usando marcadores RAPD e ISSR. Dos 36 primers RAPD e 16 ISSR identificados, 25 e 13 foram efetivamente usados para amplificar o DNA genômico de todas as cinco amostras, respectivamente. No total, foram obtidos 114 produtos de amplificação RAPD, dos quais 28% eram polimórficos e 2% eram bandas específicas de genótipos. Dos 64 produtos de amplificação ISSR obtidos, 51% eram polimórficos e 1% eram bandas específicas de genótipo. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a existência de dois padrões de segregação distorcida entre os marcadores estudados. O primeiro indica as diferenças entre os clones não mutantes de Petúnia e seus mutantes putativos. O segundo foi observado apenas entre mutantes putativos e mutantes putativos testados quanto à tolerância ao sal em cultura in vitro. Tanto a análise RAPD quanto a ISSR detectaram com sucesso a associação com alterações induzidas por mutagênese química e salinidade. Além disso, nossos resultados indicam que o método BSA pode ser útil na detecção rápida de marcadores moleculares para posterior seleção assistida por marcadores.(AU)

BSA and molecular markers screening for salt stress tolerant mutant of Petunia obtained in in vitro culture / Rastreamento de BSA e marcadores moleculares para mutante tolerante ao estresse salino de Petunia obtido em cultura in vitro

ABSTRACT: In this study, we performed BSA to identify genetic markers linked to salt tolerance. We tested the genetic diversity among four bulked DNA samples of EMS induced mutant clones and one bulked DNA sample of non-mutated clone of Petunia for salt tolerance in in vitro callus cultures using RAPD and ISSR markers. Out of the 36 RAPD and 16 ISSR primers identified, 25 and 13 were effectively used to amplify genomic DNA of all the five bulked samples, respectively. In total, 114 RAPD amplifications products were obtained, of which 28% were polymorphic and 2% were genotype-specific bands. Out of the 64 ISSR amplification products obtained, 51% were polymorphic and 1% was genotype-specific bands. Results of this study indicated the existence of two patterns of distorted segregation among the studied markers. The first one indicates the differences between non-mutated clones of Petunia and its putative mutants. The second one was observed only between putative mutants and putative mutants tested for salt tolerance in in vitro culture. Both RAPD and ISSR analysis successfully detected the association with changes induced by chemical mutagenesis and salinity. Furthermore, our results indicate that BSA method can be useful in the rapid detection of molecular markers for further marker-assisted selection.

RESUMO: Neste estudo, realizamos BSA para identificar marcadores genéticos ligados à tolerância ao sal. Testamos a diversidade genética entre quatro amostras de DNA volumoso de clones mutantes induzidos por EMS, e uma amostra de DNA volumoso de clone não mutado de Petunia para tolerância a sal em culturas de calos in vitro usando marcadores RAPD e ISSR. Dos 36 primers RAPD e 16 ISSR identificados, 25 e 13 foram efetivamente usados para amplificar o DNA genômico de todas as cinco amostras, respectivamente. No total, foram obtidos 114 produtos de amplificação RAPD, dos quais 28% eram polimórficos e 2% eram bandas específicas de genótipos. Dos 64 produtos de amplificação ISSR obtidos, 51% eram polimórficos e 1% eram bandas específicas de genótipo. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a existência de dois padrões de segregação distorcida entre os marcadores estudados. O primeiro indica as diferenças entre os clones não mutantes de Petúnia e seus mutantes putativos. O segundo foi observado apenas entre mutantes putativos e mutantes putativos testados quanto à tolerância ao sal em cultura in vitro. Tanto a análise RAPD quanto a ISSR detectaram com sucesso a associação com alterações induzidas por mutagênese química e salinidade. Além disso, nossos resultados indicam que o método BSA pode ser útil na detecção rápida de marcadores moleculares para posterior seleção assistida por marcadores.

