Evolution of the metabolic profile of virgin olive oil during deep-frying: Assessing the transfer of bioactive compounds to the fried food.

Deep-frying in virgin olive oil (VOO) is favorable due to its desirable composition and high content of bioactive compounds that can be transferred to fried food. The main goal of this work was to investigate the evolution of VOO metabolic profile during consecutive deep-frying cycles and assess the transfer of metabolites to French fries. The evolution of 56 compounds was monitored by two complementary liquid chromatography methods, using mass spectrometry, diode array, and fluorescence detectors. Sterols and lignans were remarkably stable (greater than 70 % retention in frying oil). Seven out of the ten compounds' classes identified in the oil were transferred to the fried food. Potatoes fried in Arbequina oil from Brazil incorporated the highest amounts of VOO minor components, among the analyzed samples, and sterols presented the highest transfer rate. French fries were enriched by VOO bioactive compounds during deep-frying, especially on the first two days, improving their nutritional value.

Oxidative stability of crude palm oil after deep frying akara (Fried Bean Paste)

Abstract For this study 47 samples of crude palm oil (CPO) were collected, consisted of what had been used for 4 hours around the city of Salvador-Bahia. To evaluate the quality of CPO were analyzed: Total Polar Compound (TPC; %) by Adsorption Chromatography (AC), Testo 270 and Fricheck; Free fatty acids (FFA; % oleic acid), Color (CIELab); Total Carotenoids (TC; ppm), induction time (IT, h) and fatty acids composition (g 100 g-1). The TPC analysis by Testo 270 and Fricheck showed a poor linear correlation with AC (0.69 and 0.60 respectively). Otherwise 44.70% and 36.95% of samples were completely oxidized, according to CA and IT methods. All samples presented TC (11.01-331.45 ppm) and yellow color predominance. Trans fatty acids, C18:1t in 17.02% and C18:3t in 65.65% of the samples were identified. The results demonstrate the need in the deep frying control, respect to techniques used during process. As well the improvement of the quality of palm oil fresh, can minimize the degradation process during th deep frying.

Effect of process variables in the production of fried green plantain in vacuum / Efecto de las variables de proceso en la obtención de plátano verde frito en condiciones de vacío

Background: This article technology deep frying green plantain was evaluated. Objectives: To optimize the process of deep frying in the production of green banana slices and set the association in terms of the quality parameter: texture; from the point of sensory and instrumental view. Methods: Was used as a raw material banana green maturity, variety (Dominico Harton) and a mixture of refined vegetable oils from soybeans and palm olein with antioxidant (TBHQ). For the evaluation of the process we worked with various pressure ranges, driving force (∆T) and time; selecting maximum and minimum for these process variables (10-79kPa) values (13-113°C) and (57-663s) respectively. For the analysis of the response variables (moisture content, fat content and texture "hardness") officially sanctioned AOAC methods and protocols in the case of the texture were used. Looking for the best frying conditions, an analysis of response surface optimization process was performed. Results: saddle points were obtained on optimization analysis of the three response variables. A higher time of 550s and between 40 and 80°C, and times 200 to 500s and ∆T 80 to 100°C, zones of influence of moisture content with a value of 0.25% occurred. For the fat content was observed that values below about 20°C and 200s of time and pressures greater than 55kPa, begin to generate relatively low values. Regarding the hardness, treatments 7 and 11 were the most accepted sensorially. Conclusions: The moisture content did not depend on the pressure variable in the process, only the driving force and time altered the outcome of this variable. Considering the sensory evaluation, it was concluded that the desired value for the moisture content was 0.25%, to the fat content values were between 31 and 36%, and hardness between 6.4 and 9.2N.

Antecedentes: En este artículo se evalúo la tecnología de fritura por inmersión en plátano verde. Objetivos: Optimizar el proceso de la fritura por inmersión en la producción de rodajas de plátano verde y establecer la asociación existente en cuanto al parámetro de calidad: textura; desde el punto de vista sensorial e instrumental. Métodos: Se empleó como materia prima plátano en estado de madurez verde, variedad (Dominico Hartón) y una mezcla de aceites vegetales refinados de soya y oleína de palma con antioxidante (TBHQ). Para la evaluación del proceso se trabajó con varios rangos de presión, fuerza im pulsora (∆T) y tiempo; seleccionando unos valores máximos y mínimos para estas variables de proceso (10-79kPa), (13-113ºC) y (57-663s) respectivamente. Para el análisis de las variables de respuesta (contenido de humedad, contenido de grasa y textura "dureza") se utilizaron métodos oficiales de la AOAC y protocolos en el caso de la textura. En busca de las mejores condiciones de fritura, se realizó un análisis de superficie de respuesta para la optimización del proceso. Resultados: Se obtuvieron puntos de silla en el análisis de optimización de las tres variables de respuesta. A tiempos superiores de 550s y ∆T entre 40 y 80°C, y a tiempos entre 200 y 500s y ∆T entre 80 y 100°C, se presentaron zonas de incidencia del contenido de humedad con un valor del 0.25%. Para el contenido de grasa se observó que a valores por debajo de aproximadamente 20°C de ∆T y 200s de tiempo y presiones mayores a 55kPa, se empiezan a generar valores relativamente bajos. En cuanto a la dureza, los tratamientos 7 y 11 fueron los más aceptados sensorialmente. Conclusiones: El contenido de humedad no dependió de la variable presión en el proceso, sólo la fuerza impulsora y el tiempo alteraron el resultado de esta variable. Teniendo en cuenta la evaluación sensorial, se concluyó que el valor deseable para el contenido de humedad fue de 0.25%, para el contenido de grasa los valores estuvieron entre 31 y 36%, y para la dureza entre 6.4 y 9.2 N.

Avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras de fritura em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes / Assessment of used frying oils and fats in bars, restaurants and snack bars

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de óleos e/ou gorduras utilizados para fritura por imersão em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes, foram coletadas 180 amostras de óleo e/ou gordura, sendo 90 antes e 90 após fritura. Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliar as técnicas de fritura e a infra estrutura dos estabelecimentos. Foram realizados os métodos analíticos para avaliar a alteração dos óleos e gorduras a saber, compostos polares totais (%), acidez (mgKOH/g) e índice de peróxido (mEq/kg). Das 90 amostras coletadas antes da fritura, 18,18 % demonstraram valores de compostos polares superiores ao limite estabelecido (5%), predominantemente nas amostras coletadas de lanchonetes. Quanto aos compostos polares totais, acidez e índice de peróxidos para óleos e gordura de fritura, 7,78%, 12,22 % e 2,22 % das amostras, respectivamente, apresentaram valores acima dos limites estabelecidos para efetuar o descarte. A avaliação das técnicas de fritura demonstrou dados insatisfatórios, tais como falta de controle da temperatura, tipo de óleo e equipamentos empregados. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de ações educativas no setor, assim como efetiva fiscalização por parte dos órgãos competentes.

Aiming at assessing the quality of oils and fats employed for frying food in bars, restaurants and snack bars, 180 samples were analyzed, from which 90 were collected before use and 90 after the frying process. A questionnaire was used in order to collect information on food frying procedures and on the respective food-serving places infrastructure. The analysis on alterations in oil and fat samples was performed by using the following analytical methods: total polar compounds (%), free fatty acid (mg KOH/g) and peroxide index (meq/kg). Among the 90 samples collectedbefore the frying procedure, 18.18% showed higher values of polar compounds over the established limit (5%), predominantly in samples collected from snack bars. In 7.78%, 12.22% and 2.22% of the analyzed frying oil and fat samples, the total polar compounds, free fatty acids and peroxide indices, respectively, were in a higher rate than those limit values established for discarding them. The inadequacy on the employed frying procedure was observed as this process was performed without control over the frying temperature, type of oil, and employed equipment.These findings indicate that the food-service locations require close surveillance supervisions.

Assessment of used frying oils and fats in bars, restaurants and snack bars / Avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras de fritura em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes

Aiming at assessing the quality of oils and fats employed for frying food in bars, restaurants and snack bars, 180 samples were analyzed, from which 90 were collected before use and 90 after the frying process. A questionnaire was used in order to collect information on food frying procedures and on the respective food-serving places infrastructure. The analysis on alterations in oil and fat samples was performed by using the following analytical methods: total polar compounds (%), free fatty acid (mg KOH/g) and peroxide index (meq/kg). Among the 90 samples collected before the frying procedure, 18.18% showed higher values of polar compounds over the established limit (5%), predominantly in samples collected from snack bars. In 7.78%, 12.22% and 2.22% of the analyzed frying oil and fat samples, the total polar compounds, free fatty acids and peroxide indices, respectively, were in a higher rate than those limit values established for discarding them. The inadequacy on the employed frying procedure was observed as this process was performed without control over the frying temperature, type of oil, and employed equipment. These findings indicate that the food-service locations require close surveillance supervisions.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de óleos e/ou gorduras utilizados para fritura por imersão em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes, foram coletadas 180 amostras de óleo e/ou gordura, sendo 90 antes e 90 após fritura. Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliar as técnicas de fritura e a infraestrutura dos estabelecimentos. Foram realizados os métodos analíticos para avaliar a alteração dos óleos e gorduras a saber, compostos polares totais (%), acidez (mg KOH/g) e índice de peróxido (mEq/kg). Das 90 amostras coletadas antes da fritura, 18,18% demonstraram valores de compostos polares superiores ao limite estabelecido (5%), predominantemente nas amostras coletadas em lanchonetes. Quanto aos compostos polares totais, acidez e índice de peróxidos para óleos e gordura de fritura, 7,78%, 12,22% e 2,22% das amostras, respectivamente, apresentaram valores acima dos limites estabelecidos para efetuar o descarte. A avaliação das técnicas de fritura demonstrou dados insatisfatórios, tais como falta de controle da temperatura, tipo de óleo e equipamentos empregados. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de ações educativas no setor, assim como efetiva fiscalização por parte dos órgãos competentes.

