ABSTRACT
We reported the first data on the breeding and growth in Dendroplex picus peru-vianus from a forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. We observed and netted this species between 1999 and 2019. We found two active nests in 2012 and 2013, but we monitored only one. Clutch size was two eggs, incubated for 16 days. Theconstant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.31 with a growth asymptote of 46.3 g. We recorded a longest minimum longevity of eight years. Our records showed that D. p. peruvianus breeds mainly in the rainy season (September-March) overlapping with the molt period.
Reportamos los primeros datos sobre la anidación y desarrollo de Dendroplex picus peruvianus en un fragmento de bosque en el suroeste de la Amazonia. Observamos y capturamos esta especie entre 1999 y 2019. Encontramos dos nidos activos en 2012 y 2013, pero monitoreamos solo uno. El tamaño de la camada fue de dos huevos incubados durante 16 días. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los polluelos fue de 0.31 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 46.3 g. Registramos una longevidad mínima de ocho años. Nuestros datos mostraron que D. p. peruvianus se reproduce principalmente en la temporada de lluvias (septiembre-marzo) superponiéndose con el periodo de cambio de pluma.
ABSTRACT
The polytypic Straight-billed Woodcreeper Dendroplex picus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) is one of the most complex species-groups of Dendrocolaptidae (Aves: Passeriformes), from both the nomenclatural and morphological standpoints. Firstly, its alpha taxonomy is debatable. Virtually all recent works (e.g. Aleixo 2002; Marantz et al. 2003; del Hoyo Collar 2016) have recognized just two species in the group-Dendroplex picus and Zimmer's Woodcreeper Dendroplex kienerii (Des Murs, 1856)-although some of the other described taxa possess singular morphological characters and well-defined ranges somewhat isolated from their geographically closest relatives (e.g. Plain-throated Woodcreeper Dendroplex picirostris Lafresnaye, 1847). Secondly, the correct genus to which to allocate taxa presently included in this group (vide Aleixo 2002) has been controversial. There is a considerable confusion as to which nominal species should be regarded as the type of Dendroplex Swainson, 1827b. Three species are involved in the dispute (Cory Hellmayr 1925; Peters 1951; Aleixo et al. 2002; Marantz et al. 2003; Aleixo et al. 2007): Oriolus picus J. F. Gmelin, 1788; Dendrocolaptes guttatus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1818; and Dendrocolaptes ocellatus Spix, 1824. Here, we re-examine the nomenclatural issue and show that application of the nomen Dendroplex to the clade comprising the species-group D. picus (Aleixo et al. 2007) is based on a misunderstanding of the application of Article 70.3 of the Code (Anon. 1999) and that Dendrocolaptes ocellatus Spix, 1824, is its real type species. Consequently, the genus Dendroplex Swainson, 1827b, must be considered a junior synonym of Xiphorhynchus Swainson, 1827a. Because no generic nomen is currently available for them, we propose a new genus nomen to encompass the species originally described as Oriolus picus J. F. Gmelin, 1788, Dendroplex picirostris Lafresnaye, 1847, and Dendrornis kienerii Des Murs, 1856.
Subject(s)
Passeriformes , AnimalsABSTRACT
Several bird species practice anting. While anting a bird holds an ant or other arthropod that produces toxic or irritating secretions and rubs it on the plumage. Here I describe the White-collared Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) rubbing its body with millipedes of the orders Spirostreptida and Polydesmida while foraging among banana stumps or at bromeliad clumps in southeastern Brazil. On three occasions I recorded the bird holding a millipede in the bill and rubbing it against its chest, belly, and wings. From time to time the millipede was "chewed", and hammered against the substratum and then rubbed on the plumage again. After a while the millipede was ingested or dropped. Bromeliads harbour a rich fauna that includes mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, and snakes, and some of them may be potential hazards to birds that forage among the accumulated plant debris. The toxic secretions of millipedes may act as a deterrent against some of these hazardous animals, and the woodcreeper's behaviour also reduces the noxiousness of a toxic prey before ingestion.
Diversas espécies de aves praticam o formicar, comportamento no qual a ave segura uma formiga ou outro artrópode que produza secreção tóxica ou irritante e a esfrega na plumagem. Descrevo aqui o Arapaçu-de-garganta-branca (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) formicando-se com milípedes das ordens Spirostreptida e Polydesmida durante procura de alimento entre tocos de bananeiras ou em tufos de bromélias, no sudeste do Brasil. Em três ocasiões registrei a ave mantendo no bico um milípede e esfregando-o no peito, na barriga e nas asas. De vez em quando o milípede era mandibulado, golpeado contra o substrato e esfregado na plumagem novamente. Após certo tempo o milípede era ingerido ou descartado. Bromélias abrigam uma fauna rica que inclui mosquitos, carrapatos, aranhas e serpentes, alguns dos quais podem constituir risco para aves que ali forrageiam. A secreção tóxica dos milípedes pode agir como repelente contra alguns destes animais danosos. Adicionalmente, o comportamento do arapaçu reduz o grau de toxidez da presa antes da sua ingestão.