Líquenes como bioindicadores de contaminación aérea en el corredor metropolitano de la ciudad de Guatemala / Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the metropolitan corridor Guatemala City

El incremento en las sustancias tóxicas a la atmósfera en la ciudad de Guatemala ha generado un empeoramiento paulatino de la calidad del aire. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la incorporación de un sistema de monitoreo que sea económico y que permita determinar las áreas de la ciudad con altos índices de contaminación aérea, para posteriormente tomar medidas adecuadas para su mitigación. En este sentido, el presente estudio categorizó los niveles de contaminación aérea por medio del Índice de Pureza Atmosférica (IPA), complementado con coberturas de cada especie, el Factor de Clasificación Ambiental (ECF) y el cambio en la diversidad de líquenes en árboles de jacaranda en 32 puntos del corredor metropolitano en la ciudad de Guatemala. Los resultados reportan 16 familias, 23 géneros y 65 especies de líquenes, de las cuales 26 son nuevos registros para el país y 5 para la ciudad. Los valores de IPA variaron de 4.5 a 25.5 indicando homogeneidad en los índices de contaminación aérea a lo largo del corredor metropolitano. En los puntos P5 Instituto Normal para Señoritas Centro América (INCA) y P13 (Parroquia Santa Marta) se obtuvieron los menores valores de IPA por lo que son los puntos con mayor grado de contaminación aérea; y los puntos P28 (Universidad Francisco Marroquín) y P21 (Avenida las Américas 1) obtuvieron los mayores siendo las áreas menos contaminadas. La incorporación del valor de cobertura al IPA, permite categorizar las áreas a una escala más fina, dándole mayor peso a especies toxitolerantes y toxisensibles. Estos resultados evidencian que los líquenes pueden complementar mediciones físicoquímicas de contaminación aérea, especialmente en puntos en donde no se cuenta con equipo para ello y pueden indicar lugares con problemas ambientales que necesiten investigación instrumental, como los puntos P5 y P13. Así mismo, se proponen 10 especies foliosas de líquenes para ser utilizadas como indicadoras de contaminación aérea en futuras investigaciones. Palabras clave: Líquenes, Índice de Pureza Atmonsférica, Factor de Clasificación Ambiental, bioindicador,

The increase of toxic substances into the atmosphere in Guatemala City has led to a progressive deterioration of the air quality. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate an economic monitoring system that is able to identify the areas of the city with the highest levels of air pollution, and after that, be able to take the appropriate mitigation measures according to it. In this regard, this study categorized the levels of air pollution through the Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) complemented with coverage of each specie, the Environmental Classification Factor (ECF) and the change in diversity of lichens on Jacaranda trees in 32 points of metropolitan corridor of Guatemala City. The result reports 16 families, 23 genera and 65 species of lichens, whose 26 are new records for the country, and 5 for the city. IAP rate varied from 4.5 to 25.5, indicating that the metropolitan corridor is homogeneous regarding to high levels of air pollution. In points P5 (INCA) and P13 (Parish Church Parroquia Santa Marta) the lower rate of IAP were found, meaning that these are the points with the higher degree of air pollution; and points P28 (Marroquín University) and P21 (Avenida las Americas 1) obtained the highest degree, being the least polluted areas. The incorporation of the value of coverage to the IAP allows categorizing areas at a finer scale, giving more importance to toxitolerant and toxisensitive species. These results demonstrate that lichens can complement physical-chemical measurements of air pollution, especially in places where there is no equipment for it and it and therefore could indicate places with environmental problems that may need instrumental research, such as points P5 and P13. Furthermore, 10 micro lichen species are proposed to be used as air pollution indicators in future researches.

Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour, instant noodle and biscuits commercialised in Brazil.

A total of 134 samples, consisting of 58 wheat flour, 40 instant noodle and 36 biscuits, were analysed for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON). The samples were obtained from retail markets of the city of São Paulo during the period 2010-2014. DON was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and immunoaffinity sample clean-up. Method validation followed international guidelines. The LOD and LOQ were 60 and 200 µg kg-1, respectively, considering the three different types of samples analysed. The lowest recovery found in this study was 91.8% with RSD 4.5% for instant noodles. DON was detected in 91.4%, 97.5% and 97.2% of samples wheat flour, instant noodles and biscuits, respectively, resulting in a total of 94.8% with levels ranging from LOD to 1720.0 µg kg-1.