La fritura de los alimentos: el aceite de fritura: [revisión] / Deep frying: [review]

Durante el proceso de fritura todos los aceites, sin importar la fuente, presentan cambios en el contenido de nutrientes que pueden generar compuestos tóxicos que pasan al alimento. Las transformaciones se presentan de manera lenta o rápida, según el manejo durante el proceso de cocción, de las cuales las más críticas son: la temperatura; el tipo de alimento a freír, la relación aceite/alimento, el material de fabricación del equipo utilizado, la adición de aceite nuevo como reposición del que se pierde por el proceso; la limpieza y el almacenamiento del aceite. Este artículo de revisión proporciona un marco de las investigaciones que evalúan el uso de los aceite de fritura como medio de cocción, las prácticas de manejo y los efectos del proceso sobre la composición de los ácidos grasos, tocoferoles, carotenoides y polifenoles, los indicadores de calidad y las formas rápidas para determinarlos, mejorando la evidencia con relación a la calidad de los aceites de fritura.

The oil changes during deep-frying independent of kind. The change can be reduction of nutrients or formation of toxic component that through to food and then can be consumption. The transformation can be slow or fast depend of care during cooking, of parameter like as the control of temperature, kind of food, relation oil: food, equipment, addition of new oil as reposition, clean of oil and storage, something else. To know that the polar components and the monomer and polymers of cyclic acid fatty are the parameters internationals of quality and how can be identificated easy and quietly, it’s important because when an oil for deep-frying is no good it won’t be used and this way prevent risk for health of people like fried food.

Estudo da influência da área específica nas alterações do óleo de soja utilizado em frituras descontínuas com batata inglesa / Study of the influence of the specific area in the alterations of the oil of soy used in frying with potato

Para verificar as possíveis influências de áreas específicas no óleo de soja refinado utilizado em frituras descontínuas com batata inglesa, conduziu-se o experimento, viariando-se as áreas específicas de três fritadeiras, F1, F2 e F3, as quais inicialmente foram de 0,11; 0,17 e 0,23 (cm² mL), respectivamente. A temperatura e o tempo de aquecimento utilizados foram de 190 + 10° C por 36 horas. Em cada fritadeira foram realizadas duas frituras diárias com batata inglesa. As alterações ocorridas no óleo de soja durante o processo de frituras diárias com batata inglesa. As alterações ocorridas no óleo de soja durante o processo de fritura foram monitoradas nos tempos 0; 12; 24 e 36 horas de aquecimento, através das principais determinações, que caracterizam a identidade e a qualidade dos óleos comestíveis. As características de identidade foram avaliadas pelas determinações da composição em ácidos graxos e dos índices de iodo e de refração; as de qualidade através da acidez, dienos e conjugados, índice de peróxido, cor e compostos polares e apolares. Os resultados das determinações utilizadas para avaliar as características de identidade e qualidade no óleo original, mostraram que o mesmo se encontrava dentro dos padrõe exigidos pela legislação brasileira (M.S./ANVISA, 1999) e pelo Codex Alimentarius (CODEX / FAO / WHO, 1989).(AU)

This experiment was accomplished to verify the likely influences of certain specific areas of refined soybean oil used for frying potatoes. The specific areas of three frying pan were changed, F1 ; F2 and F3 , which initially were 0,11 ; 0,17 and 0,23 (cm2. mi-L), respectively. The temperature and heating time taken were 190 + 10 C for 36 hours. In each frying pan two frying operations were performed daily with potatoes. The changing which took place in soybean oil during the frying process were monitored in the time O ; 12 ; 24 and 36 hours of heating through the main determinations which describe the identity and quality of edible oils. The identity characteristics were evaluated by the determinations of the fatty acid composition, iodine value and refrative index; and the quality characteristics were evaluated by the free fatty acids, conjugated diennes, peroxide value, color and polar and nonpolar compounds. The results of the determinations employed to evaluate the characteristics of identity and quality of the original oilshowed it was accordingly to the required standards of Brazilian laws (M.S./ANVISA, 1999) and Codex Alimentarius (CODEX / FAO / WHO, 1989). (AU)