An Association of Morphological Characteristics of Palatal Rugae and Dental Malocclusion in an Adult Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction The formation of palatal rugae is completed in the early intrauterine stage, and because of their unique and permanent pattern in each individual, they can be utilized in forensics to identify a person. Objective The primary objective of this study was to determine an association between the rugae pattern and the dental malocclusion system described by Angle. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on pretreatment dental casts of 400 subjects in an age range of 18-40 years. The samples were divided according to Angle's system of classification of malocclusion into Class I, Class II, and Class III. The number, length, pattern, and orientation of the three anterior-most primary rugae on both sides of the palatal region were studied. Results Significant differences were noted in the mean number of palatal rugae and mean lengths of rugae 1 and 2 on the right side (p < 0.001) and rugae 3 on the left (p < 0.001) side among the different malocclusion groups. Curved and wavy patterns were predominant, and significant differences were found among the groups (p < 0.05), whereas non-significant differences were observed in the rugae orientation between the groups on the right and left sides. Conclusions The current study showed significant differences in the length, number, and pattern of the palatal rugae among Angle's classes of malocclusion. Clinical implications Palatal rugae can be effectively used to identify dental malocclusion at an early stage and can, therefore, help intercept the developing malocclusion.

Influence of Dental Malocclusion on Body Posture and Foot Posture in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The number of studies that investigate the correlations between the temporomandibular system and body posture, postural control, or the distribution of plantar pressure has recently been increasing. However, most of the existing information is not conclusive. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate if the features of dental malocclusion are correlated with body posture alterations at the lower limb level. This is a multicentre cross-sectional study with 289 children (8-14 years). Angle's molar relation was analysed at the dental level. The postural control and the plantar pressure distribution were recorded via a force platform. Correlation and inferential analysis between the Angle class and the foot's biomechanics were tested. The centre of gravity is anteriorised in Angle's Class II in both the molar class (p ≤ 0.001) and the canine class (p ≤ 0.001). Likewise, a relationship was observed between the contact surface and Angle's classes, being higher in class III than in II (p ≤ 0.001). The plantigrade phase is shortened in Angle's Class III. A relationship was found between Angle's Class II and a forward movement of the centre of gravity. No relationship was found between the Foot Posture Index and the truncated scaphoid height and the dental classification. An evident relationship between the gait typology and dental malocclusion was not found.

Necesidades de aprendizaje sobre la aplicación del índice de Bolton en residentes de ortodoncia / Learning needs about application of the Bolton Index by orthodontics residents

Introducción: La aplicación y el análisis del índice de Bolton es necesario para establecer un plan de tratamiento correcto en pacientes con maloclusiones dentarias. Los especialistas en formación deben adquirir y aplicar este conocimiento para el desarrollo adecuado de su práctica profesional. Objetivo: Evaluar las necesidades de aprendizaje en residentes de ortodoncia sobre el uso y la interpretación del índice de Bolton y sus factores potencialmente determinantes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo, mediante encuestas anónimas y entrevistas no estructuradas a residentes y profesores del departamento de ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, durante el curso 2017-2018. Resultados: Los residentes encuestados presentaron conocimientos insuficientes sobre el índice de Bolton. Su aplicación no fue sistemática en la educación en el trabajo y las mayores deficiencias se observaron en segundo y tercer años. Los factores potencialmente determinantes revelados resultaron la falta de uniformidad y la exigencia a los estudiantes en la evaluación de los docentes. Conclusiones: Los residentes de ortodoncia deben elevar su nivel de conocimiento sobre el análisis del índice de Bolton e incrementar su aplicación práctica mediante un sistema evaluativo más exigente y metódico(AU)

Introduction: Application and analysis of the Bolton index is necessary to establish a correct treatment plan in patients with dental malocclusions. Training specialists must acquire and apply this knowledge for the proper development of their professional practice. Objective: To assess the learning needs of Orthodontics residents regarding the use and interpretation of the Bolton index and its potentially determining factors. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with a qualitative-quantitative approach, using anonymous surveys and non-structured interviews with residents and professors of the Department of Orthodontics at the Dental School in Havana, during the academic year 2017-2018. Results: The surveyed residents showed insufficient knowledge about the Bolton index. Its application was not systematic in education at work. The greatest deficiencies were observed in the second and third academic years. The potentially determining factors revealed were lack of uniformity and professors' being demanding for student evaluation. Conclusions: Orthodontics residents should increase their level of knowledge about analysis of the Bolton index and increase its practical application through a more demanding and methodical evaluation system(AU)

