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1.
Licere (Online) ; 27(01): 01-20, março.2024. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1553823

ABSTRACT

O vírus da Covid-19 afetou de diversas formas a população mundial e, com isso, surgiu a necessidade da implementação de medidas sanitárias para evitar sua propagação. Em Belo Horizonte, essas medidas vieram por meio de decretos municipais, que proibiram o funcionamento de serviços considerados não essenciais. A partir desse momento, os jovens acostumados a frequentar bares, festas, shoppings ­ lugares que geram intensa aglomeração ­ se depararam com uma situação inusitada, sendo obrigados a adaptarem suas práticas à rotina do lar. Com o intuito de compreender melhor essas mudanças, realizamos um estudo que analisa os impactos da pandemia nas práticas de lazer desses jovens. Por meio de um questionário aplicado em diversos pontos de lazer da cidade, conseguimos observar como as práticas de lazer dos jovens foram afetadas pela pandemia. Esses resultados enfatizam a importância da adaptabilidade e resiliência dos jovens diante novos desafios.


The Covid-19 virus has affected the global population in various ways, leading to the need for the implementation of sanitary measures to prevent its spread. In Belo Horizonte, these measures came through municipal decrees, which banned the operation of non-essential services. From that moment on, young people accustomed to frequenting bars, parties, and malls ­ places that generate intense crowding ­ found themselves in an unusual situation, being forced to adapt their practices to home life. In order to better understand these changes, we conducted a study analyzing the impacts of the pandemic on the leisure practices of these young people. Through a questionnaire applied at various leisure points in the city, we were able to observe how the leisure practices of young people were affected by the pandemic. These results emphasize the importance of adaptability and resilience of young people in face of new challenges.

2.
Med Leg J ; 92(2): 96-98, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38441057

ABSTRACT

The authors examine the evolution of the role of resident doctors on cruise ships dating back to the Roman and Byzantine empires, then in the Middle ages. In the past surgery was rarely performed by doctors, but by barber-surgeons, who, with their razor skills, did everything from haircuts to amputations. More recently, as in the last century, the first royal decrees were issued, pillar by pillar, forming the regulatory basis governing health care on board Italian or foreign ships travelling to and from national ports.


Subject(s)
Ships , Humans , Ships/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, 18th Century , History, Medieval , History, 17th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 15th Century , Physicians/history
3.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 32: e3664PT, 2024.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1559357

ABSTRACT

Resumo Estudos acerca do consentimento informado de paciente no âmbito da odontologia são escassos e apresentam divergências, evidenciando a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre definições, dinâmica, atos normativos, jurisprudência e limites de responsabilidade diante de fatores diversos e riscos inerentes à profissão. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica que incluiu estudos indexados nas bases de dados SciELO e LILACS, bem como livros-texto, buscou-se definir o que se entende por consentimento livre e esclarecido do paciente, distinguir diferentes tipos e destacar a denominada "escolha esclarecida", considerando que a atividade do cirurgião-dentista é classificada como serviço e é regulamentada pela Constituição Federal de 1988, Código de Defesa do Consumidor, Código Civil e leis especiais. Diante disso, busca-se verificar se é possível melhorar a obtenção do consentimento informado do paciente, transformando-a em processo de escolha esclarecida que considere tratamentos adequadamente indicados cuja finalidade principal é a saúde.


Abstract Studies on informed patient consent in the field of dentistry are scarce and present divergences, highlighting the need to deepen knowledge about definitions, dynamics, normative acts, case law and limits of responsibility in the face of diverse factors and risks inherent to the profession. From a bibliographic review that included studies indexed in the SciELO and LILACS databases, as well as textbooks, this study aimed to define what is meant by a patient's free and informed consent, distinguish different types and highlight the so-called "informed choice," considering that the activity of the dental surgeon is classified as a service and is regulated by the 1988 Federal Constitution of Brazil, the Consumer Defense Code, the Civil Code and special laws. The aim is to see if it is possible to improve the process of obtaining informed consent from patients, transforming it into a process of informed choice that takes into account appropriately indicated treatments whose main purpose is health.