Mulheres que entregam seus filhos para adoção: um estudo documental / Women that give their children up for adoption: a documentary study / Las mujeres que dan a luz en adopción: estudio documental / Des femmes qui donnent leurs enfants à l'adoption: un étude documentaire

A entrega de crianças para adoção precisa ser estudada em seus aspectos legais, socioculturais e psicológicos, pois está permeada por julgamento preconceituoso e estigmatizante. Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer características biossociodemográficas das mulheres que entregaram seus filhos. Foram analisados qualitativamente seis processos judiciais do Juizado Regional da Infância e da Juventude de uma cidade do RS referentes ao período de 2010 a 2013. Os processos foram lidos na íntegra para que os conteúdos pudessem ser destacados. Após este momento, ocorreu a reunião e a síntese dos conteúdos e transformação destes em categorias de análise, tendo sido construídas a posteriori. Entre os resultados, constatou-se que as mulheres que entregaram seus filhos pertenciam às camadas socialmente desfavorecidas, eram solteiras e jovens. Os dados sobre o pai não constavam nos processos, não tendo sido chamado a participar dessa decisão. A maioria dos processos demonstrou ausência de apoio familiar e do pai. Sobre o motivo para a entrega, encontrou-se como motivo tanto ausência de condições socioeconômicas da mulher quanto a impossibilidade de criar um filho fruto de uma violência sexual ou relação eventual da mulher. As mulheres retratadas nos processos analisados não receberam atenção psicológica e psicossocial, como preconiza a legislação, contudo, a maioria foi acompanhada por um profissional do Conselho Tutelar. Observou-se também ausência de informações nos processos ou informações incompletas, demonstrando falha no próprio registro feito pelo juizado. Assim, torna-se necessário construir dispositivos que implementem a lei existente, garantindo os direitos de tais mulheres e de seus filhos, como também chamar a atenção para o completo registro das informações no juizado.

The sending of children for adoption needs to be studied in it's legal, sociocultural and psychological aspects, for it's permeated by prejudiced and stigmatizing judgement. This piece of work has the objective of getting to know the bio and sociodemographic characteristics of the women who give their children. Six legal proceedings of the Juizado Regional da Infância e da Juventude from a city in Rio Grande do Sul for the period from 2010 to 2013 have been qualitatively analyzed. They have been fully read so that the contents could be pointed out. After this first moment, ocurred the conference and synthesis of the contents, and their transformation into categories of analysis, having them been built a posteriori. Among the results, it was found that women who arranged their children for adoption belonged to the socially disadvantaged layers, they were young and single. The data about the fathers didn't appear in the files, therefore not having been summoned to participate in this decision. Most of the lawsuits showed absence of either family and father support. As a reason for the adoption procedure, were either considered the women's absence of socioeconomic conditions as the impossibility of raising a son resulted from sexual violence or casual intercourse. Women portrayed on the analyzed lawsuits didn't receive neither psychological nor psychosocial attention - as the legislation advocates - still, most of them have been assisted by a professional from the Conselho Tulelar. It was also observed the shortage of information on the legal procedures, or missing information, thus showing fail in the very registration made by the court. Therefore, it's made necessary to build devices that implement the existing law, ensuring the rights of such women and their children, as well as drawing the attention to the completion of the information on the registry at the court.

La entrega de niños para adopción debe ser estudiada en sus aspectos legales, socioculturales y psicológicos, pues está permeada por un juicio pre conceptuoso y estigmatizante. Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer las características biosociodemográficas de las mujeres que entregaron a sus hijos. Fueron analizados cualitativamente seis demandas judiciales del Juzgado Regional de la Infancia y de la Juventud de una ciudad de RS referentes al período comprendido entre 2010 a 2013. Los procesos fueron leídos en su totalidad para que los contenidos pudiesen ser destacados. En segunda instancia, se sucedió una reunión y la síntesis de los contenidos y la transformación de los mismos en categorías de análisis, habiendo sido construidas a posteriori. Entre los resultados, se constató que las mujeres que entregaron a sus hijos, pertenecían a los estratos socialmente desfavorecidos, eran solteras y jóvenes. Los datos sobre el padre no constaban en las demandas, no habiendo sido llamado a participar de esa decisión. La mayoría de los procesos mostro la ausencia del apoyo familiar y del padre. Sobre el motivo de la entrega, se encontró como tal, la ausencia de condiciones socioeconómicas de la mujer como la imposibilidad de criar un hijo fruto de una violencia sexual o una relación pasajera de la mujer. Las mujeres retratadas en las demandas analizadas no recibieron atención psicológica y psicosocial, como lo prescribe la legislación, sin embargo, la mayoría fue acompañada por un profesional del Consejo Tutelar. Se observó también ausencia de informaciones en los procesos o informaciones incompletas, demostrando una falla en el mismo registro hecho por el Juzgado. De esta manera, se hace necesario construir dispositivos que implementen la ley ya existente, garantizando los derechos de tales mujeres y de sus hijos, como también llamar la atención hacia el completo registro de las informaciones en el Juzgado.