Correlations between dental malocclusions, ocular motility, and convergence disorders: a cross-sectional study in growing subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the association between dento-skeletal malocclusions, ocular motility, and convergence disorders in growing subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 84 subjects (49 males, 35 females) with a mean age of 7.3±1.7 years were enrolled in a screening procedure for celiac disease at the Department of Gastroenterology of the University of Rome "Tor Vergata". Each child underwent an orthodontic, orthoptic, and ophtalmological examination. Pearson's Chi-Square test with Yates' correction and Fisher's exact test were conducted to assess the association between orthoptic defects and malocclusions (p<0.05). RESULTS: Ocular motility disorders were present in 44.9% of males and in 57.1% of females, while convergence defects were present in 10.2% of males and in 2.9% of females. Ocular motility disorders were more frequent in subjects with Angle Class III malocclusion (66.7%) than in subjects with Angle Class II (59.1%) and Class I (45.8%) malocclusion. Convergence defects were equally frequent in Angle Class I and Class II malocclusion (5.1%), while none subject presenting with Angle Class III malocclusion exhibited convergence defects. A statistically significant correlations was found between ocular motility disorders and unilateral cross-bite with midline deviation. CONCLUSION: Ocular motility defects had a significant greater prevalence in subjects presenting with unilateral cross-bite and midline deviation. The importance of role of orthodontic diagnosis among interdisciplinary treatment in growing children should be recognized.

Correlation of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Sagittal Plane among Saudi Orthodontic Patients.

AIM: Whether or not the dental relationship correlates with skeletal relationship in the sagittal plane is an area of interest for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the dental malocclusion and the skeletal malocclusion in the sagittal plane among Saudi orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic dental casts and cephalometric radiographs of 124 patients were investigated and analyzed. The dental casts were classified in relation to the molar relationship according to Angle's classification and to the incisal relationship according to the British Standards Institution (BSI) classification. The sagittal relation in the cephalometric radiographs was analyzed according to ANB angle and WITS appraisal. RESULTS: The results show that the incisal relation had a very high significant association with WITS appraisal (p = 0.0045), whereas with ANB, the association was marginally significant (p =0.0528). No significant associations were found with molar relation neither at ANB (p = 0.2075) nor at the WITS (p = 0.4794) appraisal. Significant positive correlations between ANB and WITS appraisal were found at the three incisal classification classes (class I, r = 0.73; class II, r = 0.64; class III, r = 0.75) and no significant correlation was observed in all classes with the Angle's (molar) classification. CONCLUSIONS: The incisal classification had a significant association with WITS appraisal, whereas with ANB the association was marginally significant. No correlation was found between Angle's (molar) classification and ANB or WITS appraisal. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The incisal relation could be considered as a good indicator of the skeletal malocclusion in the sagittal plane in the orthodontic practice.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones dentarias en niños de 5-11 años. Matanzas, 2006 / Deforming buccal habits and dental malocclusions in children aged 5-11 years

Introducción: los hábitos bucales pueden alterar el normal desarrollo del sistema estomatognático, provocar un desequilibrio entre las fuerzas musculares y provocar la aparición de una deformación. Estos hábitos modifican la posición de los dientes, la relación y la forma que guardan las arcadas dentarias entre sí, interfiriendo en el crecimiento normal y en la función de la musculatura bucofacial. El propósito de este trabajo es identificar los niños afectados por prácticas de hábitos no nutritivos y su relación con la presencia de maloclusiones dentarias. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en niños de 6 a 11 años, pertenecientes a las escuelas primarias del área de salud Policlínico de Milanés, en la ciudad de Matanzas. El universo estuvo integrado por 2 300 niños de los cuales fue seleccionada una muestra de tipo no aleatoria estratificada según edades, constituida por 506 escolares de ambos sexos matriculados en las escuelas primarias José A Echeverría y Manuel Ascunce, curso 2005-2006, que reciben atención en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente III Congreso del PCC. Se identificaron los hábitos: respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, y fue determinada su relación con las maloclusiones dentarias. Resultados: el 58,7 % de niños fue identificado con hábitos bucales deformantes. La mayor prevalencia detectada estuvo en la deglución atípica (25,3 %), seguidos por la respiración bucal (19,4 %) y la succión digital (14,0 %). Las maloclusiones de Clase II división 1 predominaron en los identificados con hábitos, cuyos valores fueron: 34,7 %, 39,4 % y 32 % en los que presentaron respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, en ese orden. Hubo una disminución progresiva de los hábitos a medida que se incrementaron las edades. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los niños identificados con hábitos bucales deformantes, estuvieron relacionados con la presencia de maloclusiones dentarias. En ellos, las anomalías se incrementaron conjuntamente con la edad. Prevalecieron las maloclusiones de Clase II división 1, por sobre las restantes entidades clínicas estudiadas, hecho que alerta sobre la necesidad de interceptar estas prácticas nocivas en edades tempranas y exigir el cumplimiento de los programas de prevención e intercepción de anomalías dentofaciales en el nivel primario de atención.