Resumen Los estudios del consentimiento informado del paciente en odontología son escasos y presentan divergencias, lo que revela la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento en definiciones, dinámicas, actos normativos, jurisprudencia y límites de responsabilidad frente a diversos factores y riesgos relacionados a la profesión. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos SciELO y LILACS, y en libros, se buscó definir qué se entiende por consentimiento informado del paciente, distinguir diferentes tipos e identificar la llamada "decisión aclarada", considerando que la actividad del cirujano dental está clasificada como un servicio y reglamentada por la Constitución Federal de 1988, el Código de Defensa del Consumidor, el Código Civil y leyes especiales. Se busca identificar si es posible mejorar el consentimiento informado al convertirlo en un proceso de obtención de decisión aclarada que considere adecuadamente los tratamientos cuya principal finalidad sea la salud.

4.
Eur J Law Econ ; 54(1): 63-81, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35924085

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused millions to die and even more to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously declare a state of emergency than ever before enabling us to compare their decisions more directly. States of emergency usually imply the extension of executive powers that diminishes the powers of other branches of government, as well as to the civil liberties of individuals. Here, we analyze the use of emergency provisions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and find that it can be largely explained by drawing on political economy. It does, hence, not constitute an exception. We show that many governments have (mis-)used the pandemic as a pretext to curtail media freedom. We further show that executive decrees are considered as a substitute for states of emergency by many governments.

5.
Rev. med. (Säo Paulo) ; 101(4): e-191735, jul.-ago. 2022.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1391673

ABSTRACT

Após a pandemia provocada pelo SARS COV-2 atingir a Europa, o Brasil tornou-se um dos epicentros. Considerando diferenças históricas nos indicadores de saúde entre as regiões Sul e Nordeste do país, regidas pelo mesmo sistema de saúde, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a evolução inicial da pandemia nestas regiões a partir de informações das plataformas digitais das secretarias estaduais de saúde. Foram analisados número de casos, óbitos e testes realizados, de fevereiro de 2020 a maio de 2021. Os dados foram relacionados com as medidas de enfrentamento à pandemia tomadas pelos estados, coletadas a partir dos decretos de restrições e flexibilizações dos serviços e comércio. No Sul, o estado com mais casos foi Santa Catarina (13350/100.000hab), o Rio Grande do Sul teve maior taxa de mortalidade (246,8/100.000hab) e mais testagens (32378/100.000hab). No Nordeste, Sergipe teve mais casos (10216/100.000hab), Piauí mais testagens (23.917/100.000hab) e Ceará teve maior taxa de mortalidade (222,8/100.000hab). As medidas de enfrentamento ao coronavírus no Brasil não foram uniformes entre os estados, nem a aplicação das testagens, evidenciando a falta de coordenação nacional nas ações. [au]


After the pandemic caused by SARS COV2 reached Europe, Brazil became one of the epicenters. Considering historical differences in health indicators between the South and Northeast regions of the country, coordinated by the same health care system, this study aims to describe the early evolution of the pandemic in these regions based on information collected from state health secretariats online platforms. Data of numbers of cases, deaths and tests carried out, from 2020 to May 2021 were analyzed and related to measures to combat the pandemic by the states, based on decrees. In the South, the state with the most cases was Santa Catarina (13350/100,000 inhab), Rio Grande do Sul had the highest mortality rate (246.8/100,000 inhab) and more testing (32378/100,000 inhab). In the Northeast, Sergipe had more cases (10216/100,000 inhab) and Piau testing (23295/100,000 inhab), Ceará had higher mortality rates (222.8/100,000 inhab). The measures to combat the coronavirus in Brazil were not uniform between the states, nor testing, evidencing the lack of national coordination. [au]