La remise d'enfants pour adoption doit être étudiée dans ses aspects juridiques, sociaux, culturels et psychologiques, comme imprégné par ce jugement biaisé et stigmatisant. Cette étude vise à comprendre les caractéristiques biologiques, sociales et démographiques des femmes qui livrent leurs enfants. Ont été analysés qualitativement six procédures judiciaires de Compétence régional pour l'enfance et la jeunesse d'une ville de RS liée à la période 2010-2013. Les poursuites ont été lus en entier pour le contenu a pu être mis en évidence. Arrivé après cette date une reunión une réunion et un résumé du contenu et une transformation en ces catégories d'analyse construites à posteriori. Entre les résultats, il a été constaté que les femmes qui livrent leurs enfants appartenaient à personnes socialement défavorisées, étaient célibataires et jeunes. Les données sur le père ne figurent pas dans les procès, pas d'être appelé à participer à cette decisión. La plupart des procès ont démontré l'absence de soutien de la famille et des parents. rencontré comme une raison pour la livraison l'absence de conditions socio-économiques des femmes et l'impossibilité d'élever un enfant résultat de la violence sexuelle ou une relation possible des femmes. Les femmes représentées dans les procès analysés n'ont pas reçu une attention psychologique et psychosociale de l'agence de protection de l'enfance. également noté le manque d'informations dans des procédures judiciaires ou des informations incomplètes, démontrant un échec dans l'enregistrement par le tribunal. Donc il est nécessaire de construire des dispositifs qui mettent en œuvre les lois existentes, garantissant les droits de ces femmes et leurs enfants, attirer également l'attention sur le dossier complet de l'information dans les tribunaux pour mineurs.

El dolor articular y su relación con las interferencias oclusales / Articulate pain and their relationship with the occlusal interferences

Introducción: el dolor es una de las causas que lleva a un mayor número de pacientes a la consulta; en ocasiones, este aparece como síntoma principal de ciertas afecciones estomatológicas, tal es el caso de las relacionadas con el dolor articular.Objetivo: determinar la presencia de interferencias oclusales durante los movimientos mandibulares en pacientes con dolor en la articulación temporo-mandibular. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, desde diciembre 2009 a diciembre 2010. La muestra estuvo constituida por 100 pacientes con diagnóstico de dolor en la zona de la articulación temporo-mandibular a quienes les fue indicado el estudio de la oclusión. Resultados: sel total de los pacientes en estudio, 93 por ciento presentaron interferencias oclusales, el mayor porcentaje de pacientes presentó interferencias ubicadas en el área de no trabajo durante los movimientos de lateralidad y protrusión, y se apreció 85% de pacientes con interferencias en línea de cierre. Conclusiones: el mayor número de pacientes presentó interferencias oclusales, ubicadas principalmente en área de no trabajo, la función lateral canina fue la más afectada. Un elevado porcentaje presentó interferencias en línea de cierre y la mayor cantidad se encontró ubicada en el grupo molar(AU)

Introduction: the pain is one of the causes that carry on higher number of patient to consult, appearing in occasions like main symptom of certain dental affections such as those related with the pain to articulate.Objective: to determine the presence of occlusal interferences in patient with pain at the temporomandibular joint during mandible movements. Material and method: was carried out a transversal and descriptive study, from December 2009 to December 2010. The sample was make up by 100 patients with diagnostic of pain in the temporomandibular joint area whom was indicated the occlusal study. Results: from the whole sample of the study 93 percent presented occlusal interferences, the highest percentage of patients presented interferences were located in non working area during the lateral movements and protrusion, and 85% of patient showed line interferences of closing. Conclusions: the highest number of patients presented occlusal interferences, located mainly in area of don't work, the canine lateral function was the most affected one. High percentage presented interferences on the closing line and the highest amount were located in the group molar(AU)