Introduction: buccal habits may alter the stomatognathic system normal development; provoke disequilibrium among the muscular forces and cause deformation. These habits modify teeth position, the relation and form the dental arches keep between them, interfering in the normal grow and function of the buccal-facial muscles. The purpose of this term is identifying children affected by non-nutritive habits practices and their relation with dental malocclusion presence. Method: we carried out a cross sectional descriptive research in children aged 5-11 years, assisting to primary schools located in the health area of the Milanes policlinic, in Matanzas. The universe was formed by 2 300 children from which we selected an age-stratified, non-randomized sample of 506 male and female students assisting to Jose A. Echeverría and Manuel Ascunce Domenech primary schools, 2005-2006 school years, treated at the Teaching Stomatologic Clinic “III Congreso del PCC”. We identified the following habits: buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, and we determined their relation with dental malocclusions. Results: 58,7 % of the children practiced deforming buccal habits. Atypical swallowing showed the highest prevalence (25,3 %), followed by buccal breathing (19, 4 %) and digital suction (14,0 %). Class II, division 1 malocclusions predominated in the children identified with deforming habits, and their values were: 34,7 %. 39,4 % and 32 % in those practicing buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, in that order. There it was a progressive habit decrease proportional to age increase. Conclusions: most of the children identified with buccal deforming habits were related with the presence of dental malocclusions. In them, the anomalies increased with age. Class II, division 1 malocclusions prevailed over the rest of the studied clinical entities. This fact warns us about the necessity of preventing these harmful practices in early ages, and demanding the fulfillment of the dental-facial anomalies prevention and interception program at the primary health care level.

Gnathological features in growing subjects.

AIM: Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a sample of consecutive subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TMDs were recorded in a sample of 580 subjects (279 M, 301 F; mean age: 13.4y). For each subject a case history was compiled to evaluate the social and demographic parameters. An extraoral exam was effected to point out the face proportions, and an intraoral exam was performed to analyze dental occlusion, mandibular deviation during opening, presence of cross-bites, overjet and overbite. A functional exam was carried out to evaluate mandibular movements and to find joint sounds and myofascial pain. The sample was divided into 6 groups according to the: gender, age (ages 6y-11y and 12y-16y), Angle Dental Class, cross-bite, midline deviation and chewing side. For this investigation latex gloves, a millimeter calipers (precision 0,01 mm) and a phonendoscope were used. The percentages of signs and symptoms were compared using the ?2-test with Yates correction to determine the differences among the groups for the rates of TMDs, reduced opening/lateral/protrusive movements, and myofascial pain. RESULTS: The prevalence of TMDs in the total sample was 13,9%. Among 6y-11y subjects the percentage of TMD was 7,3% while it was 16,1% among 12y-16y subjects (?2=1.634;; p=0.201). Females showed a percentage of 16,6% of TMDs while males one of 10,8% (?2=0.556;; p=0.456). According to angle malocclusion, the prevalence was 14% in subjects with Class I malocclusion, 15% in sample with Class II and 9% in patients with Class III (?2=0.540;; p=0.763). According to presence or absence of crossbite, prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms was 13,8% among subjects without crossbite and 14,3% among subjects with crossbite, with no significant difference between the two subgroups (?2= 0,047619;; p=0.050). In relation of midline deviation, prevalence of TMDs was 15% in subjects without deviation, 15,8% in functional deviation subjects and 4,7% in anatomic deviation ones (?2=1.555;; p=0.05). Prevalence of TMDs was 12,6% in subjects with bilateral chewing and 28% in unilateral chewing. CONCLUSIONS: TMDs seem to be not associated to age, to gender, Angle Class, cross-bite and chewing side.

Necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en escolares. Aplicación del índice DAI / Orthodontic treatment's necessity in students. Application of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

Las maloclusiones dentarias son alteraciones o desórdenes oclusales sujetos a importantes condicionantes estéticos, étnicos y culturales, lo cual dificulta su definición y clasificación. Un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento exitoso de las maloclusiones pueden tener beneficios a corto plazo. En esta investigación se examinaron todos los escolares de 8 y 9 años de edad matriculados en las escuelas primarias del área de salud Milanés, de los cuales 232 pertenecieron al grupo de 8 años para un 51,6 por ciento, y 218 de 9 años, que representaron un 48,4 por ciento. Con el propósito de determinar la necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia, fue realizado un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en el que se aplicó el índice de estética dental de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóntico, determinándose que el 32,9 por ciento presentó maloclusión leve u oclusión normal, 24,4 por ciento maloclusión definida, 16,0 por ciento maloclusión severa y 26,7 por ciento maloclusión muy severa. Se determinó que existe una alta prevalencia de necesidad de tratamiento en las edades estudiadas.

The dental malocclusions are occlusal alterations or disorders that are subject of important aesthetic, ethnic and cultural conditionings, making it difficult its definition and classification. An early diagnosis and a successful treatment of the malocclusions may have benefits in a short term. This research was made in a sample of 450 students aged 8 and 9 years, 232 in the 8-years-old group, for the 51,6 percent, and 218 in the 9-years-old group, representing the 48,4 percent. With the purpose of determining the orthodontic treatment necessity, we carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive study, applying the dental esthetic index of the orthodontic treatment necessity, and determining that 32,9 percent of the students had a slight malocclusion or normal occlusion, 24, 4 percent a defined malocclusion, 16,0 percent a serious malocclusion and 26,7 percent a very serious malocclusion. We determined the high prevalence of treatment necessity in the studied ages.