6.
J UOEH ; 43(2): 243-254, 2021.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34092769

ABSTRACT

Decompression illness (DCI), a syndrome following inadequate reduction in environmental pressure, has two forms: decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism after pulmonary barotrauma. Recompression therapy using oxygen, a kind of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, has been considered the gold standard treatment for DCI, although there is no randomized controlled trial evidence for its use. We evaluated the effectiveness of recompression therapy in treating DCI by reviewing the reported therapeutic results of serious DCI, especially neurological disorders. Early or ultra-early recompression therapy did not dramatically improve clinical recovery from DCI symptoms, including spinal cord disorders. In contrast, early first aid normobaric oxygen inhalation highly improved or stabilized clinical conditions of DCI. Based on these clinical results, the international committee for hyperbaric and diving medicine has stated that cases of mild DCI may be managed without recompression therapy. Further work is needed to clarify the clinical utility of recompression therapy for spinal injury as a common symptom of DCI. We also point out that the Japanese decree "Ordinance on Safety and Health of Work under High Pressure", which describes work under hyperbaric environments, has some serious issues and should be amended on the basis of scientific evidence.


Subject(s)
Decompression Sickness , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Decompression , Decompression Sickness/therapy , First Aid , Humans , Oxygen
7.
Preprint in Portuguese | SciELO Preprints | ID: pps-1862

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to compare the evolution of COVID-19 in Manaus and Fortaleza, two epicenters of the pandemic in 2020, analyzing legal measures by local governments and levels of social isolation. An algorithm was defined to calculate the Homestay Index (HSI), using data from the Google Mobility Report. The Decree's timeline, the HSI evolution, the incidence of COVID-19 and the number of deaths from March/2020 to January/2021 were analyzed. The population of Fortaleza was exposed to more consistent measures of social distance, than those of Manaus. Longer homestay was observed from March to May 2020 and Fortaleza achieved higher and more lasting levels. As of June 2020, the HSI fell, notably in Manaus, reaching levels below zero in late December. As an aggravating factor, the government decreed ample isolation in Manaus on December 23/2020, but after protests, it repeals it on December 26/2020. A Judicial Decision determines the complete closure in Manaus on January 02/2021, but it was too late: SUS collapses with an exponential increase in deaths. In Fortaleza, the demand for health services is high, but under control. We consider that only the strict application of non-pharmacological measures and mass immunization can prevent further deaths.


O objetivo desse artigo é comparar o comportamento do COVID-19 em Manaus e Fortaleza, dois epicentros da pandemia em 2020, analisando medidas legais dos governos locais e níveis de isolamento social. Definiu-se um algoritmo para calcular o Índice de Permanência Domiciliar (IPD), com dados do Google Mobility Report. Analisou-se a linha do tempo dos Decretos, a evolução do IPD, da incidência de COVID-19 e do número de óbitos de março / 2020 a janeiro / 2021. A população de Fortaleza esteve exposta a medidas de distanciamento social mais consistentes que as de Manaus. Maior permanência domiciliar foi observada de março a maio de 2020 e Fortaleza atingiu níveis mais elevados e duradouros. A partir de junho o IPD caiu, sobretudo em Manaus, atingindo níveis abaixo de zero no final de dezembro. Como agravante, o governo decreta amplo isolamento em Manaus em 23/12/2020, mas após protestos, revoga-o em 26/12/2020. Uma Decisão Judicial determina o fechamento completo em Manaus em 01/02/2021, mas foi tarde demais: o SUS entra em colapso com aumento exponencial dos óbitos. Em Fortaleza a demanda por serviços de saúde está elevada, mas sob controle.

8.
Saúde debate ; 45(131): 1126-1139, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1352222

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT This article aims to compare the evolution of Covid-19 in Manaus and Fortaleza, two epicenters of the pandemic in 2020, analyzing legal measures by local governments and levels of social isolation. An algorithm was defined to calculate the Homestay Index (HSI), using data from the Google Mobility Report. We analyzed the decree's timeline, the HSI evolution, the Covid-19 incidence and the number of deaths from March/2020 to January/2021. The population of Fortaleza was exposed to more consistent measures of social distancing than that of Manaus. Longer homestay was observed from March to May 2020 and Fortaleza achieved higher and more lasting levels. As of June 2020, the HSI fell, notably in Manaus, reaching levels below zero in late December. As an aggravating factor, the government decreed broad isolation in Manaus on December 23, 2020, but after protests it was repealed on December 26, 2020. A judicial decision determined the complete closure in Manaus on January 2nd 2021, but it was too late: the SUS collapsed with an exponential increase in deaths. In Fortaleza, the demand for health services was high, but under control. We consider that only the strict application of non-pharmacological measures and mass immunization can prevent further deaths.


RESUMO Objetivou-se comparar o comportamento da Covid-19 em Manaus e Fortaleza, dois epicentros da pandemia em 2020, analisando medidas legais dos governos locais e níveis de isolamento social. Definiu-se um algoritmo para calcular o Índice de Permanência Domiciliar (IPD), com dados do Google Mobility Report. Analisaram-se a linha do tempo dos decretos, a evolução do IPD, da incidência de Covid-19 e do número de óbitos de março/2020 a janeiro/2021. A população de Fortaleza esteve exposta a medidas de distanciamento social mais consistentes que as de Manaus. Foi observado, de março a maio de 2020, uma maior permanência domiciliar, e Fortaleza atingiu níveis mais elevados e duradouros. A partir de junho, o IPD caiu, sobretudo em Manaus, atingindo níveis abaixo de zero no final de dezembro. Devido a isso, o governo decretou amplo isolamento em Manaus em 23/12/2020, mas após protestos, revogou-o em 26/12/2020. Uma decisão judicial determinava o fechamento completo em Manaus em 02/01/2021, mas foi tarde demais: o SUS entrou em colapso com aumento exponencial dos óbitos. Em Fortaleza, a demanda aos serviços de saúde estava elevada, mas sob controle. Considerou-se que somente a aplicação rigorosa de medidas não farmacológicas e imunização em massa poderiam evitar mais mortes.

9.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 30(4): e2021521, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1350735

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Descrever a evolução dos decretos e indicadores relacionados à COVID-19 em Santa Catarina, Brasil, até agosto de 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que analisou indicadores epidemiológicos e decretos estaduais sobre o distanciamento social. Os decretos foram agrupados em medidas de restrição, manutenção ou flexibilização. Mortalidade, incidência e transmissibilidade constituíram os indicadores. Resultados: Foram registrados 179.443 casos e 2.183 óbitos no período selecionado. A taxa de incidência passou de 20,4 casos a cada 100 mil habitantes no mês de março para 642,2/100 mil hab. em agosto. Foram emitidos 15 decretos estaduais. Em agosto, quando se observou a maior taxa de mortalidade (13,1/100 mil hab.), verificou-se que todas as categorias, à exceção de uma, haviam sido flexibilizadas. Conclusão: Os decretos que flexibilizaram as medidas de distanciamento social foram emitidos precocemente, em desacordo com o contexto epidemiológico no estado.


Objetivo: Describir la evolución de los decretos e indicadores relacionados con la COVID-19 en Santa Catarina, Brasil, hasta agosto de 2020. Métodos: Estudio ecológico que analizó indicadores epidemiológicos y decretos estatales sobre distanciamiento social. Los decretos se agruparon en: restricción; mantenimiento y flexibilización. Mortalidad, incidencia y transmisibilidad fueron los indicadores. Resultados:Se registraron 179.443 casos y 2.183 defunciones. La tasa de incidencia pasó de 20,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes en marzo a 642,2 en agosto. Se emitieron 15 decretos estatales. En agosto, cuando se observó la tasa de mortalidad más alta (13,1 por 100.000 habitantes), parecía que todas las categorías, con excepción de una, se habían flexibilizado por decretos anteriores. Conclusión: Los decretos que flexibilizaron las medidas de distancia social se emitieron precozmente y en desacuerdo con el momento epidemiológico en el estado.


Objective: To describe the evolution of decrees and indicators related to COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil, up until August 2020. Methods: This was an ecological study that analyzed epidemiological indicators and state decrees on social distancing. The decrees were grouped into restriction, maintenance and relaxation. The indicators were mortality, incidence and transmissibility. Results: 179,443 cases and 2,183 deaths were recorded in the period. The incidence rate went from 20.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in March to 642.2 in August. Fifteen state decrees were issued. In August, when the highest mortality rate was observed (13.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), it was found that all decree categories, except one, had been relaxed. Conclusion: The decrees that relaxed social distancing measures were issued early and in disagreement with the epidemiological context in the state.


Subject(s)
Humans , Incidence , Decrees/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Legislation , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , COVID-19/mortality
10.
Licere (Online) ; 23(3): 190-215, set.2020. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1141034

ABSTRACT

O lazer é direito constitucional e, em tempos de pandemia, o acesso a esse direito sofre consequências com o distanciamento social. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o impacto das medidas adotadas pela Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte (PBH) durante a pandemia da Covid-19 nas práticas de lazer da população. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com dados secundários, na qual a investigação se deu através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura existente relacionando a pandemia da Covid-19, os Decretos da PBH referentes ao distanciamento social e quarentena previstos para a cidade. Considera-se que os equipamentos públicos de lazer e acesso aos mesmos sofreram impactos decorrentes da pandemia da Covid-19, modificando, portanto, as formas da população de vivenciar o lazer.


Leisure is a constitutional right and, in times of pandemic, access to that right suffers consequences with the social distance. This study aims to analyze the impact of the measures adopted by the Belo Horizonte City Hall (PBH) during the Covid-19 pandemic on the population's leisure practices. This is a survey with secondary data, in which the investigation took place through a systematic review of the existing literature relating the Covid-19 pandemic, the PBH Decrees regarding the social distance and quarantine planned for the city. Public leisure facilities and access to them are considered to have suffered impacts resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic, thus modifying the population's ways of experiencing leisure.


Subject(s)
Leisure Activities
11.
Soc Work ; 64(4): 283-291, 2019 Oct 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31566228

ABSTRACT

Class action lawsuits have become an increasingly common way to facilitate institutional reform. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to social workers of child welfare reform by class action lawsuits and subsequent consent decrees. The authors provide an overview of class action lawsuits, with a focus on their role in implementing systematic change in the United States. They highlight consent decrees as a means of settling class action lawsuits. They illustrate the current state of the child welfare system and how child advocacy groups have used class action lawsuits to initiate reform. Authors provide two case examples of child welfare reform by consent decree and engage in comparative analysis to investigate similarities and differences in the two cases. Finally, they note implications for social work practice and education and provide recommendations to equip and train social workers involved in child welfare services.


Subject(s)
Child Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Care Reform/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Work/legislation & jurisprudence , Child , Humans , United States
12.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 22(4): 1335-1352, out.-dez. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-767029

ABSTRACT

Resumo No final do século XV as instituições de assistência passavam por uma grave crise. Nesse contexto, pretende-se descortinar a ação régia de dom João II (1481-1495), protagonista de uma grande reforma assistencial em Portugal. O rei e sua rainha, dona Leonor, consolidaram um novo modelo assistencial determinando a construção de dois grandes hospitais nos moldes modernos, centralizando a prática assistencial. Por meio de crônicas e de regimentos do período, o artigo focaliza a principal obra hospitalar da época – o Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos, de Lisboa. A prática dos agentes da saúde também sofre intervenções importantes dos reis de Avis, que regulam, vigiam e fiscalizam a ação de físicos e boticários.


Abstract The article explores the actions of king Dom João II (1481-1495), who spearheaded a major assistance reform in Portugal during the late fifteenth century, when charitable institutions were grappling with a serious crisis. The king and his queen, Dona Leonor, ordered two large, modern hospitals to be built, centralizing assistance work and cementing a new assistance model. Relying on chronicles and royal decrees from the period, the article focuses on the main hospital that was built then: Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos, located in Lisbon. The king and queen also intervened heavily in the practice of health agents by regulating, overseeing, and inspecting the work of doctors and apothecaries.


Subject(s)
History, 15th Century , Hospitals/history , Portugal , Government Regulation/history , Government/history
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